Earth Science, Systems and Society最新文献

{"title":"Influences of Geohazard Susceptibility on the Geodiversity of the Coromandel Peninsula, New Zealand","authors":"Vladyslav Zakharovskyi, Károly Németh, Ilmars Gravis, Chris Twemlow","doi":"10.3389/esss.2023.10083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/esss.2023.10083","url":null,"abstract":"Unexpected natural hazardous events can lead communities to create preparedness plans and identify risks associated with future devastating events. In the case of Cyclone Gabrielle , which resulted in catastrophic damage throughout the North Island of New Zealand, we recognised a need for models that could define the most hazardous areas in the Coromandel Peninsula with respect to the potential risk of hazardous influences on the anthroposphere as shaped by geodiversity. In this research, we utilise a qualitative-quantitative methodology for the assessment of hazard susceptibility applied to locations with varying levels of geodiversity on the Coromandel Peninsula. Because most of the geological sites displaying high values are located near cliff sides and/or along valleys, they are likely to align with hazardous areas. Utilising the same methodology for the recognition of two different parameters will provide an opportunity to compare results to find a potential similarity and/or correlation between geological locations and hazardous zones. Meanwhile, a flood prediction model has been analysed along with hazard susceptibility to recognise potential risks in the anthropological sphere (presented as buildings) on the Coromandel Peninsula. Our research results demonstrate a significant correlation between hazard susceptibility and geodiversity models, while flood prediction models together with the hazard model define vulnerable regions in the event of future natural events on the Coromandel Peninsula.","PeriodicalId":148192,"journal":{"name":"Earth Science, Systems and Society","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135823238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Sediment Transport Pathways: Sand Apron Bars and Islands of Tokelau and Kiribati, Central Pacific","authors":"Eugene C. Rankey, Tion Uriam, Mika Perez","doi":"10.3389/esss.2023.10077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/esss.2023.10077","url":null,"abstract":"Although there is general agreement that global change will influence low-lying atoll islands, considerable uncertainty remains concerning the nature, rates, and causes of morphological change (or, conversely, the stability) of islands. As the net geomorphical product of sediment erosion, transport, and accumulation, islands are intimately tied to reef flat sedimentological processes. Recognizing the morphodynamical linkages between reef flats and islands, the purpose of this study is to examine the nature and controls on spatial and temporal variations in sediment transport pathways on reef flats and their relation to island planform changes or stability on atolls of Tokelau and Kiribati. GIS analysis of historical aerial images and high-resolution remote-sensing data capture patterns of reef flat change up to 72 years in duration with up to weekly temporal resolution. Data reveal how granular materials that make up bars and islands on reef flats respond to physical oceanographic processes via sedimentary-geomorphical change across temporal scales, from “instantaneous” impacts of cyclones or swell events to seasonal to multi-decadal shifts. Each of these shifts is manifest as migration of sediment of island beaches and bar forms, but the character varies markedly—bars form new islands, others erode and disappear; some changes are cyclic, others are directional, still others are hybrid; sediment can be transported lagoonward, oceanward, along the reef flat, or in combinations thereof; and migration rates reach up to 10 s of m/month. Although sea-level change likely plays a modulating role, much of the considerable spatial and temporal variability relates to differences in energy controlled by seasonal change in swell direction and climate shifts. Nonetheless, sedimentary response to these external forcings at any specific location also is shaped by local factors, such as trade wind-generated lagoonal waves and currents, atoll lagoon size and depth, margin width and orientation relative to waves, and autogenic processes such as attachment of migrating bars. Collectively, these influences shape the spatially and temporally heterogeneous sediment flux to and from islands, and thus the variable response of islands to ongoing sea-level change. Understanding such local influences is requisite to predictive understanding of how global change might impact these sensitive seascapes.","PeriodicalId":148192,"journal":{"name":"Earth Science, Systems and Society","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135694400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial: Earth Sciences and the Race to Net Zero","authors":"Mark T. Ireland, Jack Longman, Jennifer J. Roberts, Christopher M. Yeomans","doi":"10.3389/esss.2023.10093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/esss.2023.10093","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":148192,"journal":{"name":"Earth Science, Systems and Society","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139337205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three Horizons for Future Geoscience","authors":"Iain Stewart, M. Capello, Hassina Mouri, Kombada Mhopjeni, Munira Raji","doi":"10.3389/esss.2023.10079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/esss.2023.10079","url":null,"abstract":"Geoscience, along with other scientific disciplines, is being increasingly challenged on how it can best confront key global challenges, such as climate change, food insecurity, biodiversity loss, human conflict and migration, and persistent poverty. But its traditional association with exploitation of the planet’s natural resources for energy and materials links it with contemporary concerns around unsustainable human practices, arguably fueling a growing disenchantment that is most evident in declining enrollment in university geoscience courses in many countries. Therefore, a fresh re-framing of the geoscience’s relationship to society would seem to be urgently needed. In response to this need, we introduce the “Three Horizons” concept for visualizing paradigm change in complex systems as a tool to explore how the future global geoscientific mission might be re-imagined. Using this conceptual framework, we consider three parallel pathways – “business as usual” (horizon 1), “entrepreneurial” (horizon 2) and “visionary” (horizon 3)—that offer alternative narrative trajectories for how geoscience and geoscientists might serve society’s grand challenges.","PeriodicalId":148192,"journal":{"name":"Earth Science, Systems and Society","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124682228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Establishing Specific Conductance-Chloride Relationships for Quaternary and Bedrock Aquifers in the Twin Cities Metropolitan Area, Minnesota, United States","authors":"J. McDaris, J. Feinberg, J. Levine, A. Runkel","doi":"10.3389/esss.2023.10084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/esss.2023.10084","url":null,"abstract":"Chloride concentrations in surface and groundwater within the Twin Cities Metropolitan Area of Minnesota are increasing and hand-sample monitoring is not sufficient to understand the scale and temporal nuance of chloride concentrations within the aquifer system. We explore the relationships between chloride concentration and specific conductance (SC) in regional aquifers as a mechanism to generate a larger quantity of data related to groundwater chloride concentrations at a higher temporal frequency. Paired measurements (N = 2,118) from 1,050 wells collected between 1972 and 2022 allow statistical relationships to be generated for several aquifer units that enable the use of SC as either a direct proxy or qualitative indicator of chloride concentration going forward. In the uppermost unconsolidated Quaternary aquifer and in the immediately underlying bedrock aquifer (Platteville Formation), correlation between chloride concentration and specific conductance imply that conductances of 1,350 and 3,800 μS/cm correspond to state chronic and acute exposure standards of 230 mg/L and 860 mg/L, respectively. SC values have increased through time in bedrock aquifers that provide the region’s largest volume of residential and industrial groundwater (the Prairie du Chien and Jordan aquifers) and interpreting these changes in detail requires consideration of the local hydrogeologic context.","PeriodicalId":148192,"journal":{"name":"Earth Science, Systems and Society","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127677219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Crowd-Sourced Buildings Data Collection and Remote Training: New Opportunities to Engage Students in Seismic Risk Reduction","authors":"A. Peresan, C. Scaini, C. Barnaba","doi":"10.3389/esss.2023.10088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/esss.2023.10088","url":null,"abstract":"Young generations are increasingly committed to understanding disasters, and are a key player in current and future disaster risk reduction activities. The availability of online tools opened new perspectives in the organization of risk-related educational activities, in particular in earthquake-prone areas. This is the case of CEDAS (building CEnsus for seismic Damage Assessment), a pilot training activity aimed at collecting risk-related information while educating high-school students about seismic risk. During this experimental activity, students collected and elaborated crowdsourced data on the main building typologies in the proximity of their homes. In a few months, students created a dataset of valuable risk-related information, while getting familiar with the area where they live. Data collection was performed both on-site, using smartphones, and online, based on remote sensing images provided by multiple sources (e.g., Google maps and street view). This allowed all students, including those with limited mobility, to perform the activity. The CEDAS experience pointed out the potential of online tools and remote sensing images, combined with practical activities and basic training in exploratory data analysis, to engage students in an inclusive way. The proposed approach can be naturally expanded in a multi-risk perspective, and can be adjusted, eventually increasing the technical content of collected information, to the specific training and expertise of the involved students, from high-school to university level.","PeriodicalId":148192,"journal":{"name":"Earth Science, Systems and Society","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130543460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the Economic Potential for Geological Hydrogen Storage in Australia","authors":"S. Walsh, Laura Easton, Changlong Wang, A. Feitz","doi":"10.3389/esss.2023.10074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/esss.2023.10074","url":null,"abstract":"Australia has ambitions to become a major global hydrogen producer by 2030. The establishment of Australia’s and the world’s hydrogen economy, however, will depend upon the availability of affordable and reliable hydrogen storage. Geological hydrogen storage is a practical solution for large scale storage requirements ensuring hydrogen supply can always meet demand, and excess renewable electricity can be stored for later use, improving electricity network reliability. Hosting thick, underground halite (salt) deposits and an abundance of onshore depleted gas fields, Australia is well placed to take advantage of geological hydrogen storage options to support its ambition of building a global hydrogen hub export industry. Using the Bluecap modelling software, we identify regions in Australia that are potentially profitable for large scale hydrogen production and storage. We use the results of this work to suggest high-potential regions for hydrogen development, supporting policymaker and investor decisions on the locations of new infrastructure and hydrogen projects in Australia.","PeriodicalId":148192,"journal":{"name":"Earth Science, Systems and Society","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128516138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geosciences and the Energy Transition","authors":"N. Gardiner, J. Roberts, G. Johnson, Daniel J. Smith, C. Bond, R. Knipe, S. Haszeldine, Sarah Gordon, M. O'Donnell","doi":"10.3389/esss.2023.10072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/esss.2023.10072","url":null,"abstract":"A substantial and rapid decarbonisation of the global economy is required to limit anthropogenic climate change to well below 2°C average global heating by 2050. Yet, emissions from fossil fuel energy generation—which dominate global greenhouse gas emissions—are at an all-time high. Progress and action for an energy transition to net zero carbon is critical, and one in which geoscience sectors and geoscientists will play multiple roles. Here, we outline the landscape of the geosciences and the energy transition in the context of the climate crisis, and intergovernmental policies on climate and social justice. We show how geoscience sectors, skills, knowledge, data, and infrastructure, both directly and indirectly, will play a key role in the energy transition. This may be in the responsible sourcing of raw materials for low carbon energy technologies; in the decarbonisation of heating; and in the near-permanent geological capture and storage of carbon through novel technology development. A new and unprecedented challenge is to reach Geological Net Zero, where zero carbon emissions from geological resource production and consumption are achieved via permanent geological storage. We identify overarching and cross-cutting issues for a sustainable and fair net zero carbon energy transition, and the associated geoscience challenges and opportunities. Finally, we call for geoscience professionals to recognise and take responsibility for their role in ensuring a fair and sustainable energy transition at the pace and scale required.","PeriodicalId":148192,"journal":{"name":"Earth Science, Systems and Society","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131653670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Constraining the Geochemical Fingerprints of Gases from the UK Carboniferous Coal Measures at the Glasgow Geoenergy Observatories Field Site, Scotland","authors":"Rebecca M. Chambers, G. Johnson, A. Boyce, S. Gilfillan","doi":"10.3389/esss.2023.10073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/esss.2023.10073","url":null,"abstract":"Usage of thermal energy contained in abandoned, flooded, coal mines has the potential to contribute to low carbon heating or cooling supply and assist in meeting net-zero carbon emission targets. However, hazardous ground gases, such as CH4 and CO2, can be found naturally in superficial deposits, coal bearing strata and abandoned mines. Determining the presence, magnitude, and origin of subsurface gases, and how their geochemical fingerprints evolve within the shallow subsurface is vital to developing an understanding of how to manage the risk posed by ground gases in geoenergy technology development. Here, we present the first CH4 and CO2 concentration-depth profiles and stable isotope (δ13CCH4, δ13CCO2, and δDCH4) profiles obtained from UK mine workings, through analysis of headspace gas samples degassed from cores and chippings collected during construction of the Glasgow Observatory. These are used to investigate the variability of gas fingerprints with depth within unmined Carboniferous coal measures and Glasgow coal mine workings. Stable isotope compositions of CH4 (δ13CCH4 = −73.4‰ to −14.3‰; δ13CCO2 = −29‰ to −6.1‰; δDCH4 = −277‰ to −88‰) provide evidence of a biogenic source, with carbonate reduction being the primary pathway of CH4 production. Gas samples collected at depths of 63–79 m exhibit enrichments in 13CCH4 and 2H, indicating the oxidative consumption of CH4. This correlates with their proximity to the Glasgow Ell mine workings, which will have increased exposure to O2 from the atmosphere as a result of mining activities. CO2 gas is more abundant than CH4 throughout the succession in all three boreholes, exhibiting high δ13CCO2 values relative to the CH4 present. Gases from unmined bedrock exhibit the highest δ13CCO2 values, with samples from near-surface superficial deposits having the lowest δ13CCO2 values. δ13CCO2 values become progressively lower at shallower depths (above 90 m), which can be explained by the increasing influence of shallow groundwaters containing a mixture of dissolved marine carbonate minerals (∼0‰) and soil gas CO2 (−26‰) as depth decreases. Our findings provide an insight into the variability of mine derived gases within 200 m of the surface, providing an important ‘time-zero’ record of the site, which is required in the design of monitoring approaches.","PeriodicalId":148192,"journal":{"name":"Earth Science, Systems and Society","volume":"99 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132674042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Moving From “Doing to” to “Doing With”: Community Participation in Geoenergy Solutions for Net Zero—The Case of Minewater Geothermal","authors":"J. Roberts, L. Gooding, R. Ford, J. Dickie","doi":"10.3389/esss.2023.10071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/esss.2023.10071","url":null,"abstract":"Low carbon geoenergy technologies are anticipated to occupy a range of roles in the transition to a net zero carbon future, and there is growing acknowledgment and awareness of the importance of societal considerations and community participation in the development and implementation of such technologies. Here, we use the example of minewater geothermal to explore the potential to enhance societal benefits of energy transition developments. Minewater geothermal uses the water in abandoned and flooded coal mines to provide low carbon heating and cooling of homes and businesses and thermal energy storage. Many towns and cities worldwide have potential minewater geothermal resource, offering significant potential for technology scale up, and there are a number of projects in development and operation. We outline how such projects could occupy a role beyond technological implementation given factors including the local dimension of the resource, together with its links with a community’s mining and cultural history, and social, political and environmental impacts of coal mine abandonment. We argue that working with communities to deliver these projects is paramount, and outline five key principles and recommendations for community participation to ensure a fair and sustainable net zero transition. While tailored to minewater geothermal projects, the nuances of these recommendations are relevant to other geoenergy developments.","PeriodicalId":148192,"journal":{"name":"Earth Science, Systems and Society","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121941222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}