Irrigation and Drainage最新文献

{"title":"Evaluation of water efficiency in agriculture: The case of the Konya closed basin","authors":"Elifnaz Torun,&nbsp;Belgin Çakmak","doi":"10.1002/ird.2972","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ird.2972","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The main goal in water efficiency in agriculture is to obtain more products with the same amount of water. In this respect, the use of irrigation performance indicators is important for increasing agricultural water efficiency. This study was conducted to evaluate agricultural water efficiency in the Konya closed basin, which is the region most affected by drought in Turkey. For this purpose, performance indicators selected for evaluating agricultural water efficiency were determined in irrigation associations taken as material for the years 2016–2020.</p><p>In the research area, the following water use efficiency indicators were determined: annual amount of irrigation water distributed 1.750–517.462 million m³ yr⁻¹ (MCM yr⁻¹), annual amount of irrigation water distributed per unit area 0.529–8.688 MCM ha⁻¹, annual amount of irrigation water distributed per unit irrigated area 0.787–33.909 MCM ha⁻¹ and annual water supply ratio ranging between 0.220 and 52.600. The following agricultural water efficiency performance indicators were determined: income obtained for unit irrigation area, 127–5075 US$ ha⁻¹; income obtained per unit irrigated area, 656–12353 US$ ha⁻¹; income obtained per unit irrigation water taken into the network, 0.104–6.771 US$ m⁻³; and income obtained per unit irrigation water consumed, 0.236–37.358 US$ m⁻³. Correlation analysis was carried out to identify the significance of the relationships between the performance indicators, and the results were discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":14848,"journal":{"name":"Irrigation and Drainage","volume":"73 4","pages":"1470-1482"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ird.2972","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141005784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Closed-form solution for the length of drip laterals and easy selection of commercial emitters for low-slope fields under the Hazen–Williams and Blasius resistance equations","authors":"Giorgio Baiamonte","doi":"10.1002/ird.2969","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ird.2969","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper proposes a simple method for determining drip lateral length in relatively flat fields in which minor losses are not considered and a uniform emitter flow rate is assumed. This makes it possible to derive a useful relationship in a closed form to determine drip lateral length according to the Hazen–Williams and Blasius resistance equations. An important advantage of the proposed procedure for determining drip lateral length is that it helps users establish the characteristics of the commercial emitters that they should select, an issue that has been poorly addressed in the past. Finally, after deriving this new solution, the same relationship is extended to a case in which minor losses are considered, and the uniform emitters' flow rate assumption is relaxed. The results of all input data sets show that when neglecting minor losses, the relative error between the inlet pressure head estimated with the suggested procedure and that calculated with the exact numerical method is less than 2.5%. However, when minor losses are considered, the number of emitters must not exceed 300 to obtain this threshold error. Several applications are performed, showing the reliability of this new design procedure.</p>","PeriodicalId":14848,"journal":{"name":"Irrigation and Drainage","volume":"73 4","pages":"1279-1291"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141020425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate-resilient water infrastructure in India","authors":"Kushvinder Vohra,&nbsp; Saurabh","doi":"10.1002/ird.2955","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ird.2955","url":null,"abstract":"<p>India receives an annual precipitation of about 3880 BCM and the average water availability is 1999 BCM. Out of this, utilizable water resources are 1126 BCM due to topographic constraints, distribution effects and so forth. In India, agriculture remains the principal source of livelihood for about 54.6% of the population. The overall water demand of the country in 2010 was estimated at 710 BCM, of which the water use in irrigation was about 557 BCM (78%). With limited water resources available for fulfilling the water requirement of all the sectors, it is projected that by 2050 our overall water demand (1180 BCM) would outgrow the total utilizable water resources, namely 1126 BCM. Moreover, the groundwater table in various regions of the country is seeing a decline at an alarming rate.</p><p>Additionally, climate change poses significant and far-reaching threats in all spheres of life and the economy. The erratic rainfall pattern makes a significant contribution to the frequent occurrence of floods and droughts in the country.</p><p>This paper attempts to put in context the impact of climate change observed on various facets of water resources, the need to develop and invest in climate-resilient water infrastructure, and to highlight several initiatives taken by the government of India in this direction.</p>","PeriodicalId":14848,"journal":{"name":"Irrigation and Drainage","volume":"73 5","pages":"1663-1674"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141031453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance of surface, subsurface and trench-type drainage systems in paddy fields for non-rice farming","authors":"Amirreza Rahimi,&nbsp;Abdolmajid Liaghat,&nbsp;Hamed Ebrahimian,&nbsp;Ali Ashrafi","doi":"10.1002/ird.2971","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.2971","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Effective drainage is a crucial factor in paddy fields, especially in regions with waterlogging or heavy clay soils. Identifying an effective drainage system is essential for the successful removal of excess soil water from paddy fields to prepare them for subsequent crops. This study aimed to evaluate three different drainage systems, shallow surface drainage (shallow ditch), conventional subsurface pipe drainage and trench-type subsurface drainage (French drain), in paddy fields in terms of drainage water volume, water table depth, drainage intensity, soil moisture and cracks. Experiments were carried out in a physical model capable of simulation with a 7.5 m drain spacing. The findings indicated that trench-type drainage was more effective in reducing soil moisture due to its higher drainage water volume compared to other systems. The time required for the topsoil to reach its lower plastic limit in the subsurface, trench-type and shallow surface drainage systems was 14, 11 and 15 h after the depletion of excess water over the soil surface, respectively. Although shallow surface drainage represented faster depletion of excess water, trench-type drainage eventually proved to be the most effective alternative for providing appropriate qualifications for secondary cultivation. Crack areas on the soil surface were twice as extensive in trench-type and subsurface drainage systems as in shallow surface drainage systems, indicating their superior performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":14848,"journal":{"name":"Irrigation and Drainage","volume":"73 4","pages":"1437-1452"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142430376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conjunctive use of floodwater harvesting for managed aquifer recharge and irrigation on a date farm in Morocco","authors":"Yassine Khardi,&nbsp;Guillaume Lacombe,&nbsp;Benoit Dewandel,&nbsp;Ali Hammani,&nbsp;Abdelilah Taky,&nbsp;Sami Bouarfa","doi":"10.1002/ird.2967","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.2967","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In arid regions, harvesting floodwater can mitigate irrigation-induced groundwater depletion by providing additional surface water and recharging aquifers. We designed an experimental protocol to quantify these fluxes on a date farm located along the Wadi Satt, whose flow originates from the Anti-Atlas Mountains in south-eastern Morocco. Automatic barometric sensors were used to monitor the water level in a 6500 m³ floodwater harvesting pond and in surrounding boreholes. Six flood events occurred from 2021 to 2023. The pond water balance indicated that most stored water is pumped for irrigation (56% of harvested floodwater). More than 40% infiltrates at a rate of approximately 90 mm day⁻¹, and the remainder evaporated. Analytical modelling of the pond water table system showed that the radius of the piezometric mound resulting from pond infiltration is less than 360 m. Groundwater recharge from the irrigated plot could be observed after two close floods that enabled continuous pumping for several weeks, suggesting that in this specific context, over-irrigation using surface water allows the aquifer to be recharged. The hydrological effects of possible future expansion of these ponds at the watershed scale should be analysed to assess possible negative impacts on downstream water resources.</p>","PeriodicalId":14848,"journal":{"name":"Irrigation and Drainage","volume":"73 4","pages":"1424-1436"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ird.2967","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142430247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Addressing water scarcity in agricultural irrigation: By exploring alternative water resources for sustainable irrigated agriculture","authors":"Amgad Elmahdi","doi":"10.1002/ird.2973","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.2973","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This review paper addresses challenges in the water sector, particularly in irrigated agriculture, aiming to propose solutions for meeting irrigation demands while promoting global food security and sustainable development, notably SDG 6. Structured around three facets: empowering farmers, strengthening conventional sources of irrigation water and harnessing non-conventional water resources, it emphasizes the significance of exploring blue water resources due to precipitation variability. Many irrigation systems operate below efficiency, offering productivity enhancement opportunities. Water management in agriculture spans various levels, involving farmers as key stakeholders. In addition to surface water, alternative sources like rainwater, grey water, recycled wastewater and groundwater can meet irrigation needs. Rainfed agriculture, facing challenges from erratic rainfall, can benefit from rainwater harvesting and under-irrigation practices. Wastewater emerges as a pivotal resource, particularly in periurban areas, necessitating appropriate safety measures. This paper presents the General Report of Congress Question 64 of the ICID Congress in Visakhapatnam. It provides a unique opportunity to focus on how alternative water resources might enhance the resilience of irrigation systems and bridge the gap between water supply and demand. The subdivision of the paper into three distinct subtopics guides research contributions, encouraging responses that delve into the specific themes of reinforcing, harnessing and empowering, all within the context of sustainable irrigated agriculture.</p>","PeriodicalId":14848,"journal":{"name":"Irrigation and Drainage","volume":"73 5","pages":"1675-1683"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143253447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects of improved subsurface drainage on runoff and nitrogen leaching from a clayey field section","authors":"Vilma Jokinen,&nbsp;Heidi Salo,&nbsp;Minna Mäkelä,&nbsp;Jyrki Nurminen,&nbsp;Helena Äijö,&nbsp;Hanne Laine-Kaulio,&nbsp;Merja Myllys,&nbsp;Harri Koivusalo","doi":"10.1002/ird.2965","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.2965","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of improved subsurface drainage installation on nitrogen (N) loss in drain discharge (DD) and topsoil layer runoff (TLR). Data on DD and TLR, as well as on concentrations of total, nitrate and ammonium N in the runoff components, were collected from four sections of an experimental field in southern Finland (June 2007–December 2018). Supplementary drains were installed in one of the field sections in June 2014, and the data from that section were compared with those from three reference sections. Differences between the sections were statistically analysed based on annual and monthly values of runoff components and concentrations, as well as the loads of N fractions. The results revealed that improved drainage increased the N load in the DD, reducing the load in the TLR. Changes in N loads were more clearly driven by changes in the runoff volumes rather than by changes in the N concentrations in the runoff waters. Before the drainage improvement, most of the total N load was nitrate (53%), while the share of rest N (fraction of the total N after the mineral N fractions were subtracted) was 45%. After improved drainage, the percentages of nitrate and rest N were 73 and 26%, respectively. The results demonstrate the importance of agricultural water management as the key driver for controlling nutrient loads.</p>","PeriodicalId":14848,"journal":{"name":"Irrigation and Drainage","volume":"73 4","pages":"1408-1423"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ird.2965","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142430203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evapotranspiration and crop coefficient of ‘Kent’ mango in an important fruit-growing hub in Brazil","authors":"Marcelo José da Silva,&nbsp;Magna Soelma Beserra de Moura,&nbsp;Herica Fernanda de Sousa Carvalho,&nbsp;Cloves Vilas Boas dos Santos,&nbsp;Mário de Miranda Villas Boas Ramos Leitão,&nbsp;Luis Fernando de Souza Magno Campeche,&nbsp;Thieres George Freire da Silva","doi":"10.1002/ird.2962","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ird.2962","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The ‘Kent’ mango is one of the main cultivars produced in the São Francisco valley. However, due to a lack of data, water management was carried out using coefficients from the Tommy Atkins cultivar. Thus, aiming to achieve greater water management efficiency, the aim of this study was to evaluate the growth, radiation and energy balance, evapotranspiration and coefficients of the ‘Kent’ mango in the lower-middle São Francisco valley in Brazil. The study was conducted in an orchard over two harvests between 2017 and 2018. The radiation and energy balance, evapotranspiration (ET_c) and crop coefficients (<i>K</i>_c) of the mango were estimated from micrometeorological data. The mean reference evapotranspiration (ET₀) and ET_c values were 5.47 and 4.40 mm day⁻¹ (vegetative growth, VG), 4.42 and 4.29 mm day⁻¹ (floral induction, FI), 4.08 and 3.48 mm day⁻¹ (floral induction + flowering, FI + FL), 4.51 and 3.63 mm day⁻¹ (fruit drop, FD) and 6.09 and 4.46 mm day⁻¹ (formation fruit + maturation fruit phase, FF + MF). Under the climate conditions of the São Francisco valley, <i>K</i>_c values of 0.80, 0.97, 0.85, 0.80 and 0.74 are recommended for the ‘Kent’ mango during the VG, FI, FI + FL, FD and FF + MF phases, respectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":14848,"journal":{"name":"Irrigation and Drainage","volume":"73 4","pages":"1391-1407"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140689064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intelligent decision-making for fertigation treatment of tomatoes cultivated in greenhouse: An experimental study","authors":"Yonglin Li,&nbsp;Yaqi Hu,&nbsp;Ziming Li,&nbsp;Wenyong Wu,&nbsp;Meng Ma,&nbsp;Aike Guo","doi":"10.1002/ird.2957","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ird.2957","url":null,"abstract":"<p>To verify the effectiveness of the intelligent decision method for fertigation, an automatic control system for fertigation in greenhouses was designed, and three intelligent decision methods based on evapotranspiration (T1), soil moisture (T2) and accumulated temperature (T3) were tested. Intelligent decisions included monitoring meteorological information, automatically monitoring soil moisture, utilizing fertigation application systems and using automated control modules. The system was stable and accurately controlled according to the decision scheme. The results showed that the average errors of the automated control system for decision-making and irrigation were 1.1 and 0.8%, respectively. The study findings serve as a reference for the integration of intelligent irrigation decision-making and control systems and for further improving the efficiency of water and fertilizer utilized. Compared with those of the control, the three intelligent decision-making methods increased the tomato yield by 8, 12 and 7%, respectively. In addition, the irrigation water and fertilizer levels decreased significantly compared with those in the control treatment. Although the accuracy of the soil water content (SWC) estimated based on ET and temperature in irrigation decision-making is low, the general trend is consistent with practice. In addition, the irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) and partial factor productivity of fertilizer (PFP) were significantly improved. Similarly, the IWUE in T1 was the highest (60 kg m⁻³), and the PFP in T3 was the highest (669 kg kg⁻¹).</p>","PeriodicalId":14848,"journal":{"name":"Irrigation and Drainage","volume":"73 4","pages":"1246-1261"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140694147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On-farm performance evaluation of small-scale irrigation schemes in the Ethiopian Rift Valley: Internal and external performance process approach","authors":"Kedrala Wabela,&nbsp;Ali Hammani,&nbsp;Abdelilah Taky,&nbsp;Sirak Tekleab","doi":"10.1002/ird.2960","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ird.2960","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;This study evaluated the on-farm performance of two small-scale irrigation schemes, Furfuro and Bedene Alemtena (hereafter referred to as Bedene), in the Ethiopian Rift Valley. Two sets of performance indicator parameters were used. The first group was internal performance indicators, which included conveyance, water application and application uniformity. The water flow velocity through canals was monitored using the floating method. The amount of irrigation water applied to the fields was measured using a cutthroat flume. The second group was external performance indicators, including agricultural performance, water use performance and physical sustainability indicators. The results indicated that Furfuro had average conveyance, application and uniformity efficiencies of 84%, 59% and 50%, respectively, while that of Bedene were 79%, 63% and 55%, respectively. The overall efficiencies for both schemes were about 49%, which is lower than the minimum permissible values. The outputs per irrigation supply and consumed water for Furfuro were 0.14 and 0.16 US$/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;, respectively, and they were 0.11 US$/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; for Bedene. The relative irrigation and total water supply of Furfuro were 1.21 and 1.20, respectively, indicating the presence of excess water in the command area during the study season. The relative irrigation and water supply of Bedene was 0.81, which indicated that the scheme was water deficient. Irrigation water management practices need improvement in the two schemes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;L'objet de la présente étude est d'évaluer les performances de deux petits périmètres d'irrigation dans la vallée du Rift éthiopien, Furfuro et Bedene Alemtena (ci-après dénommé Bedene). Deux groupes d'indicateurs de performance ont été utilisés. Le premier groupe comprend des indicateurs internes (efficiences de transport, d'application et de distribution de l'eau). La vitesse d'écoulement de l'eau dans les canaux a été mesurée par la méthode flotteur. L'eau d'irrigation appliquée dans les champs a été mesurée à l'aide d'un parshal. Le second groupe comprend des indicateurs externes (performances agronomiques, efficience d'utilisation de l'eau et les indicateurs de durabilité physique). Les résultats ont révélé que Furfuro a des des efficiences de transport moyennes, d'application et de distribution de 84%, 59% et 50% respectivement, tandis que Bedene a des efficiences de 79%, 63% et 55% respectivement. L'efficience globale des deux périmètres est d'environ 49%, ce qui est inférieur aux valeurs minimales admissibles. Les productivités par volume d'eau d'irrigation fourni et volume consommé pour Furfuro sont respectivement de 0.14 et 0.16 $/m3. Cette productivité est de 0.11 $/m3 pour Bedene. Les taux de satisfaction des besoins en eau des cultures et de la demande en eau d'irrigation de Furfuro sont respectivement de 1.21 et 1.20, ce qui montre une sur-irrigation dans ce périmètre pendant la saison d'étude. Les taux de satisfaction des besoins en eau","PeriodicalId":14848,"journal":{"name":"Irrigation and Drainage","volume":"73 4","pages":"1579-1591"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140690370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}