JAMA neurologyPub Date : 2024-08-01DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2024.1677
Gretchen L Birbeck, Karl B Seydel, Suzanna Mwanza, Derby Tembo, Moses Chilombe, Arthur Watts, Ifunanya Ume-Ezeoke, Manoj Mathews, Archana A Patel, Musaku Mwenechanya, Paul Pensulo, Michael P McDermott
{"title":"Acetaminophen and Ibuprofen in Pediatric Central Nervous System Malaria: A Randomized Clinical Trial.","authors":"Gretchen L Birbeck, Karl B Seydel, Suzanna Mwanza, Derby Tembo, Moses Chilombe, Arthur Watts, Ifunanya Ume-Ezeoke, Manoj Mathews, Archana A Patel, Musaku Mwenechanya, Paul Pensulo, Michael P McDermott","doi":"10.1001/jamaneurol.2024.1677","DOIUrl":"10.1001/jamaneurol.2024.1677","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Importance: </strong>A third of children who survive malaria with neurological involvement (central nervous system [CNS] malaria) develop sequelae. A higher maximum temperature (Tmax) and seizures are risk factors for sequelae.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To compare aggressive antipyretic therapy using scheduled acetaminophen and ibuprofen vs usual care with acetaminophen alone given only for a temperature of 38.5 °C or higher.</p><p><strong>Design, setting, and participants: </strong>This randomized clinical trial was conducted at inpatient pediatric services of 1 tertiary care and 1 district hospital in Zambia and a tertiary care center in Malawi. Included were children aged 2 to 11 years with CNS malaria (excluding those with creatinine >1.2 mg/dL), who were enrolled from 2019 to 2022. Data analysis took place from December 2022 to April 2023.</p><p><strong>Intervention: </strong>The aggressive antipyretic group received acetaminophen (30 mg/kg load, then 15 mg/kg) plus ibuprofen, 10 mg/kg, every 6 hours, regardless of clinical temperature for 72 hours. The usual care group received 15 mg/kg of acetaminophen as needed every 6 hours for a temperature of 38.5 °C or higher.</p><p><strong>Main outcomes and measures: </strong>The primary outcome variable was Tmax over 72 hours, the total duration of follow-up. Secondary outcomes included seizures and parasite clearance.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Five hundred fifty-three patients were screened, 226 (40.9%) were ineligible, and 57 (10.3%) declined. A total 256 participants (n = 128/group) had a mean (SD) age of 4.3 (2.1) years; 115 (45%) were female, and 141 (55%) were male. The aggressive antipyretic group had a lower Tmax, 38.6 vs 39.2 °C (difference, -0.62 °C; 95% CI, -0.82 to -0.42; P < .001) and lower odds of experiencing multiple or prolonged seizures, 10 (8%) vs 34 children (27%) in the usual care group (odds ratio [OR], 0.26; 95% CI, 0.12 to 0.56). No group difference in parasite clearance time was detected. Severe adverse events occurred in 40 children (15%), 25 (20%) in the usual care group and 15 (12%) in the aggressive antipyretic group, including 13 deaths (10 [8%] and 3 [2%], respectively). Increased creatinine resulted in study drug discontinuation in 8 children (6%) in the usual care group and 13 children (10%) in the aggressive antipyretic group (OR, 1.74; 95% CI, 0.63 to 5.07).</p><p><strong>Conclusions and relevance: </strong>This study found that aggressive antipyretic therapy reduced mean Tmax to temperature levels comparable with the Tmax among children without neurological impairments in prior observational studies and improved acute seizure outcomes with no prolongation of parasitemia.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03399318.</p>","PeriodicalId":14677,"journal":{"name":"JAMA neurology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":20.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11165415/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141296017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
JAMA neurologyPub Date : 2024-08-01DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2024.1755
Phuong Thuy Nguyen Ho, Sanne J W Hoepel, Maria Rodriguez-Ayllon, Annemarie I Luik, Meike W Vernooij, Julia Neitzel
{"title":"Sleep, 24-Hour Activity Rhythms, and Subsequent Amyloid-β Pathology.","authors":"Phuong Thuy Nguyen Ho, Sanne J W Hoepel, Maria Rodriguez-Ayllon, Annemarie I Luik, Meike W Vernooij, Julia Neitzel","doi":"10.1001/jamaneurol.2024.1755","DOIUrl":"10.1001/jamaneurol.2024.1755","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Importance: </strong>Sleep disturbances are common among older adults and have been associated with the development of Alzheimer disease (AD), such as amyloid-β (Aβ) pathology. For effective AD prevention, it is essential to pinpoint the specific disturbances in sleep and the underlying 24-hour activity rhythms that confer the highest risk of Aβ deposition.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To determine the associations of 24-hour activity rhythms and sleep with Aβ deposition in adults without dementia, to evaluate whether disrupted 24-hour activity and sleep may precede Aβ deposition, and to assess the role of the apolipoprotein E ε4 (APOE4) genotype.</p><p><strong>Design, setting, and participants: </strong>This was an observational cohort study using data from the Rotterdam Study. Of 639 participants without dementia who underwent Aβ positron emission tomography (PET) from September 2018 to November 2021, 319 were included in the current study. Exclusion criteria were no APOE genotyping and no valid actigraphy data at the baseline visits from 2004 to 2006 or from 2012 to 2014. The mean (SD) follow-up was 7.8 (2.4) years. Data were analyzed from March 2023 to April 2024.</p><p><strong>Exposures: </strong>Actigraphy (7 days and nights, objective sleep, and 24-hour activity rhythms), sleep diaries (self-reported sleep), Aβ42/40, phosphorylated tau (p-tau)181 and p-tau217 plasma assays, 18F-florbetaben PET (mean standard uptake value ratio [SUVR] in a large cortical region of interest), and APOE4 genotype.</p><p><strong>Main outcomes and measures: </strong>Association of objective and self-reported sleep and 24-hour activity rhythms at baseline with brain Aβ PET burden at follow-up.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean (range) age in the study population was 61.5 (48-80) years at baseline and 69.2 (60-88) years at follow-up; 150 (47%) were women. Higher intradaily variability at baseline, an indicator of fragmented 24-hour activity rhythms, was associated with higher Aβ PET burden at follow-up (β, 0.15; bootstrapped 95% CI, 0.04 to 0.26; bootstrapped P = .02, false discovery rate [FDR] P = .048). APOE genotype modified this association, which was stronger in APOE4 carriers (β, 0.38; bootstrapped 95% CI, 0.05 to 0.64; bootstrapped P = .03) compared to noncarriers (β, 0.07; bootstrapped 95% CI, -0.04 to 0.18; bootstrapped P = .19). The findings remained largely similar after excluding participants with AD pathology at baseline, suggesting that a fragmented 24-hour activity rhythm may have preceded Aβ deposition. No other objective or self-reported measure of sleep was associated with Aβ.</p><p><strong>Conclusions and relevance: </strong>Among community-dwelling adults included in this study, higher fragmentation of the 24-hour activity rhythms was associated with greater subsequent Aβ burden, especially in APOE4 carriers. These results suggest that rest-activity fragmentation could represent a modifiable risk factor for AD.</p>","PeriodicalId":14677,"journal":{"name":"JAMA neurology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":20.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11197458/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141442680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
JAMA neurologyPub Date : 2024-08-01DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2024.2054
Njideka U Okubadejo, Michael S Okun, Joseph Jankovic
{"title":"Tapping the Brakes on New Parkinson Disease Biological Staging.","authors":"Njideka U Okubadejo, Michael S Okun, Joseph Jankovic","doi":"10.1001/jamaneurol.2024.2054","DOIUrl":"10.1001/jamaneurol.2024.2054","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14677,"journal":{"name":"JAMA neurology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":20.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141554763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
JAMA neurologyPub Date : 2024-08-01DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2024.1660
Carsten A Wagner
{"title":"Incorrect Nomenclature May Lead to Questionable Concepts.","authors":"Carsten A Wagner","doi":"10.1001/jamaneurol.2024.1660","DOIUrl":"10.1001/jamaneurol.2024.1660","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14677,"journal":{"name":"JAMA neurology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":20.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141296021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
JAMA neurologyPub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2024.1547
Alison Seitz, Alexander E Merkler
{"title":"Time to Think About Myocardial Infarction in Acute Ischemic Stroke.","authors":"Alison Seitz, Alexander E Merkler","doi":"10.1001/jamaneurol.2024.1547","DOIUrl":"10.1001/jamaneurol.2024.1547","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14677,"journal":{"name":"JAMA neurology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":20.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141199820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
JAMA neurologyPub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2024.1433
Ying Gao, Lingling Jiang, Yuesong Pan, Weiqi Chen, Jing Jing, Chunjuan Wang, S Claiborne Johnston, Pierre Amarenco, Philip M Bath, Yingying Yang, Tingting Wang, Shangrong Han, Xia Meng, Jinxi Lin, Xingquan Zhao, Liping Liu, Jinguo Zhao, Ying Li, Yingzhuo Zang, Shuo Zhang, Hongqin Yang, Jianbo Yang, Yuanwei Wang, Dali Li, Yanxia Wang, Dongqi Liu, Guangming Kang, Yongjun Wang, Yilong Wang
{"title":"Immediate- or Delayed-Intensive Statin in Acute Cerebral Ischemia: The INSPIRES Randomized Clinical Trial.","authors":"Ying Gao, Lingling Jiang, Yuesong Pan, Weiqi Chen, Jing Jing, Chunjuan Wang, S Claiborne Johnston, Pierre Amarenco, Philip M Bath, Yingying Yang, Tingting Wang, Shangrong Han, Xia Meng, Jinxi Lin, Xingquan Zhao, Liping Liu, Jinguo Zhao, Ying Li, Yingzhuo Zang, Shuo Zhang, Hongqin Yang, Jianbo Yang, Yuanwei Wang, Dali Li, Yanxia Wang, Dongqi Liu, Guangming Kang, Yongjun Wang, Yilong Wang","doi":"10.1001/jamaneurol.2024.1433","DOIUrl":"10.1001/jamaneurol.2024.1433","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Importance: </strong>Comparisons are limited for immediate-intensive and delayed-intensive statin for secondary stroke prevention and neuroprotection in patients with acute mild ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) from atherosclerosis.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To estimate whether immediate-intensive statin therapy is safe and can lower the risk of recurrent stroke compared with delayed-intensive statin in patients with acute mild ischemic stroke or high-risk TIA from atherosclerosis.</p><p><strong>Design, setting, and participants: </strong>The Intensive Statin and Antiplatelet Therapy for High-Risk Intracranial or Extracranial Atherosclerosis (INSPIRES) trial, a double-blind, placebo-controlled, 2 × 2 factorial, randomized clinical trial enrolled patients from September 2018 to October 2022. The trial was conducted at 222 hospitals in China. Patients aged 35 to 80 years with mild ischemic stroke or high-risk TIA of presumed atherosclerosis within 72 hours of symptom onset were assessed.</p><p><strong>Interventions: </strong>Patients were randomly assigned to receive immediate-intensive atorvastatin (80 mg daily on days 1-21; 40 mg daily on days 22-90) or 3-day delayed treatment (placebo for days 1-3, followed by placebo and atorvastatin, 40 mg daily on days 4-21, and then atorvastatin, 40 mg daily on days 22-90).</p><p><strong>Main outcomes and measures: </strong>The primary efficacy outcome was new stroke within 90 days, and a secondary efficacy outcome was poor functional outcome. Moderate to severe bleeding was the primary safety outcome.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 11 431 patients were assessed for eligibility, and 6100 patients (median [IQR] age, 65 [57-71] years; 3915 men [64.2%]) were enrolled, with 3050 assigned to each treatment group. Within 90 days, new stroke occurred in 245 patients (8.1%) in the immediate-intensive statin group and 256 patients (8.4%) in the delayed group (hazard ratio, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.80-1.13). Poor functional outcome occurred in 299 patients (9.8%) and 348 patients (11.4%) in the immediate-intensive and delayed-intensive statin groups, respectively (odds ratio, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.71-0.98). Moderate to severe bleeding occurred in 23 of 3050 patients (0.8%) and 17 of 3050 patients (0.6%), in the immediate-intensive and delayed-intensive statin groups, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions and relevance: </strong>Immediate-intensive statin initiated within 72 hours did not reduce the risk of stroke within 90 days and may be associated with improved functional outcomes without significant difference in moderate to severe bleeding, compared with 3-day delayed-intensive statin in Chinese patients with acute mild ischemic stroke or TIA from atherosclerosis.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03635749.</p>","PeriodicalId":14677,"journal":{"name":"JAMA neurology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":20.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11134282/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141158067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
JAMA neurologyPub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2024.1562
Raed A Joundi, Eric E Smith, Aravind Ganesh, Raul G Nogueira, Ryan A McTaggart, Andrew M Demchuk, Alexandre Y Poppe, Jeremy L Rempel, Thalia S Field, Dar Dowlatshahi, Jim Sahlas, Richard Swartz, Ruchir Shah, Eric Sauvageau, Volker Puetz, Frank L Silver, Bruce Campbell, René Chapot, Michael Tymianski, Mayank Goyal, Michael D Hill
{"title":"Time From Hospital Arrival Until Endovascular Thrombectomy and Patient-Reported Outcomes in Acute Ischemic Stroke.","authors":"Raed A Joundi, Eric E Smith, Aravind Ganesh, Raul G Nogueira, Ryan A McTaggart, Andrew M Demchuk, Alexandre Y Poppe, Jeremy L Rempel, Thalia S Field, Dar Dowlatshahi, Jim Sahlas, Richard Swartz, Ruchir Shah, Eric Sauvageau, Volker Puetz, Frank L Silver, Bruce Campbell, René Chapot, Michael Tymianski, Mayank Goyal, Michael D Hill","doi":"10.1001/jamaneurol.2024.1562","DOIUrl":"10.1001/jamaneurol.2024.1562","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Importance: </strong>The time-benefit association of endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) in ischemic stroke with patient-reported outcomes is unknown.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To assess the time-dependent association of EVT with self-reported quality of life in patients with acute ischemic stroke.</p><p><strong>Design, setting, and participants: </strong>Data were used from the Safety and Efficacy of Nerinetide in Subjects Undergoing Endovascular Thrombectomy for Stroke (ESCAPE-NA1) trial, which tested the effect of nerinetide on functional outcomes in patients with large vessel occlusion undergoing EVT and enrolled patients from March 1, 2017, to August 12, 2019. The ESCAPE-NA1 trial was an international randomized clinical trial that recruited patients from 7 countries. Patients with EuroQol 5-dimension 5-level (EQ-5D-5L) index values at 90 days and survivors with complete domain scores were included in the current study. Data were analyzed from July to September 2023.</p><p><strong>Exposure: </strong>Hospital arrival to arterial puncture time and other time metrics.</p><p><strong>Main outcomes and measures: </strong>EQ-5D-5L index scores were calculated at 90 days using country-specific value sets. The association between time from hospital arrival to EVT arterial-access (door-to-puncture) and EQ-5D-5L index score, quality-adjusted life years, and visual analog scale (EQ-VAS) were evaluated using quantile regression, adjusting for age, sex, stroke severity, stroke imaging, wake-up stroke, alteplase, and nerinetide treatment and accounting for clustering by site. Using logistic regression, the association between door-to-puncture time and reporting no or slight symptoms (compared with moderate, severe, or extreme problems) was determined in each domain (mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain or discomfort, and anxiety or depression) or across all domains. Time from stroke onset was also evaluated, and missing data were imputed in sensitivity analyses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 1105 patients in the ESCAPE-NA1 trial, there were 1043 patients with EQ-5D-5L index values at 90 days, among whom 147 had died and were given a score of 0, and 1039 patients (mean [SD] age, 69.0 [13.7] years; 527 male [50.7%]) in the final analysis as 4 did not receive EVT. There were 896 survivors with complete domain scores at 90 days. There was a strong association between door-to-puncture time and EQ-5D-5L index score (increase of 0.03; 95% CI, 0.02-0.04 per 15 minutes of earlier treatment), quality-adjusted life years (increase of 0.29; 95% CI, 0.08-0.49 per 15 minutes of earlier treatment), and EQ-VAS (increase of 1.65; 95% CI, 0.56-2.72 per 15 minutes of earlier treatment). Each 15 minutes of faster door-to-puncture time was associated with higher probability of no or slight problems in each of 5 domains and all domains concurrently (range from 1.86%; 95% CI, 1.14-2.58 for pain or discomfort to 3.55%; 95% CI, 2.06-5.04 for all domai","PeriodicalId":14677,"journal":{"name":"JAMA neurology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":20.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11148789/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141199804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
JAMA neurologyPub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2024.1450
Martina B Goeldlin, Arsany Hakim, Mattia Branca, Stefanie Abend, Markus Kneihsl, Waldo Valenzuela Pinilla, Sabine Fenzl, Beata Rezny-Kasprzak, Roman Rohner, Daniel Strbian, Maurizio Paciaroni, Goetz Thomalla, Patrik Michel, Krassen Nedeltchev, Thomas Gattringer, Else Charlotte Sandset, Leo Bonati, Diana Aguiar de Sousa, P N Sylaja, George Ntaios, Masatoshi Koga, Zuzana Gdovinova, Robin Lemmens, Natan M Bornstein, Peter Kelly, Mira Katan, Thomas Horvath, Jesse Dawson, Urs Fischer
{"title":"Early vs Late Anticoagulation in Minor, Moderate, and Major Ischemic Stroke With Atrial Fibrillation: Post Hoc Analysis of the ELAN Randomized Clinical Trial.","authors":"Martina B Goeldlin, Arsany Hakim, Mattia Branca, Stefanie Abend, Markus Kneihsl, Waldo Valenzuela Pinilla, Sabine Fenzl, Beata Rezny-Kasprzak, Roman Rohner, Daniel Strbian, Maurizio Paciaroni, Goetz Thomalla, Patrik Michel, Krassen Nedeltchev, Thomas Gattringer, Else Charlotte Sandset, Leo Bonati, Diana Aguiar de Sousa, P N Sylaja, George Ntaios, Masatoshi Koga, Zuzana Gdovinova, Robin Lemmens, Natan M Bornstein, Peter Kelly, Mira Katan, Thomas Horvath, Jesse Dawson, Urs Fischer","doi":"10.1001/jamaneurol.2024.1450","DOIUrl":"10.1001/jamaneurol.2024.1450","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Importance: </strong>Whether infarct size modifies the treatment effect of early vs late direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) initiation in people with ischemic stroke and atrial fibrillation is unknown.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To assess whether infarct size modifies the safety and efficacy of early vs late DOAC initiation.</p><p><strong>Design, setting, and participants: </strong>Post hoc analysis of participants from the multinational (>100 sites in 15 countries) randomized clinical Early Versus Later Anticoagulation for Stroke With Atrial Fibrillation (ELAN) trial who had (1) acute ischemic stroke, (2) atrial fibrillation, and (3) brain imaging available before randomization. The ELAN trial was conducted between October 2017 and December 2022. Data were analyzed from October to December 2023 for this post hoc analysis.</p><p><strong>Intervention: </strong>Early vs late DOAC initiation after ischemic stroke. Early DOAC initiation was within 48 hours for minor or moderate stroke or on days 6 to 7 for major stroke; late DOAC initiation was on days 3 to 4 for minor stroke, days 6 to 7 for moderate stroke, and days 12 to 14 for major stroke.</p><p><strong>Main outcomes and measures: </strong>The primary outcome was a composite of recurrent ischemic stroke, symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage, extracranial bleeding, systemic embolism, or vascular death within 30 days. The outcome was assessed according to infarct size (minor, moderate, or major) using odds ratios and risk differences between treatment arms. Interrater reliability for infarct size between the core laboratory and local raters was assessed, and whether this modified the estimated treatment effects was also examined.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 1962 of the original 2013 participants (909 [46.3%] female; median [IQR] age, 77 [70-84] years) were included. The primary outcome occurred in 10 of 371 participants (2.7%) with early DOAC initiation vs 11 of 364 (3.0%) with late DOAC initiation among those with minor stroke (odds ratio [OR], 0.89; 95% CI, 0.38-2.10); in 11 of 388 (2.8%) with early DOAC initiation vs 14 of 392 (3.6%) with late DOAC initiation among those with moderate stroke (OR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.35-1.74); and in 8 of 219 (3.7%) with early DOAC initiation vs 16 of 228 (7.0%) with late DOAC initiation among those with major stroke (OR, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.21-1.18). The 95% CI for the estimated risk difference of the primary outcome in early anticoagulation was -2.78% to 2.12% for minor stroke, -3.23% to 1.76% for moderate stroke, and -7.49% to 0.81% for major stroke. There was no significant treatment interaction for the primary outcome. For infarct size, interrater reliability was moderate (κ = 0.675; 95% CI, 0.647-0.702) for local vs core laboratory raters and strong (κ = 0.875; 95% CI, 0.855-0.894) between core laboratory raters.</p><p><strong>Conclusions and relevance: </strong>The treatment effect of early DOAC initiation did not differ in people wi","PeriodicalId":14677,"journal":{"name":"JAMA neurology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":20.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11134281/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141158065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}