Iranian Journal of Medical Microbiology最新文献

{"title":"Molecular Detection of Infectious Endocarditis (Bartonella quintana) Bacteria from Selected Military Hospitals","authors":"Ashkan Dirbazian, Mojtaba Sadeghimanesh, A. Morovvati, M. Soleimani, Rohollah Mirjani, Seyyed Hossein Mousavi","doi":"10.30699/ijmm.16.5.457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30699/ijmm.16.5.457","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Aim: Bartonella quintana is an aerobic, gram-negative, rod-shaped, and polar bacterium. Detection of this bacterium is done through blood culture in an agar medium, and the longtime of detection by culture has made molecular methods such as PCR important for more accurate and faster detection. Materials and Methods: For this reason, 100 cultured negative endocarditis specimens were collected in this study. DNA extraction was performed from B. quintana, and the concentration and quality of the obtained DNA were measured. PCR reaction was performed on the genome of negative control samples. To clone a portion of the amplified gene in PUC 18 plasmid, the PCR product was first purified. After ligation, JM107 E. coli susceptible to calcium chloride was used. Transformed bacteria were cultured on LB Broth medium containing Ampicillin antibiotic. Then 2 to 3 white colonies were selected, and PCR was performed. Plasmid extraction was performed after confirming the presence of recombinant and inserted plasmids. Results: The last dilution of PUC18 plasmid for B. quintana with an initial concentration of 780 ng/µL, which formed a detectable band on the gel, was calculated to be 10- 7, and the minimum number of detectable copies in a 25 μL PCR reaction equal to 24 copies. . In quantitative DNA analysis, its amount was calculated between 1.69 and 1.8. Conclusion: The collected samples were then examined for the presence of B. quintana in patients. Of the 60 samples collected, none were positive.","PeriodicalId":14580,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41788544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antimicrobial Activity of Children's Toothpaste on the Bacteria Causing Dental Caries","authors":"Amene Taghdisi-Kashani, Azadeh Gholamshahi, Hadis Fathizadeh, M. Azadchehr, M. Rahimi, Hadi Forouzandeh, Ali Nazari-Alam","doi":"10.30699/ijmm.16.5.399","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30699/ijmm.16.5.399","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Aim: Early childhood caries is one of the most common chronic diseases in children, affecting both oral and general health. Oral microorganisms are the most important causative agents associated with dental caries in children. The aim of this study was to compare the antimicrobial activity of common Iranian and non-Iranian children's toothpaste on the growth of four standard bacteria strains, including Streptococcus mutans , Streptococcus sanguinis , Lactobacillus acidophilus , and Enterococcus faecalis . Materials and Methods: In this study, six types of the most common Iranian and non-Iranian children toothpaste produced by different companies were prepared. Different concentrations of toothpaste were prepared according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) standard. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of Iranian and non-Iranian children's toothpaste were measured by the microbroth dilution method at ten different concentrations. Results: For the S. mutans bacteria, the lowest MIC was found in Misswake, Vi-One, and 2080 toothpaste. In the case of S. sanguinis and L. acidophilus bacteria, the lowest MIC was related to Frice toothpaste, and for E. faecalis bacteria, the lowest MICs were found for Misswake and 2080 toothpaste. Mann-Whitney U test also revealed that the inhibitory and bactericidal activities of Iranian children's toothpaste on the studied bacteria were not significantly different from those of non-Iranian children's toothpaste. Conclusion: In general, the antimicrobial activity of Iranian children's toothpaste was higher than non-that of Iranian samples. In addition, the MIC of 2080 and Frice toothpaste in the four bacteria examined was lower than in other used toothpaste. To prevent early tooth decay in children use of these two kinds of toothpaste is recommended.","PeriodicalId":14580,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42168988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of Carbapenem Resistance Genes in Escherichia coli Isolated from Blattella germanica by Dot Blot Assay in Hamadan Hospitals, Iran – 2018","authors":"Bahareh Seyfi, Hadi Hossainpour, Sara Kooti, F. Azizi Jalilian","doi":"10.30699/ijmm.16.4.357","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30699/ijmm.16.4.357","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Aim: Today, one of the problems of health systems is the presence of cockroaches in hospitals as insects that move freely in and out of the hospitals and are infected with pathogenic bacteria. The aim of this study was to identify carbapenem resistance genes in Escherichia coli isolated from Blattella germanica by dot blot assay in Hamadan hospitals in the west of Iran. Materials and Methods: A total of 109 B. germanica from April to September 2018 were collected from ICUs of different hospitals in the Hamadan province, located in western Iran. The B. germanica were identified using reliable taxonomic keys by an expert in the Department of Entomology, insectarium Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Iran. The antimicrobial susceptibility test was determined by disk diffusion. The dot blot assay was used to identify resistance genes in E. coli isolated from B. germanica . Results: Out of 109 B. germanica samples collected from ICUs of different hospitals in Hamadan, 31 samples (28.44%) were positive for E. coli . The highest frequency of antibiotic resistance against ampicillin (100%) and the lowest resistance to imipenem was observed in two isolates (6.45%). The frequency of genes among E. coli isolates in B. germanica was as follows: bla NDM (4 isolates: 3.66%), bla OXA-48 (one isolate: 0.92%), and other studied genes were not observed in any of the strains. Conclusion: Cockroaches are an important factor in transmitting Enterobacterales and multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains. Therefore, effective preventive and control measures are needed to reduce vector-borne diseases.","PeriodicalId":14580,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46982219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic Effects of Gold Nanoparticles Mixed with Gentamicin, Erythromycin, Clindamycin, Bacitracin, and Polymyxin B against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis","authors":"S. Dadpour, R. Hosseini Doust","doi":"10.30699/ijmm.16.4.324","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30699/ijmm.16.4.324","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Aim: The majority of bacterial infections are now treatable using different classes of antibiotics. However, the world has faced a challenge called antimicrobial resistance that will diminish most antibiotics' beneficial impacts. A valuable strategy to prevent this adverse phenomenon is to increase the antibacterial effects of antibiotics using various materials as antibiotic enhancers. The aim of this project was to investigate the synergistic effects of gold nanoparticles (with a concentration of 100-200 µg/mL, a size of 16 nm, and an average zeta potential of -54.4 mV) and different antibiotics against some gram-positive cocci. Materials and Methods: Standard Kirby-Bauer methods were used to test the antimicrobial properties of different concentrations of gold nanoparticles mixed with MIC levels of gentamycin, erythromycin, clindamycin, bacitracin, and polymyxin B against ATTC strains of S. aureus , S. saprophyticus , S. epidermidis , E. faecium , and E. faecalis . Results: It was indicated that the 25:75 ratio of AuNPs with gentamicin led to a larger zone of inhibition against S. aureus , S. epidermidis , and E. faecalis compared with pure antibiotics. Moreover, this increase was found against E. faecalis when applying 25:75, 50:50, and 75:25 ratios of AuNPs with clindamycin. Similarly, an increase in the diameter of the zone of inhibition against S. epidermidis was observed when using 25 μL AuNPs with 75 μL bacitracin. Additionally, a synergistic antibacterial effect against S. saprophyticus was found when using AuNPs and polymyxin B with a ratio of 50:50. Conclusion: It was concluded that suitable concentrations of gold nanoparticles could enhance the antibacterial activities of antibiotics.","PeriodicalId":14580,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46694512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isolation and Characterization of Two Lytic Bacteriophages Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Evaluation of Their Antibacterial Effects on Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in The Northwest of Iran","authors":"R. Majdani, Roya Hatefirad","doi":"10.30699/ijmm.16.4.312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30699/ijmm.16.4.312","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Aim: This study was carried out to isolate lytic bacteriophages against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and analyze their biological characteristics and antibacterial effects on other clinical isolates of bacteria. Materials and Methods: Isolating two lytic bacteriophages against two strains of P. aeruginosa was carried out using the double-layer agar method. After investigating the antibacterial potential of the phages, the morphology of both phages was studied. The absorption rate and one-step growth curve of each phage were also determined. The survival rate of isolated phages was evaluated against different physical conditions, chemicals, and organic solvents. Then, the antibacterial potential of phages against clinical multidrug-resistant isolates of P. aeruginosa , Staphylococcus aureus , Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneuminiae , as well as standard strains of P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853, P. aeruginosa ATCC 9027, K. pneumonia ATCC 1290, S. aureus ATCC 25923, and Salmonella enterica ATCC 19430 and E. coli ATCC 8739, was determined. Results: One of the phages showed antibacterial effects on 50% of P. aeruginosa . Both phages had a high absorption rate, short latent period, and high burst size. Isolated bacteriophages belonged to the Cystoviridae family, and the highest stability of phages (PPaMa3/19 and PPaMa4/19) was observed at pH= 7 and a temperature of 4°C. The organic solvents and ionic detergents used in this study decreased the titers of both phages. Also, the highest anti-phage activity belonged to ethanol and acetone. PPaMa4/19 phage, unlike PPaMa3/19, was also lethal against E. coli (40%) and S. aureus (20%) bacteria. Conclusion: Phage PPaMa4/19 had high antibacterial potential against P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and E. coli bacteria. What's more, it can be used for therapeutic purposes after more analysis. It is essential to consider the biological characteristics of phage stability and its resistance to infection treatment.","PeriodicalId":14580,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46924481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bacterial Infections associated with COVID-19 and the effect of using many common antibiotics in the treatment these infections","authors":"Dhuha Mahdi Jabir","doi":"10.30699/ijmm.16.4.363","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30699/ijmm.16.4.363","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Aim: Undetected coinfections in COVID-19 patients may have serious clinical consequences, including increased hospitalization and mortality. The current study was conducted on 455 patients diagnosed with the new epidemic coronavirus disease who were admitted to quarantine halls in Diwaniyah in Iraq for one month, from February 2021 to March 2021. The aim of the study was to investigate secondary bacterial infections associated with the virus and the effect of using some commonly used antibiotics such as azithromycin, Beta-lactam, ciprofloxacin, and ceftriaxone. Materials and Methods: Sputum samples were collected from all patients who tested positive for COVID-19 (Real-Time PCR) seven days after confirming the infection with the virus. The samples were streaked on a group of culture media, then transferred to pure cultures and diagnosed, and their sensitivity to antibiotics was determined using the Vitek -2 compact system technique. Results: According to the findings, the two strains of methicillin-resistant and Staphylococcus aureus sensitive were the most common isolated species with a percentage of 85%, followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa 78%, in addition to Streptococcus pneumonia 60%, Acinetobacter baumannii 64%, and Legionella pneumophila 60%. Also, many fungi were observed. Most isolated strains were resistant to antibiotics used in the study. Conclusion: The study concluded that these antibiotics have no role in treating the infection. Still, it may contribute to the emergence of new, multi-drug resistant MDR species, resulting in increased mortality rates. Also, excessive use of antibiotics may lead to increased mortality. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Iranian Journal of Medical Microbiology is the property of Iranian Society of Microbiology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)","PeriodicalId":14580,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42164891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular Identification of Salmonella Strains Isolated from Livestock in Alborz Province and Their Serotyping","authors":"S. Moghadam, S. Moradi Bidhendi, P. Khaki","doi":"10.30699/ijmm.16.4.305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30699/ijmm.16.4.305","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Aim: Salmonellosis is an important infectious zoonotic disease that makes it even more significant to identify and control the causative strains. Molecular methods, especially polymerase chain reaction (PCR), for virulence genes can help to quickly and accurately identify Salmonella strains. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was molecular identification based on sivH , hilA and sefA genes and serotyping of Salmonella strains isolated from livestock in Alborz province, Iran. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted on 30 Salmonella strains isolated from livestock in Alborz province. Salmonella strains were isolated using morphological identification and differential and selective culture media. DNA was then extracted by boiling, and PCR was performed to detect the virulence genes of hilA , sivH, and sefA . The sensitivity and specificity of the primers used were determined using PCR. Results: The PCR findings showed that 27 (90%) isolates had the hilA gene, 10 (33.3%) isolates had the sefA gene, and 24 (80%) isolates had the sivH gene. Moreover, the highest frequency among serotypes was related to Salmonella typhimurium (10%). The sensitivity of ST11-ST15, hilA , sefA, and sivH primers were estimated at 0.0001, 1, 0.1, and 0.001 ng/mol, respectively. The specificity of primers for Salmonella strains was also confirmed. Conclusion: Identifying livestock with salmonellosis and isolating pathogenic strains from other livestock are of the most important methods capable of reducing the prevalence of foodborne infection in consumers. This can be achieved by the PCR technique for virulence genes, especially hilA, which is more prevalent among Salmonella strains. Molecular Identification of Salmonella Strains Isolated from","PeriodicalId":14580,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48661515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mapping the Scientific Structure of Iranian Brucellosis Researches Using the Co-authorship and Co-occurrence Network Analysis","authors":"M. Dastani, J. Mardaneh, J. Moshari","doi":"10.30699/ijmm.16.4.336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30699/ijmm.16.4.336","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Aim: The evaluation of the publishing trend of articles in various scientific fields provides an insight into the efforts of researchers in the field of knowledge. Accordingly, the present study has evaluated and analyzed the scientific publications on brucellosis conducted by Iranian researchers using scientometrics methods and analysis of social networks. Materials and Methods: The present study is practical research that has been performed using the scientometric method and analysis of social networks. All Iranian scientific publications on brucellosis published until 2020 were extracted from the Scopus citation database. Excel, VOSviewer, and Gephi software were applied to analyze the data. Results: A total of 816 scientific publications on brucellosis conducted by Iranian researchers were extracted from the Scopus citation database. Keramat F. and Mirnejad R. have the highest degree centrality of 16 among other authors of Iranian scientific publications on brucellosis. Mirnejad has the highest closeness centrality and betweenness centrality, equal to 0.43 and 1153.61, respectively. The United States with 22 documents, the United Kingdom with 9 documents, and Germany with 7 documents had the most scientific collaborations in Iranian scientific publications. The prevalence, diagnosis, and treatment are three main topic clusters in this field. Conclusion: The present study results revealed the topical and content structure and scientific collaborations of the authors in Iranian publications and scientific productions on brucellosis. Accordingly, authors and researchers can develop a network of scientific collaborations in the region and the world to collaborate in producing new knowledge, solve problems, and provide appropriate solutions.","PeriodicalId":14580,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48849433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Salivary Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacilli Levels as Indicators of Dental Caries Development in Iranian Patients with Systemic Sclerosis","authors":"Sepideh Najafi, M. Mardani, M. Motamedifar, M. Nazarinia, M. Hadadi","doi":"10.30699/ijmm.16.4.350","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30699/ijmm.16.4.350","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Aim: Systemic sclerosis is an autoimmune disorder with orofacial manifestations, including tooth decay. Lactobacilli can inhibit biofilm formation and growth of cariogenic pathogens, such as Streptococcus mutans. We aimed to assess the salivary levels of S. mutans and Lactobacilli as indicators of dental caries development in patients with systemic sclerosis. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 80 patients with systemic sclerosis were assigned into 2 groups, anticentromere antibody (ACA) positive (n=42) and ACA-negative (n=38). Besides, 80 ageand gender-matched healthy individuals were enrolled as control. Unstimulated saliva was collected in sterile tubes. Blood agar and tomato juice agar were used to cultivate S. mutans and Lactobacilli. The number of colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL) was calculated and compared between the groups. Results: S. mutans in patients (median=1.6×107 CFU/mL; interquartile range (IQR): 1.1–3.1 ×107 CFU/mL) was significantly higher than control group (median=5.1×106 CFU/mL; IQR: 5.1–7.9 ×106 CFU/mL) (P<0.0001, Mann-Whitney U-test); however, the median Lactobacilli levels was similar between these groups (3.4×106 vs. 2.2×106 CFU/mL; P=0.095). The median concentrations of S. mutans (1.3×107 vs. 2.4×107 CFU/mL; P=0.342) and Lactobacilli (4.1×106 CFU/mL vs. 3.1×106 CFU/mL; P=0.515) in the ACA-positive and ACA-negative patients had no significant differences. There were no significant correlation coefficients between S. mutans and Lactobacilli levels in the study groups (P>0.05). Conclusion: Our findings suggest the higher levels of salivary S. mutans in patients with systemic sclerosis might increase the likelihood of dental caries over time; however, it was not affected by the ACA status.","PeriodicalId":14580,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48020592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gastrointestinal Manifestations in Patients Infected with SARS-CoV-2","authors":"Nasir Arefinia, Zohreh-Al-Sadat Ghoreshi, Amir Hossein Alipour, Hamid Reza Molaei, M. Samie, J. Sarvari","doi":"10.30699/ijmm.16.4.271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30699/ijmm.16.4.271","url":null,"abstract":"Coronavirus disease 2019, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, has recently become the number one problem affecting global health. Coronavirus disease 2019 is principally recognized by its respiratory manifestations;however, recent studies have shown an increasing number of patients with gastrointestinal complaints like diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal discomfort. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infects the gastrointestinal tract via the angiotensin-converting enzyme II receptor, expressed on the ileum and colon enterocytes. Usually, gastrointestinal symptoms manifest later than respiratory symptoms. Concern for fecal-oral transmission has been raised following the detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 RNA in fecal samples for prolonged periods, even after respiratory clearance. In this review, we summarize the effects of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 on the gastrointestinal system. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Iranian Journal of Medical Microbiology is the property of Iranian Society of Microbiology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)","PeriodicalId":14580,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44044385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}