ChemistrySelect最新文献

{"title":"Strain and Spin–Orbit Coupling-Induced Structural and Optoelectronic Properties of Cubic FASnI3−xBrx (x = 0, 1, 2, and 3) Perovskites","authors":"Nusrat Jahan,&nbsp;Md Rasidul Islam,&nbsp;Farah B. H. Pritu,&nbsp;Kazi Golam Martuza,&nbsp;Subrina Nishat,&nbsp;Humayun Kabir,&nbsp;Md Masud Rana,&nbsp;Amun Amri,&nbsp;M. Mahbubur Rahman","doi":"10.1002/slct.202506587","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.202506587","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Tin halide perovskites (Sn-PVKs) exhibit excellent optoelectronic properties, making them an ideal alternative to replace poisonous Pb equivalents. Concurrently, its colossal potential in photon harvesting and thermoelectricity uses has generated growing interest. Because of their toxicity, lead-based perovskite materials are not commercially available as suitable options for solar cell applications. In spite of the research community's advances in developing photovoltaic technology, such as achieving a 30.45% efficiency in power conversion of perovskite solar cells within the span of 20 years, there still remain several obstacles to the progress of Pb-based halide perovskite absorbers for perovskite photovoltaic uses. One of the most critical obstacles in developing novel lead-based halide perovskite is its toxicity, with implications for their practical application and commercialization. As a result, substituting lead within the perovskite substance with a harmless element has been the primary focus of hybrid perovskite manufacturing efforts. The current work emphasizes lead-free hybrid halide perovskites as light absorbers, looking at the ways how their chemical compositions affect optical capabilities, structure, and electronic properties. We use density-functional theory calculations to examine these characteristics of Sn-based FASnI₃₋<i>_x</i>Br<i>_x</i> (<i>x</i> = 0, 1, 2, and 3) hybrid halide perovskites. Band structure study found that the relaxed cubic FASnX₃ arrangements had direct bandgap semiconducting properties with values of 0.97, 1.11, 1.18, and 1.20, which decrease with compressive strains but increase with tensile strains. SOC lowered the bandgap to 0.67, 0.75, 0.86, and 0.89 eV, respectively. The dielectric response exhibits semimetallic behavior. When iodine is replaced by bromine, the absorption spectra move gradually toward higher energy. All other optical aspects are strongly impacted by halide substitution. Notably, an increase in iodine concentration significantly improves optical conductivity. This discovery might bring in a new era in the creation of lead-free formamidinium-based perovskites for optoelectronic applications.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":146,"journal":{"name":"ChemistrySelect","volume":"11 42","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149356364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Practical Gram-Scale Synthesis of Highly Valuable α-Arylcycloalkenes From Cyclic Ketones","authors":"Yi-Heng Xu,&nbsp;Eman Fayad,&nbsp;Dalal Nasser Binjawhar,&nbsp;Hua-Li Qin","doi":"10.1002/slct.75045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.75045","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>An efficient one-pot method for the synthesis of <i>α</i>-arylcycloalkenes from cyclic ketones and aryl Grignard reagents has been developed. Concentrated hydrochloric acid is added directly to the crude Grignard addition mixture at room temperature, which quenches the excess organomagnesium reagent and affords the <i>α</i>-arylcycloalkene without isolation of intermediates. The method accommodates several electronically diverse aryl Grignard reagents and various cyclic ketones, including seven- and eight-membered cyclic ketones, as well as heteroatom-containing and fused-ring substrates, providing the desired products in moderate to excellent yields. The reaction can also be performed on gram scales.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":146,"journal":{"name":"ChemistrySelect","volume":"11 42","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149356294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mitigating Photoinduced Reactive Oxygen Species From TiO2 and ZnO UV Filters: Materials Design and Evaluation","authors":"Chenge Wang","doi":"10.1002/slct.75064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.75064","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) and zinc oxide (ZnO) are widely used ultraviolet (UV) attenuating materials, but photoexcitation of these semiconductors can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) through interfacial redox reactions. Their oxidative activity is not an intrinsic constant, but depends on crystal structure, particle size and morphology, surface defects, coatings, aggregation, surrounding matrix, and irradiation conditions. This Review critically examines particle engineering, doping, surface passivation, antioxidant functionalization, composite architectures, and formulation strategies for controlling photoinduced ROS. Representative studies report reductions in ROS-related or photocatalytic signals ranging from approximately 30%–40% with selected dopants and 60%–70% with inorganic surface coatings to approximately 80%–90% with immobilization or multilayer passivation, while optimized metal–phenolic network coatings have achieved &gt;99% suppression of measured photoinduced ROS. Analytical approaches, including electron paramagnetic resonance, chemical probes, photocatalytic oxidation assays, chromatographic analysis, and biological oxidative-stress endpoints, are critically compared according to the processes they actually measure. A three-tier framework is proposed in which comparative screening is followed by mechanistic confirmation and application-relevant validation. Because no universal ROS threshold currently defines UV-filter safety, the framework emphasizes complementary endpoints, complete reporting of irradiation and material characteristics, and confirmation that ROS mitigation persists in the finished formulation without compromising photoprotection.</p>","PeriodicalId":146,"journal":{"name":"ChemistrySelect","volume":"11 42","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/slct.75064","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149311363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Auxiliary Acceptor Engineering in Dithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]Pyrrole-Based Dyes for High-Efficiency DSSCs: A DFT and TD-DFT Perspective on Charge Transfer and Photovoltaic Performance","authors":"Ananta Panigrahi,&nbsp;Prabhat K. Sahu","doi":"10.1002/slct.75044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.75044","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The present investigation describes the design and theoretical evaluation of a new series of dithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]pyrrole-based dye molecules produced within a D-A′-π-A framework for application in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Twelve dye molecules (G1–I4) have been designed by systematically combining three auxiliary acceptor units: benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (BTZ), 5,6-difluorobenzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (FFBTZ), and [1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-c]pyridine (TZP), with a diphenylamine donor, a π-conjugated spacer, and four distinct terminal acceptors. The structural, electronic, optical, and charge-transfer properties have been investigated using Density Functional Theory (DFT) and Time-Dependent DFT (TD-DFT). Auxiliary acceptors successfully modify the electronic structure and improve light absorption efficiency. All dyes have narrow band gaps (2.39 to 2.74 eV) and strong intermolecular charge-transfer (ICT) transitions with absorption maxima ranging from 514.8 to 609.4 nm. CAA, CPA, and functionalization with DCI and DCBI units significantly improve ICT strength, red-shift absorption spectra, and electron injection efficiency. The computed open-circuit voltages (<i>V_oc</i>) range from 0.80 to 1.40 eV, with light-harvesting efficiencies (LHE) reaching up to 96.52%. Photovoltaic analysis showed excellent performance, with short-circuit current densities (<i>J</i>_<i>SC</i>) reaching 38.8 mA cm⁻² and PCE up to 39.5%. These results confirm the strong potential of the proposed dyes as high-efficiency sensitizers for next-generation DSSCs.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":146,"journal":{"name":"ChemistrySelect","volume":"11 42","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149311474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated Carbon Nanotube/Fe2O3–ZnO Nanohybrid Electrode for Sensitive and Selective Simultaneous Electrochemical Detection of Paracetamol and Dopamine","authors":"M. Sabbir Hossain,&nbsp;N. I. Nayem,&nbsp;M. Hafizur Rahman,&nbsp;Md. A. Rashed,&nbsp;Jahir Ahmed,&nbsp;M. Faisal,&nbsp;Jari S. Algethami,&nbsp;Farid A. Harraz","doi":"10.1002/slct.75051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.75051","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The current study develops an electrochemical sensor that employs iron oxide-zinc oxide (Fe₂O₃–ZnO) semiconductor metal-oxide nanoparticles, along with single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs), to simultaneously detect dopamine (DA) and paracetamol (PA). The active nanomaterials CNTs/Fe₂O₃–ZnO were synthesized via a simple ultrasonication technique. The feasible synthesis of the nanocomposite was confirmed by various characterization approaches, including x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The kinetics involved in the electro-oxidation of target biomolecules was readily identified under optimal conditions. The sensor exhibited a linear concentration range of 5.0–124.77 µM for DA and 5.0–315.25 µM for PA using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), achieving low limits of detection (LODs) of 0.125 µM for DA and 0.517 µM for PA. The sensitivity was estimated as 1.132 µAµM⁻¹cm⁻² and 0.282 µAµM⁻¹cm⁻² for DA and PA, respectively. The developed sensor exhibits excellent selectivity for target biomolecules even in the presence of different interfering foreign organic and inorganic species. Furthermore, the sensor demonstrates excellent stability under the current experimental conditions. Finally, the sensor demonstrated exceptional practical applicability, achieving near-complete recovery (≈99%–100%) of DA and PA from human serum samples.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":146,"journal":{"name":"ChemistrySelect","volume":"11 42","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149355901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Controlled Defect Engineering and Metal Incorporation in ZSM-5 Zeolites for Methanol Aromatization With Enhanced Selectivity for C8+ Alkyl Aromatics","authors":"Gaurav Gaur,&nbsp;Kamal S. Koranga,&nbsp;Selvamani Arumugam,&nbsp;Anup P. Tathod","doi":"10.1002/slct.75056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.75056","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>An efficient, Zn-functionalized, hierarchically porous ZSM-5 catalyst has been developed for the sustainable production of aromatics via methanol aromatization, with enhanced selectivity for C₈₊ aromatics. The catalyst synthesis protocol was carefully designed to promote strong interactions between Zn species and the ZSM-5 support, thereby enhancing the stabilization of framework-associated hydroxylated Zn species, potentially including ZnOH⁺ within the porous, defect-rich environment of ZSM-5. The catalyst preparation method consists of sequential steps: desilication-induced defect generation in the ZSM-5 framework and incorporation of Zn at defect-rich sites to compensate for defect-induced framework distortion, thereby stabilizing Zn species at defect-associated sites. The catalyst showed significantly improved acidity, Lewis/Bronsted acid ratio, porosity, and higher concentration of framework-associated metal species compared to a conventionally impregnated ZSM-5 catalyst. The catalyst with a higher concentration of framework-associated metal species and improved porosity conferred an enhanced yield of aromatics, especially aviation fuel-range C₈₊ aromatics. An exceptional 60.9 C-mole% yield of liquid hydrocarbons, equivalent to STY of 528 mgg_cat⁻¹h⁻¹, with aromatics selectivity of ∼96 C-mole% and C₈₊ monocyclic aromatics selectivity of ∼77C-mole% in liquid hydrocarbons could be achieved. The catalyst showed excellent repeatability, recyclability, and stability.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":146,"journal":{"name":"ChemistrySelect","volume":"11 42","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149355902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Doping and Nanostructuring of Spinel Ferrites for Enhanced Gas Sensing: Recent Developments","authors":"Avadhesh Kumar Yadav","doi":"10.1002/slct.74963","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.74963","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Spinel ferrites have emerged as promising materials for gas sensing due to their tunable electronic properties, magnetic characteristics, and thermal stability. This review examines recent developments in doping and nanostructuring strategies for enhancing their gas sensing performance. Strategic incorporation of transition-metal dopants (Fe³⁺, Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, Mn²⁺, and Zn²⁺) enables precise control over oxygen-vacancy concentration, electronic conductivity, and surface reactivity through defect-chemistry manipulation, while nanostructuring approaches, including hierarchical architectures, hollow spheres, core-shell configurations, and one-dimensional structures, substantially increase surface-to-volume ratio and gas-diffusion kinetics. Sensing mechanisms are analyzed through band-structure engineering, surface catalysis, and charge-transfer processes, supported by operando characterization that provides direct mechanistic insight. Reported performance gains include sub-ppb detection limits, response times reduced to seconds, and markedly enhanced selectivity relative to undoped bulk materials, with synthesis-structure–property relationships established to guide rational design. Persistent challenges include reproducible large-scale synthesis, long-term stability, cross-sensitivity mitigation, and cost-effective production. Future directions encompass machine-learning-guided materials discovery, quantum-sensing phenomena, bio-inspired recognition mechanisms, and sustainable synthesis routes, supported by advanced characterization and multi-scale computational modeling. Convergence with artificial intelligence, IoT platforms, and green chemistry positions doped, nanostructured spinel ferrites to address critical applications in environmental monitoring, industrial safety, healthcare diagnostics, and emerging smart sensing systems.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":146,"journal":{"name":"ChemistrySelect","volume":"11 42","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149355996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ZIF-Derived Nanocomposite Supporting Fe3O4 Nanoparticles Toward Degradation of Basic Fuchsin Dye in Wastewater via Enhanced ROS Generation","authors":"Vuong Ngoc-Nhat Ngo,&nbsp;Nhin Van Pham,&nbsp;Loc Phuoc Nguyen,&nbsp;Thanh Huynh-Vu Luong,&nbsp; Ngoc-Hanh,&nbsp; Cao-Luu,&nbsp;Thanh Q. C. Nguyen,&nbsp;Giao H. Dang","doi":"10.1002/slct.75027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.75027","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This research synthesized a ZIF-9-based catalytic material combined with supermagnetic Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄ NPs), Fe₃O₄/ZIF-9, to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) in the basic fuchsin (BF) treatment process. Comprehensive characterization Fe₃O₄/ZIF-9 of by PXRD, FT–IR, SEM, EDX, VSM, and N₂ adsorption-desorption isotherms techniques confirmed that the Fe₃O₄ NPs were successfully incorporated into ZIF-9 without affecting its crystal structure. With the action of 0.04 g L⁻¹ of Fe₃O₄/ZIF-9 and 0.2 g L⁻¹ of PMS, the treatment efficiency of BF (30 mg L⁻¹) reached 97.4% ± 0.1% after 20 min at room temperature (28°C). In the Fe₃O₄/ZIF-9/PMS system for BF removal, the Co and Fe leaching concentrations were 0.216 and 0.007 mg.L⁻¹, respectively. The main agents degrading BF were identified as singlet oxygen (¹O₂) and sulfate radical (SO₄^•−). High-performance mass spectrometry (HRMS) and the ecological structure-activity relationship prediction model showed a reduction in by-product toxicity compared to the original BF. Furthermore, the Fe₃O₄/ZIF-9 catalytic system showed excellent recovery and reuse after 4 cycles, with efficiency remaining above 85%. This study has demonstrated the superior effectiveness of metal nanocatalysts based on ZIFs synthesized by a simple solvothermal method, highlighting their role in environmental pollution treatment and promising expansion into other practical applications.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":146,"journal":{"name":"ChemistrySelect","volume":"11 42","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149355995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dithiocarbamate-Functionalized Chitosan/Polyacrylamide Hybrid Hydrogels for Heavy Metal Adsorption and Antibacterial Activity","authors":"İsmet Şenel,&nbsp;Nuran Erduran,&nbsp;Murat İnal","doi":"10.1002/slct.75032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.75032","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Hydrogel-based adsorbents have attracted considerable attention for heavy metal removal; however, improving adsorption efficiency while imparting antibacterial functionality remains challenging. To address this issue, we incorporated dithiocarbamate-modified chitosan (DTCChi) into a polyacrylamide (PAAm) hydrogel to develop an environmentally friendly hybrid hydrogel and its silver nanocomposite counterpart. We characterized the PAAm/DTCChi hydrogel using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and elemental analysis. Elemental analysis showed a sulfur content of 4.44% in DTCChi, supporting successful dithiocarbamate functionalization. The hydrogel removed Pb(II) and Ag(I) ions from aqueous solutions, and we investigated the effects of pH, contact time, initial ion concentration, and temperature. The maximum adsorption capacities were 69.15 ± 2.41 mg/g for Pb(II) and 40.00 ± 2.45 mg/g for Ag(I) at pH 5.5 after 120 min. Kinetic data followed the pseudo-second-order model, while equilibrium data fit the Freundlich isotherm. Thermodynamic analysis indicated spontaneous and endothermic adsorption. The silver nanocomposite hydrogel exhibited strong antibacterial activity against <i>Escherichia coli</i> (<i>E. coli</i>) and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (<i>S. aureus</i>), with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC₅₀) values of 31.62 and 7.62 µg Ag/mL, respectively. These findings demonstrate a multifunctional hydrogel platform combining heavy metal removal and antibacterial activity for sustainable wastewater treatment and related environmental applications.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":146,"journal":{"name":"ChemistrySelect","volume":"11 42","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149356269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Thin Film Deposition Method on Growth, Structural, and Optical Properties of ZnO:Al Films","authors":"Surendra Kumar,&nbsp;Chandra Bhal Singh,&nbsp;Narendra Kumar Verma","doi":"10.1002/slct.75052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.75052","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Wide bandgap semiconductors such as ZnO:Al are widely researched for UV-photodetector applications. Here, we report the comparative study of deposition-method-dependent AZO thin-film growth and their functional properties. Structural analysis (XRD) shows that dip-and spin-coated films exhibit dominant (101) peak, whereas magnetron-sputtered films show strong (002) <i>c</i>-axis orientation. Williamson–Hall analysis of XRD data indicates that sputtered AZO films have better crystallinity and a tensile microstrain state. Magnetron-sputtered AZO films have a higher bandgap (<i>E</i>_g = 3.56 eV), but lower Urbach energy (<i>E</i>_U = 173.37 meV) as compared to solution-processed thin films (<i>E</i>_g = 3.40 eV, <i>E</i>_U = 246.7 meV). Surface roughness, FFT, and power spectral density-based fractal analysis of AFM data further suggest that solution-processed films exhibit high roughness, diffusion-limited nucleation, and partial grain coalescence, whereas sputtered films display dense, smooth morphology with uniform grain distribution. <i>I</i>–<i>V</i> characteristics reveal that dip-coated films exhibit SCLC-like and trap-filling-dominated conduction. In contrast, spin-coated and sputtered films show near-Ohmic conduction. The combined analysis establishes a strong correlation between deposition method, microstructure, disorder, and charge transport. These findings highlight the importance of controlling growth conditions to tailor the structural and optoelectronic properties of AZO thin films.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":146,"journal":{"name":"ChemistrySelect","volume":"11 42","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149311365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}