Journal of Addiction Research and Therapy最新文献

{"title":"Evaluation of a Predictive Algorithm that Detects Aberrant Use of Opioids in anAddiction Treatment Centre","authors":"J. Farah, Chee Lee, S. Kantorovich, Gregory A. Smith, B. Meshkin, Ashley Brenton","doi":"10.4172/2155-6105.1000312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6105.1000312","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Physicians prescribing opioids are at the front lines of the opioid abuse epidemic, battling to tip the scale between rising abuse rates and adequate pain control. This study evaluates the performance of an algorithm that incorporates genetic and non-genetic risk factors in accurately predicting patients at risk of Opioid Use Disorder (OUD). Materials and methods: In this study, we evaluated the ability of the Proove Opioid Risk (POR) algorithm to correctly identify OUD in patients at an addiction treatment facility versus healthy, non-addicted controls. The algorithm was applied to 186 participants: 94 patients at an addiction treatment facility who had documented opioid abuse and 92 healthy patients with no history of opioid use. OUD cases were diagnosed by an expert addictionologist using a predetermined set of criteria, including demonstrated tolerance to an opioid, dependence on an opioid for at least one year, and history of self-administration of an opioid on a daily basis. The performance of the POR using sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and area under the curve (AUC) measures was assessed in OUD cases versus the healthy controls. Results: The average POR score of patients with diagnosed OUD was significantly greater than those of the controls. The receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve of the POR had an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.967, indicating the algorithm correctly categorizes those with OUD nearly 97% of the time. The sensitivity of the algorithm was 98% and the specificity was 100%, demonstrating that the POR is very unlikely to misclassify true positives and true negatives in this study. Conclusion: The POR reliably identified OUD in patients who were addicted to opioids, while classifying healthy controls as low risk. This can be used clinically to predict patients at high risk of OUD before prescribing opioid pain medications.","PeriodicalId":14828,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Addiction Research and Therapy","volume":"8 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84395703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cannabis Induced Psychopathology","authors":"A. Farah","doi":"10.4172/2155-6105.S11-019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6105.S11-019","url":null,"abstract":"The recent trend towards legalization and commercialization of marijuana in the US has resulted in a significant drop in the perceived risks of cannabis use among all age groups. Thus, legalization has further advances the common misperception that cannabis abuse and dependence are generally safe and devoid of neuropsychiatric sequelae. Yet there are numerous acute, as well as numerous long-term neuropsychiatric consequences of cannabis use. In addition to acute psychosis and agitation, this review will discuss the long-term issues of cognitive decline, permanent psychotic disorders, syndromes of prolonged depersonalization, as well as psychological and physical dependence, and related withdrawal symptoms. Cannabis use, particularly repeated exposure, is an established contributory cause of schizophrenia by way of a classic gene-environment interaction, with the vulnerabilities associated with cannabis-induced schizophrenia involving multiple genes. There is also evidence that in utero cannabinoid exposure will impair brain maturation in developing infants and predispose them to neurodevelopmental disorders during childhood. This summary will inform clinicians of the most prevalent consequences associated with cannabis abuse and dependence, and better equip them to educate patients as to these risks. Further, there are treatments that may help patients achieve abstinence, and even neuroprotective strategies to employ in cases of new-onset cannabisinduced psychosis, as well as for cases of in utero exposure.","PeriodicalId":14828,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Addiction Research and Therapy","volume":"27 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76087255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiology of Alcohol Use Disorders among Psychiatric Patients in a Tertiary Hospital in Nigeria","authors":"C. Chukwujekwu, C. Okeafor, E. Olose","doi":"10.4172/2155-6105.1000309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6105.1000309","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To study the epidemiology of alcohol use disorders (AUD) among psychiatric patients attending a tertiary hospital in Nigeria. Methods: Via a systematic sampling method, 470 consenting subjects were selected. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and the Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI) were administered to each participant. One hundred and eighty five subjects had a score of at least 5 on the AUDIT or 18 on the BDI; and hence proceeded to the next stage of the study. Results: The prevalence of AUD was higher in males than females; as well as in Christians more than members of other religious persuasion represented in this study and the differences were statistically significant. The other socio-demographic variables examined were not significantly associated with alcohol use disorder. Conclusion: The negative health effects of Alcohol are well documented. The rising tide of alcohol use disorders with their attendant cascade of consequences remain a growing challenge to all societies; most especially the future generation.","PeriodicalId":14828,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Addiction Research and Therapy","volume":"66 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82825724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DSM-5 Psychiatric Diagnoses and Opioid Use Disorder","authors":"N. S. Miller, Thersilla Oberbarnscheidt","doi":"10.4172/2155-6105.1000310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6105.1000310","url":null,"abstract":"The treatment of pain with opioid medications is a nowadays frequently discussed and concerning topic. Opioid medications have been prescribed since ancient years even though they are known to cause severe adverse reactions and co-morbid reactions. Depression and anxiety are the most common co-morbid psychiatric conditions observed in patients receiving opioid treatment. In the majority of cases, the provider for the pain medicine and the provider for the mood disturbance are not the same, which complicates diagnosis and treatment. The presenting symptoms of depression and anxiety are frequently not contributed to the opioid medication. Opioids cause anxiety through development of dependence and withdrawal as evidenced by the need to dose opioids frequently throughout a 24 h period. To treat opioid induced anxiety and depression associated with chronic use of opioid medications, physicians frequently concomitantly prescribe anxiolytics like benzodiazepines. Benzodiazepines significantly exacerbate both substance induced depression and anxiety. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5) clearly requires the exclusion of the influence of a substance in order to diagnose major depressive disorder or generalized anxiety disorder but those are frequently given even though the patient is receiving treatment with opioid medications. Ultimately the correct diagnosis is crucial for the right treatment. This article is a review of literature discussing the correlation of opioid treatment and co-morbid psychiatric diagnoses including the differentiation as well as diagnostic criteria.","PeriodicalId":14828,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Addiction Research and Therapy","volume":"47 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86022659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prescription Opioid Medications: Efficacy in Chronic Pain","authors":"N. S. Miller, Thersilla Oberbarnscheidt","doi":"10.4172/2155-6105.1000311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6105.1000311","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14828,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Addiction Research and Therapy","volume":"41 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78817987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Organizational Stress and Trauma: Impediments to the Delivery of User-Involvement Models of Care in Substance Use Disorder Treatment","authors":"K. Arnett, D. Baron","doi":"10.4172/2155-6105.1000308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6105.1000308","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: The objective of the qualitative study reported in this paper was to expand knowledge of substance use disorder (SUD) care best practices, by examining the experiences of residential SUD care participants with user-involvement/oriented care models. These included person-centered, shared decision-making, recovery model and patient/person participation. The goal of the study was to provide a better understanding of the following: each user-involvement model as it relates to residential SUD care from the perspective of residential SUD care participants, the importance of concretizing the concepts for future empirical studies and the development of a nomenclature for the synthesis of the models to inform future empirical studies and assist practitioners with applying the core concepts of the four models in a way that is congruent with the outcomes of empirical studies. Methods: The author collected data by conducting semi-structured, open-ended, one-on-one interviews with a convenience sample of 12 study subjects between the ages of 24 and 65 years (11 males and 1 female) who selfidentified as having successfully completed at least one residential care program for substance use disorder(s). All interviews were recorded and transcribed, and grounded theory methodology was used to analyze the results. The study design was approved by the University of Pennsylvania Institutional Review Board, February 2016. Results: Data collected from the study subjects represented some degree of experience with all four userinvolvement models in residential substance use disorder care. Data also revealed experiences that represented the opposite of the models, and was indicative of care affected by organizational stress and trauma (e.g. burnout, vicarious trauma) and a lack of trauma-informed care. Conclusion: Subjects perceived the care to be most beneficial in the presence of the user-involvement models; however, quality care was compromised and negated by the presence of organizational stress and trauma and a lack of trauma-informed care. The current study finds organizational stress and trauma and a lack of traumainformed care not only serves as an impediment to the delivery of user-involvement/oriented care models, but becomes the overarching phenomena that undermines and negates the delivery of user-involvement models of care in residential substance use disorder treatment.","PeriodicalId":14828,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Addiction Research and Therapy","volume":"36 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81141131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Health Policy for Marijuana","authors":"N. S. Miller, Thersilla Oberbarnscheidt","doi":"10.4172/2155-6105.S11-018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6105.S11-018","url":null,"abstract":"Marijuana is a substance that has been used for recreational purposes since ancient years and that is currently discussed to have a therapeutic or medical value and to be seen as a Medicine. According to the FDA, marijuana is classified as a Schedule I drug with high risk of addiction and no medical benefit. However, it is legal in several states for deliberating conditions e.g. various pain conditions, depression, anxiety, nail patella, glaucoma and even HIV. In addition people use is for various other conditions even though studies have shown greater harmful effects then benefit. Especially with marijuana, there is a high rate of misperception in the users. In addition, marijuana has a unique pharmacology and pharmacodynamics because of its more than 400 partially unknown components and the storage in the user’s lipophilic tissues and redistribution long after the last use. The legalization of marijuana is already done in some states and other states are pressured to follow along. This article is a systematic review of literature analyzing the current policies, legal situations and trend as well as politics regarding marijuana and its use. The article is focused on the natural form of the Cannabis sativa plant.","PeriodicalId":14828,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Addiction Research and Therapy","volume":"88 21 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84070130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changing Perspective is Changing the System-Bullying as âÂÂStrong SituationâÂÂ","authors":"Mechthild Schäfer, Klaus Starch, Manuel Stoiber, Hannes Letsch","doi":"10.4172/2155-6105.1000305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6105.1000305","url":null,"abstract":"When asked individually, a majority of pupils perceive bullying as wrong, antisocial and pronounce the necessity to do something against it. However as part of their class nine out of ten are attributed a distinct role in the bullying process by peers. Moral knowledge or competence adds little to differentiate these bullying roles, but moral motivation does. Moral motivation and in special moral disengagement is linked to a context, to the class. It is argued, that bullying needs to be defined as a strong situation to overcome the effects of group-dynamics predicted by socialpsychology.","PeriodicalId":14828,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Addiction Research and Therapy","volume":"13 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88108982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Usage of Psychoactive Substances are Spreading like a Wild Forest Fire across the Globe","authors":"Shivanand Pandey, O. Basu","doi":"10.4172/2155-6105.1000307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6105.1000307","url":null,"abstract":"The paper aims in studying the different types of psychoactive substances used, and their impact on the youth, all across the globe. Here, we discuss which section of the society is vulnerable to the health-derogatory drugs and how they have been impacted over the past few years of the decade; also we bring to light the huge market of drug trafficking which largely impacts the economic channel of the world. The study is mainly based discussion of collected information from different prominent surveys carried out in renowned universities and health centres of America and India. The research methodology is a short scientific survey, conducted on 15 students of University of Calcutta, India, which records their response to the use of 6 different kinds of drugs, and concludes that there is an improvement in the social situation, and young people are getting some awareness of the harmful effects of the psychoactive substances, despite their easy availability.","PeriodicalId":14828,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Addiction Research and Therapy","volume":"18 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86417980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of 2015 Korean Cigarette Tax Increase on Lower Income People","authors":"S. Choi","doi":"10.4172/2155-6105.1000306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6105.1000306","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14828,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Addiction Research and Therapy","volume":"120 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74874947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}