Journal of Addiction Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Lessons Learned Through Adaptation of a Model Successful during the COVID Pandemic: Expanding HIV Self-testing for Persons Who Use Drugs.","authors":"Alicia Huerta, Ella Salim, Haley V Bonilla, Sarah E Miller, Sabrina A Assoumou","doi":"10.1097/ADM.0000000000001432","DOIUrl":"10.1097/ADM.0000000000001432","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>The US overdose crisis is driving a surge in HIV diagnoses among persons who inject drugs (PWID). Innovative approaches are needed to address this increase in cases. Although HIV self-testing (HIVST) was hailed as a potential \"game-changer\" upon initial approval by the Food and Drug Administration over a decade ago, this convenient testing modality has not reached its full potential to impact the HIV epidemic. Nevertheless, lessons regarding self-testing for infectious diseases from the COVID-19 pandemic present an opportunity to increase HIVST uptake and reach current US goals of Ending the HIV Epidemic (EHE) by 2030. In this commentary, we first discuss facilitators and barriers of HIVST for PWID. We then explore how lessons regarding self-testing during the COVID-19 pandemic can allow us to realize the potential of HIVST for PWID. We conclude by suggesting the future utilization of HIVST to address 2 EHE pillars, rapid diagnosis of HIV cases and cluster identification.</p>","PeriodicalId":14744,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Addiction Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142813270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring Opioid Use Disorder Outcomes by Quantitative Urinalysis: Post Hoc Analysis of a Phase 3 Randomized Clinical Trial.","authors":"Stefan Peterson, Edward V Nunes, Michelle R Lofwall, Sharon L Walsh, Fredrik Tiberg","doi":"10.1097/ADM.0000000000001405","DOIUrl":"10.1097/ADM.0000000000001405","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a global concern. Urine drug screening uses opioid immunoassays to monitor OUD treatment response but is limited to yes/no results. Analytical cutoff variation complicates interstudy comparisons. This study investigated whether quantitative urinalysis can provide additional clinically meaningful treatment efficacy information and assessed the impact of different cutoffs on treatment differences.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Quantitative urine drug test data were analyzed from a randomized, active-controlled, parallel-group, double-blind, 31-week phase 3 trial (N = 428; December 29, 2015, to October 19, 2016) assessing CAM2038 subcutaneous (SC) buprenorphine (BPN) extended-release injections compared to daily sublingual (SL) BPN/naloxone (BPN/NX) tablets, and equivalent placebos, in OUD treatment (NCT02651584). Urine samples were analyzed by gas or liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. The European Medicines Agency (EMA)-directed primary endpoint, based on opioid detection above the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ), was explored using different cutoffs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Using the LLOQ, the mean percentage of opioid-negative samples was 35.1% and 28.4% for CAM2038 and SL BPN/NX, respectively (mean difference [95% confidence interval], 6.7% [-0.1% to 13.6%]). Using standard cutoffs (1 ng/mg creatinine [fentanyl/norfentanyl], 300 ng/mg creatinine [other opioids]), results were 41.2% and 32.2% (9.0% [1.8%-16.1%]). Increasing cutoffs led to greater differences favoring CAM2038. Significant differences in mean concentrations over time and cumulative distribution of exposure to different opioids also favored CAM2038. The difference in fentanyl exposure between treatments was nonsignificant.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Quantitative urinalysis provides insights into opioid use beyond assessment of abstinence. Study outcomes are impacted by analytical thresholds, which should be carefully considered when designing, interpreting, and comparing clinical trial results.</p>","PeriodicalId":14744,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Addiction Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142769033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heterogeneity in Prescription Opioid Misuse Motives by Age in Adolescents and Young Adults in the United States.","authors":"Ty S Schepis, Jason A Ford, Philip T Veliz, Brady T West, Sean Esteban McCabe","doi":"10.1097/ADM.0000000000001428","DOIUrl":"10.1097/ADM.0000000000001428","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Adolescent (12-17 years) and young adult (18-25 years) prescription opioid misuse (POM) is linked to poor health outcomes. We investigated how POM motives vary across these ages and the potential links between motives and other substance use, mental health, and sociodemographic characteristics to help guide screening and prevention.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Pooled 2015-2019 US National Survey on Drug Use and Health data were used, with 137,858 participants. Cross-tabulations estimated prevalence of individual motives and motive category by age. Mutually exclusive motive categories were no past-year POM, pain relief only, pain/sleep/relax (ie, some combination of only these motives), and any non-self-treatment motives (eg, get high, experiment). Logistic regression models evaluated links between motive category and sociodemographic, mental health, and substance use (eg, alcohol, cannabis, nicotine, other prescription misuse) outcomes by age group, versus reference groups of no past-year POM or pain relief only.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Pain relief was the most common POM motive (estimated at >50% at all ages), but POM for non-self-treatment motives was the most common category after 14 years. POM for non-self-treatment motives had the highest adjusted odds ratios (aORs) of all substance use and mental health characteristics (eg, past-year substance use disorder aORs of 6.11 in adolescents [95% confidence interval (CI), 4.23-8.85] and 4.81 [95% CI, 4.01-5.77] in young adults, versus the pain relief only reference).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>POM for any non-self-treatment motives is linked to the highest prevalence of other substance use and mental health concerns, whereas POM for pain relief also signals a need for substance use and mental health screening.</p>","PeriodicalId":14744,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Addiction Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142800698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drug-induced Liver Injury Due to Medications for Alcohol Use Disorder: Results From the DILIN Prospective Study.","authors":"Harish Gopalakrishna, Marwan Ghabril, Jiezhun Gu, Yi Ju Li, Robert J Fontana, David E Kleiner, Christopher Koh, Naga Chalasani","doi":"10.1097/ADM.0000000000001421","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000001421","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Concerns about drug-induced liver injury (DILI) may deter physicians from prescribing medications for alcohol use disorder (MAUD). We aim to explore DILI due to MAUD in Drug-Induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN) prospective study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>High-confidence DILI cases (ie, definite, highly likely, or probable) due to MAUD in DILIN prospective study (2004-2024) were included. Demographic, clinical, laboratory data, and 6-month outcomes were analyzed. HLA allele frequency (AF) of disulfiram cases was compared to matched controls with DILI due to non-MAUD (DILI controls).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 1975 high-confidence cases, 13 were attributed to MAUD (11 disulfiram; 1 naltrexone and 1 baclofen; and none from acamprosate). Median age was 45 years, with 77% female and 85% White. All had hepatocellular injury. In disulfiram group, the median time for DILI occurrence was 34 days. Eight patients developed jaundice, with 3 fatal or near-fatal cases (2 liver transplantation and 1 liver-related death). Five (71%) patients with severe or fatal disulfiram DILI had underlying liver disease. AF for HLA-C*01:02 (OR, 6.29; P = 0.02) and DRB1*09:01 (OR, 10.16; P = 0.02) were significantly higher in disulfiram cases than in DILI controls. DILI from baclofen and naltrexone was mild and self-limited with no chronic DILI.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Disulfiram is the leading cause of DILI among MAUD and is most common in women. Disulfiram can cause severe DILI and is associated with HLA-C*01:02 and DRB1*09:01. Baclofen and naltrexone can cause mild to moderate self-limited DILI. There were no cases of acamprosate. These findings suggest DILI due to MAUD are less frequent.</p>","PeriodicalId":14744,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Addiction Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142800691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Increased Wound Prevalence in those Exposed to Xylazine and Fentanyl Compared to Those Exposed to Fentanyl: An Observational Study.","authors":"Carolanne E Semancik","doi":"10.1097/ADM.0000000000001429","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000001429","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The aim of this study is to determine the difference, if any, in prevalence of wounds in individuals who were exposed to xylazine and fentanyl compared to individuals who were exposed to fentanyl and not xylazine.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A large inpatient substance use disorder specialty hospital provided medical records over an 8-month period from July 2023 to February 2024. Individuals were admitted to an American Society of Addiction Medicine 3.7 level of care where a urine drug screen and skin assessment was conducted on admission. If the urine screen noted a presence of fentanyl, the sample was then tested for xylazine exposure. Patients were considered positive for wounds on admission to treatment if any wound was noted during the skin assessment during the admission process.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 282 medical records were identified. A chi square test of association was completed and revealed a statistically significant association between xylazine exposure and wounds (P = 0.002, odds ratio = 2.420, 95% confidence interval = 1.376-4.254).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study provides early support for the previously theorized connection between xylazine exposure and wounds.</p>","PeriodicalId":14744,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Addiction Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142769039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Buprenorphine Salivary Gland Accumulation Sustaining High Oral Fluid Exposure and Increasing the Risk of Streptococcus mutans Biofilm Formation.","authors":"Zicong Zheng, Jie Chen, Songpol Srinual, Vesna Tumbas Šaponjac, Taijun Yin, Bing-Yan Wang, Rongjin Sun, Ming Hu","doi":"10.1097/ADM.0000000000001401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000001401","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a warning about buprenorphine-induced dental caries of unknown mechanism in 2022. To investigate the potential mechanism, the association between local buprenorphine exposure and dental biofilm formation will be explored in this study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Female F344 rats were dosed with sublingual buprenorphine film or intravenous injection to explore the oral cavity exposure of the buprenorphine. The buprenorphine distribution in salivary glands after the sublingual and intravenous administration was also evaluated. To investigate the effects of buprenorphine exposure on dental caries formation, buprenorphine's impact on the biofilm formation of S. mutans in vitro was measured.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The absolute sublingual bioavailability of buprenorphine in rats was 17.8% with a high ratio of oral fluid exposure to blood concentration in the pharmacokinetic study. Salivary gland concentrations of buprenorphine and its active metabolite norbuprenorphine were significantly higher than their blood concentrations after both sublingual (s.l.) and intravenous (i.v.) administration. Correlation analysis showed that the oral fluid concentration of buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine was highly correlated to salivary gland concentration rather than blood concentration. These data indicate that the salivary gland serves as an accumulation organ for buprenorphine, allowing prolonged oral fluid exposure to buprenorphine. Lastly, buprenorphine and its metabolites contributed to the biofilm formation of S. mutans in high concentration.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Sublingual administration substantially increased the salivary gland distribution of buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine. Depot effects following sublingual dosing and salivary gland accumulation likely sustained high oral fluid exposure to buprenorphine and stimulated the biofilm formation of S. mutans.</p>","PeriodicalId":14744,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Addiction Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142769013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"False-Positive Phosphatidylethanol Results Due to Blood Transfusion and Implications in the Process of Liver Transplantation Selection.","authors":"Jessica A S Wang, Giovani V Cruz Cruz, Akshay Shetty, Darlene Esquivel, Sammy Saab, Steven Shoptaw, Julio Meza","doi":"10.1097/ADM.0000000000001424","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000001424","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Phosphatidylethanol (PEth) testing is becoming increasingly common as a tool to assess for alcohol consumption in the practice of addiction medicine. Its potential to be an objective measure of ethanol exposure is appealing; however, the field has yet to develop a complete understanding of the factors that can influence a PEth level. Here we describe 3 patient cases in which blood transfusion within the preceding 28 days was the reason that PEth studies were positive in patients undergoing liver transplant evaluation. These patients all had in-depth evaluations by physicians on an addiction medicine consult service and were believed abstinent from alcohol. In the field of liver transplant, even a mildly elevated PEth level can result in listing delay or even liver transplant candidacy denial. Further study is needed to understand how PEth is impacted by medical procedures and events such as blood transfusion if we are to maintain a just and ethical practice in the setting of addiction and transplant medicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":14744,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Addiction Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142769036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and Evaluation of the Global Appraisal of Individual Needs Quick Version 4 (GAIN-Q4) for ASAM Dimension Ratings and Placement Recommendations for Adolescents and Adults.","authors":"Michael L Dennis, Siara I Sitar, Kathryn C Modisette, Barbara D Estrada, Justine W Welsh","doi":"10.1097/ADM.0000000000001413","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000001413","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This article describes the development and evaluation of the Global Appraisal of Individual Needs Quick Version 4 (GAIN-Q4) for the American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) 4th edition patient placement dimension ratings and level of care placement recommendations. The research questions are as follows: (1) Can the GAIN-Q4 replicate recommendations from the prior longer instrument within adolescents and adults? (2) What are the substantive differences in the results by age?</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The 35- to 45-minute GAIN-Q4 was developed through modification of the GAIN-Q3 and evaluated in terms of its ability to predict ASAM dimensional ratings and level of care placement recommendations from the 60- to 120-minute GAIN-I instrument. Data were obtained from participants who are adolescents aged 12 to 17 years (n = 101,897) and adults 18 years and older (n = 204,711) interviewed between 2002 and 2018 across 530 US sites. Reliability between measures was assessed with Cohen's κ statistic within age group; substantive differences by age were evaluated with logistic regression and χ2.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The ability of the 35- to 45-minute GAIN-Q4 measure to predict ASAM 6 dimensional ratings from the 60- to 120-minute GAIN-I was excellent (κ > 0.8) for 4 dimensions, good (0.6-0.79) for 1, and fair for 1 (0.4-0.59) - both for adolescents and young adults. κ for general level of care placement to ASAM levels of care was excellent for both adolescents and young adults.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The GAIN-Q4 demonstrates the ability to predict ASAM dimensional ratings and general level of care placement reliably when compared to the lengthier GAIN-I measure. These results highlight that clinicians using the GAIN-Q4 measure will be equipped to evaluate patients from a wide variety of sources with an accurate and reliable screening tool.</p>","PeriodicalId":14744,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Addiction Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142769030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Use of Oral Phenobarbital Loading for the Management of Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome in an Outpatient Setting: A Case Report.","authors":"Erin Hamilton, Braden Bouchard","doi":"10.1097/ADM.0000000000001435","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000001435","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Alcohol withdrawal syndrome is most frequently treated with benzodiazepines, but due to their short half-life, tapering prescriptions are frequently required for outpatients, which presents challenges to both clinicians and patients. Our local health system has had significant success treating alcohol withdrawal in the emergency department with phenobarbital loading doses. As patients also present in alcohol withdrawal to our outpatient addictions clinic, we have adapted our emergency department intravenous protocol to a staggered, oral loading protocol for the treatment of mild and moderate alcohol withdrawal syndrome in the community setting. In this case report, we successfully treat a 36-year-old man with mild alcohol withdrawal symptoms using this approach and without requiring a tapering sedative prescription.</p>","PeriodicalId":14744,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Addiction Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142769085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response to: \"Prevalence of Kratom Use Disorder Among Kratom Consumers\".","authors":"David A Gorelick","doi":"10.1097/ADM.0000000000001419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000001419","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14744,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Addiction Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142769068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}