Italian Journal of Agronomy最新文献

{"title":"Crushed bark as a novel soil conditioner for organic plant production","authors":"Päivi Kurki, E. Nurmi, Iina Haikarainen, R. Savikurki, J. Kaseva, K. Hakala, Elena Valkama","doi":"10.4081/ija.2021.1781","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/ija.2021.1781","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the reduction of cattle farming, the Finnish agricultural sector currently needs solutions to replace animal manure with new sustainable alternatives. This problem is especially acute for organic farms, which need livestock manure to improve soil fertility and soil organic carbon (SOC) to sustain yield. On the other side, plywood manufacturers aim to find ways to reuse waste fractions such as sandy, wet spruce bark waste. To address both issues, a new soil conditioner was developed from crushed bark (CB) and approved for organic farming by the Finnish Food Authority. To test the advantages of CB in organic wheat production, we conducted a two-year field experiment on a farmer’s field in Mikkeli (Finland) on loamy sand with moderate soil fertility (C 3.5%, C/N ratio 17, pH 6.2). CB (organic matter 80%, C/N ratio 78, pH 5.7-6.0) at 40 t ha–1 was applied either in the first year of the experiment or in both years. In addition to CB, half the plots received base ash (4 t ha–1) obtained from a power plant using wood to maintain the optimal soil pH. All plots were fertilised annually with commercial organic fertilisers. The control plots received no CB or base ash. A one-year application of CB with base ash statistically significantly increased the grain yield by 800 kg ha–1 and grain N uptake by about 10 kg ha–1 in the following growing season compared with the control. In terms of grain yield quality, a one-year application of CB with or without base ash already showed an improvement of 1000 seed weight by 2 g in the first year, and the effect was even more pronounced in the second year of the experiment. Hectolitre weight was increased in the following year after application of CB with base ash. In contrast, a two-year application of CB either alone or with base ash caused no changes in grain yield, N uptake, or yield quality compared with the control. The results indicate that the use of spruce CB with a high C/N ratio as soil conditioner in a large amount may be beneficial in terms of yield and quality when it is applied only once, but not twice in successive years. Future studies need to focus on the long-term residual effects of CB on productivity, as well as soil parameters such as SOC, cation exchange capacity, and soil microbial activity. \u0000Highlights - Crushed bark (C/N ratio 78) - a side stream of plywood manufacture - was tested in a two-year organic field experiment. - A one-year (40 t ha–1) application of crushed bark with base ash increased yield and the quality of organic wheat. - Residual effects of a one-year application were pronounced. - Crushed bark application in two successive years provided no benefits for organic wheat production.","PeriodicalId":14618,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42336190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How does soil carbon sequestration affect greenhouse gas emissions from a sheep farming system? Results of a life cycle assessment case study","authors":"P. Arca, E. Vagnoni, P. Duce, A. Franca","doi":"10.4081/IJA.2021.1789","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/IJA.2021.1789","url":null,"abstract":"A life cycle assessment (LCA) study of a transition from semi-intensive to semi-extensive Mediterranean dairy sheep farm suggests that the latter has a strong potential for offsetting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through the soil C sequestration (Cseq) in permanent grasslands. The extensification process shows clear environmental advantage when emission intensity is referred to the area-based functional unit (FU). Several LCA studies reported that extensive livestock systems have greater GHG emissions per mass of product than intensive one, due to their lower productivity. However, these studies did not account for soil Cseq of temporary and permanent grasslands, that have a strong potential to partly mitigate the GHG balance of ruminant production systems. Our LCA study was carried out considering the transition from a semi-intensive (SI) towards a semi-extensive (SE) production system, adopted in a dairy sheep farm located in North-Western Sardinia (Italy). Impact scope included enteric methane emissions, feed production, on-farm energy use and transportation, infrastructures as well as the potential C sink arising from soil Cseq with respect to the emission intensity. In order to provide a more comprehensive analysis, we used the following FUs: 1 kg of fat and protein corrected milk (FPCM) and 1 ha of utilised agricultural area (UAA). We observed that the extensification of production system determined contrasting environmental effects when using different FUs accounting for soil Cseq. When soil Cseq in emission intensity estimate was included, we Ac ce pt ed p ap er","PeriodicalId":14618,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44577077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving weed control in sustainable agro-ecosystems: role of cultivar and termination timing of rye cover crop","authors":"Roberta Boselli, N. Anders, A. Fiorini, C. Ganimede, N. Faccini, A. Marocco, M. Schulz, V. Tabaglio","doi":"10.4081/IJA.2021.1807","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/IJA.2021.1807","url":null,"abstract":"Alternative strategies to control weeds are required at field level to reduce herbicides and derived pollution. Rye (Secale cereale L.) cultivation as cover crop is adopted mainly because of its allelopathic weed control, which takes place throughout a strong inhibition of germination and seedling growth in several grass and broad-leaved weeds. The present study consisted of: i) a field trial, focused on evaluation of biomass production and allelochemical concentration in the biomass, and in situ weed control at 30 days after termination (with two termination timings: T1 heading phase and T2 10 days later) of 8 rye varieties; ii) a pot experiment, focused on the inhibition effect of mulches derived by those 8 rye varieties on four summer weeds: velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Med.), lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), and common purslane (Portulaca oleracea L). Results showed that biomass production was the highest with Protector, closely followed by Primizia, Sito 70, Hellvus, Forestal, and Hymonta. In any case, rye mulching always reduced the weed biomass, especially with Fasto and Forestal. The allelochemical concentration in the biomass was the highest with Fasto and Forestal, and decreased on average from T1 to T2 (-38% for total BX and -57% for isovitexin). Conversely, the rye biomass production increased (on average + 77%) passing from T1 to T2. We found also that the reduction of weed biomass, compared with the control, is highly Ac ce pt ed p ap er correlated with the allelochemical content in rye biomass in the case of T1 termination, while with the biomass production in the case of T2. In pots, a strong inhibitory effect on seedling growth due to rye mulching was observed for C. album (-76%), A. retroflexus (-56%), and P. olearcea (-84%), while not for A. theophrasti. We concluded that, whatever the variety, adopting rye as cover crop may be considered as a suitable practice to reduce weed pressure at the field level. Among all the varieties tested, Forestal and Protector showed the greatest weed suppression potential, as a consequence of high amount of allelochemicals production for Forestal, and high biomass production for Protector. Introduction Weed control strategies based on the use of herbicides are expensive and may affect negatively the quality of soil, water and air (Felsot et al., 2011). The excessive use of chemical herbicides in the last decades led to the development of herbicide resistance: 262 species of herbicide-resistant weeds have been detected on 93 crops in 70 countries (Beckie, 2020). Consequently, a growing interest in alternative strategies for weed management has been stimulated worldwide to address current economic and environmental challenges of crop production (Kumar et al., 2020). In addition, the European Commission recently stated ambitious goals for reducing the herbicide use (-50%) at the field level by 2030 (European Commission, 2021). The use of cover c","PeriodicalId":14618,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42460791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Off-site movement of quinclorac from rice fields","authors":"F. Vidotto, S. Fogliatto, L. Carmagnola, F. De Palo, M. Milan","doi":"10.4081/IJA.2021.1798","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/IJA.2021.1798","url":null,"abstract":"typesetting, pagination and proofreading process, which may lead to differences between this version and the final one. Please cite this article as doi: 10.4081/ija.2021.1798 Off-site movement of quinclorac from rice fields Francesco Vidotto,1 Silvia Fogliatto,1 Lorenzo Carmagnola,2 Fernando De Palo,1 Marco Milan1 1Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Università di Torino, Sezione di Agronomia, Grugliasco (TO); 2Basf Italia, Cesano Maderno, Italy","PeriodicalId":14618,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42029244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seed priming with zinc improves field performance of maize hybrids grown on calcareous chernozem","authors":"G. Tamindžić, M. Ignjatov, D. Milošević, Z. Nikolić, Ljiljana Kostic Kravljanac, D. Jovičić, Ž. Dolijanović, J. Savić","doi":"10.4081/IJA.2021.1795","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/IJA.2021.1795","url":null,"abstract":"Delivery of micronutrients to plants through seed priming improves seedling vigour and increase crops yields. Two-year filed trial was conducted in Pančevo, Serbia, with aim to study the effect of seed priming with zinc (Zn) on field performance of three maize hybrids on calcareous chernozem deficient in plant available Zn. Seed priming treatments were: control (without priming), water priming and priming with 4 mM zinc sulphate water solution . Seed priming had significant effect on early plant growth, plant height, yield components, grain yield and grain Zn concentration. Znpriming promoted plant growth and increased final plant height. Across two growing seasons with contrasting precipitation and three tested maize hybrids, Zn-priming resulted in an average increase of grain yield by about 18% compared to control, and by about 8.4 % compared to water priming. A significant relationship between plant growth parameters, grain yield components and grain yield was detected. Grain Zn concentration was increased by Zn-priming in two hybrids in the season with less precipitation and in one hybrid in the second season.. The results imply that using the seeds with elevated Zn content can improve overall field performance of maize grown on calcareous chernozem. Ac ce pt ed p ap er","PeriodicalId":14618,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46271176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium mass balances in an irrigated quinoa field","authors":"J. Alvar-Beltrán, M. Napoli, A. Dao, Amoro Ouattara, L. Verdi, S. Orlandini, A. dalla Marta","doi":"10.4081/IJA.2021.1788","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/IJA.2021.1788","url":null,"abstract":"Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) needs to increase its food production to alleviate food insecurity exacerbated by climate variability and from increasing food demand. Balancing macronutrient inputs becomes essential for sustaining yields, increasing farmer's income and minimizing environmental costs deriving from fertilizer misuse. The present study calculates the nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) mass balances by estimating macronutrient inputs and outputs of a quinoa field cultivated under full and deficit irrigation conditions (100 and 50 % crop evapotranspiration- ETc), in either the presence or absence of N fertilizer (100 and 0 kg ha-1 of N). The emerging findings show that to produce one ton of quinoa biomass (including seeds, stems and leaves) 12.7, 1.6 and 35.5 kg ha-1 of N, P and K, respectively, need to be added into the soil. While N and K are required at medium to fairly high amounts, P is needed in lower amounts. Hence, fertilizers in the form of potassium nitrate (KNO3) are more suitable than those with higher phosphorus concentrations, phosphate (PO43-). Overall, evidences from field experimentations are necessary for integrating farming input recommendations on crop agronomic guidelines, driven by national agricultural research institutions, and for promoting sustainable agriculture in SSA.","PeriodicalId":14618,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48932183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Foliar application of plant-based biostimulants improve yield and upgrade qualitative characteristics of processing tomato","authors":"E. Cozzolino, I. D. Di Mola, L. Ottaiano, C. El-Nakhel, Y. Rouphael, M. Mori","doi":"10.4081/IJA.2021.1825","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/IJA.2021.1825","url":null,"abstract":"Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is a diffused worldwide vegetable. Great amounts of fertilizers are often applied for increasing yield and quality, without considering the negative effect on the environment. A possible perspective for reducing this risk is to raise the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) through the use of plant biostimulants, which also improve yield and quality concomitantly. The aim of the current study was to verify the potential beneficial effect of three vegetal-based biostimulants on agronomical, qualitative and nitrogen use efficiency of a processing tomato crop. The experiment provided three biostimulants (an extract of brown seaweed [SwE], a legume-derived protein hydrolysate [LDPH] and a tropical plant extract). The following assessments were carried out: marketable and unmarketable yields, mean fruits weight, firmness, pH, total soluble solids (TSS), colour parameters (a/b), hydrophilic antioxidant activity (HAA), lipophilic antioxidant activity (LAA), total ascorbic acid content (AsA), total phenols, nitrate and total nitrogen content, nitrogen use efficiency, N-uptake efficiency, and N-utilization. The foliar application of biostimulants especially protein hydrolysates and seaweed extract significantly affected the marketable yield with an average increase of 18.3% over the control and 41.3% average decrease in unmarketable yield. The N-use and N-uptake efficiency followed a similar trend, with biostimulants boosting it higher than control, +18.4% and +59.3%, respectively; the nitrogen content was also higher in fruits of sprayed plants: +21.3% over control. This finding also reflects on higher dry matter accumulation and firmness in fruits of treated plants (+10.9% and +14.1% over control, respectively). The biostimulants application, in particular SwE and LDPH, also boosted TSS (+12.8%), the a/b colour ratio (+7.5%), HAA and AsA (9.8% and 114.6%, respectively). Therefore, the legume-derived protein hydrolysates and extract of brown seaweed Ecklonia maxima seem a good sustainable approach to improve yield and quality of tomato for canning industries.","PeriodicalId":14618,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49308839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Innovative amendments derived from industrial and municipal wastes enhance plant growth and soil functions in PTE-polluted environments","authors":"G. Garau, P. Roggero, S. Diquattro, Matteo Garau, M. V. Pinna, P. Castaldi","doi":"10.4081/IJA.2021.1777","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/IJA.2021.1777","url":null,"abstract":"Potentially toxic elements (PTE), e.g. As, Sb, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, can severely impact soil element cycling, organic matter turnover and soil inhabiting microbiota. Very often this has dramatic consequences for plant growth and yield which are greatly restricted in PTE-contaminated soils. The use of innovative amendments to reduce the labile pool of such soil contaminants, can result as a feasible and sustainable strategy to improve the fertility and functionality of PTE-contaminated soils as well as to exploit these latter from an agronomic point of view. Water treatment residuals (WTR), red muds (RM), organic-based materials originating from the waste cycle, e.g. municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) and biochar (BCH), have emerged in the last decades as promising amendments. In this paper, we report a synthesis of the lessons learned from research carried out in the last 20 years on the use of the above-mentioned innovative amendments for the manipulation of soil fertility and functionality in PTE-contaminated soils. The amendments considered possess physico-chemical properties useful to reduce labile PTE in soil (e.g. alkaline pH, porosity, Fe/Al phases, specific functional groups and ionic composition among the others). In addition, they contain organic and inorganic nutrients which can contribute to improve the soil chemical, microbial and biochemical status. This is often reflected by a higher organic matter content in Ac ce pt ed p ap er amended soils and/or an increase of the cation exchange capacity, available P and total N and/or dissolved organic C. As a result, soil microbial abundance, in particular heterotrophic fungi and bacteria, and enzyme activities (e.g. dehydrogenase, urease and β-glucosidase) are commonly enhanced in amended soils, while plant growth can be significantly stimulated. Overall, the obtained results suggest that the studied amendments can be used to reduce PTE bioavailability in polluted soils, improve soil microbial status and functionality, and enhance the productivity of different crops. This can offer a precious opportunity for the productive recovery of PTE-polluted soils. Introduction Soil pollution by potentially toxic elements (PTE, e.g. As, Sb, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) represents an increasingly urgent problem at global scale. PTE, unlike organic contaminants, are generally immutable, not degradable and persistent in soil (Adriano et al., 2004). In addition, they can be toxic to plants, animals and soil microorganisms when certain threshold levels are exceeded (Abou Jaoude et al., 2019). Unfortunately, this is not uncommon and is often due to industrial and mining activities, waste incinerators, coal and petroleum combustion, spent ammunition, battery factories, and misuse of pharmaceuticals and pesticides among the others (Silvetti et al., 2014). For instance, mining and smelting activities usually produce large amounts of tailings and waste rocks, from which PTE present in primary sulphide ores could spread in s","PeriodicalId":14618,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44238900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Municipal organic waste compost applied to vegetable cropping systems replaces mineral fertilization, reduces the risk of groundwater pollution by nitrates and improves soil fertility over three-year open-field succession","authors":"M. Zaccardelli, C. Pane, I. D. Mola, D. Ronga, M. Mori","doi":"10.4081/IJA.2021.1756","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/IJA.2021.1756","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14618,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Agronomy","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70190720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Site and time-specific early weed control is able to reduce herbicide use in maize - a case study","authors":"N. Nikolić, Davide Rizzo, E. Marraccini, Alicia Ayerdi Gotor, Pietro Mattivi, P. Saulet, A. Persichetti, R. Masin","doi":"10.4081/IJA.2021.1780","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/IJA.2021.1780","url":null,"abstract":"Remote sensing using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for weed detection is a valuable asset in agriculture and is vastly used for site-specific weed control. Alongside site-specific methods, timespecific weed control is another critical aspect of precision weed control where, by using different models, it is possible to determine the time of weed species emergence. In this study, site-specific and time-specific weed control methods were combined to explore their collective benefits for precision weed control. Using the AlertInf model, which is a weed emergence prediction model, the cumulative emergence of Sorghum halepense was calculated, following the selection of the best date for UAV survey when the emergence was predicted to be at 96%. The survey was executed using a UAV with visible range sensors, resulting in an orthophoto with a resolution of 3 cm, allowing for good weed detection. The orthophoto was post-processed using two separate methods: an artificial neural network (ANN) and the visible atmospherically resistant index (VARI) to discriminate between the weeds, the crop and the soil. Finally, a model was applied for the creation of prescription maps with different cell sizes (0.25 m2, 2 m2, and 3 m2) and with three different decision-making thresholds based on pixels identified as weeds (>1%, >5%, and >10%). Additionally, the potential savings in herbicide use were assessed using two herbicides (Equip and Titus Mais Extra) as examples. The results show that both classification methods have a high overall accuracy of 98.6% for ANN and 98.1% for VARI, with the ANN having much better results concerning user/producer accuracy and Cohen's Kappa value (k=83.7 ANN and k=72 VARI). The reduction percentage of the area to be sprayed ranged from 65.29% to 93.35% using VARI and from 42.43% to 87.82% using ANN. The potential reduction in herbicide use was found to be dependent on the area. For the Equip Ac ce pt ed p ap er herbicide, this reduction ranged from 1.32 L/ha to 0.28 L/ha for the ANN; with VARI the reduction in the amounts used ranged from 0.80 L/ha to 0.15 L/ha. Meanwhile, for Titus Mais Extra herbicide, the reduction ranged from 46.06 g/ha to 8.19 g/ha in amounts used with the ANN; with VARI the reduction in amounts used ranged from 27.77 g/ha to 5.32 g/ha. These preliminary results indicate that combining site-specific and time-specific weed control, has the potential to obtain a significant reduction in herbicide use with direct benefits for the environment and on-farm variable costs. Further field studies are needed for the validation of these results.","PeriodicalId":14618,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48231422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}