Iranian journal of allergy, asthma, and immunology最新文献

{"title":"Preoperative PIV and HALP: Correlation with Breast Cancer Pathology and Predictive Value for Microsatellite Status.","authors":"Li Dong, Yue Zhao, Yuqi Sun, Fuxin Cui","doi":"10.18502/ijaai.v25i5.22259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/ijaai.v25i5.22259","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Breast cancer is a leading malignancy in women. Understanding its clinicopathological traits and microsatellite status is vital for prognosis and treatment planning. This study explored the links between preoperative pan-immune-inflammation value (PIV) and hemoglobin, albumin, lymphocyte, and platelet (HALP) score with breast cancer's pathological features and microsatellite status and assessed their predictive power for the latter. This retrospective study analyzed data from 260 breast cancer patients who had surgery between 2022 and 2025. Researchers not involved in the patients' treatment collected and analyzed the data. HALP and PIV were calculated from preoperative blood tests. Patients were grouped based on the median values of these scores. Associations between the scores and clinicopathological characteristics were examined. Patients were also divided into microsatellite stable (MSS) and microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) groups, and differences in HALP and PIV between these groups were compared. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to evaluate the predictive accuracy of HALP and PIV for microsatellite status. High PIV was linked to younger age and lower ER positivity. High HALP correlated with older age, a higher proportion of clinical stage I patients, and lower HER2 positivity. MSS patients had lower PIV and higher HALP than MSI-H patients. PIV and HALP showed significant correlations with microsatellite status. Both indicators had high AUC values (PIV: 0.867; HALP: 0.879), with 100% sensitivity, indicating strong predictive capabilities. Preoperative PIV and HALP are closely tied to breast cancer's pathological features and microsatellite status. They offer high predictive value for microsatellite status, aiding in breast cancer diagnosis and treatment decisions.</p>","PeriodicalId":14560,"journal":{"name":"Iranian journal of allergy, asthma, and immunology","volume":"25 5","pages":"700-713"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149069471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immune-related Circulating Biomarkers in Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Implications for Nursing Management and Prognostic Assessment.","authors":"Shun Zhang, Yuanmin Hu, Jinjun Zhu, Qun Lv, Yawen Zhu, Jia Huang","doi":"10.18502/ijaai.v25i5.22254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/ijaai.v25i5.22254","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) remains one of the most severe stroke subtypes and requires continuous risk assessment across the acute, subacute, and rehabilitation-transition phases. This review summarizes established and emerging immune-related circulating biomarkers and discusses their relevance to nursing management and prognostic assessment. Markers with the highest current clinical readiness include peripheral blood cell counts and derived ratios, C-reactive protein (CRP), and procalcitonin (PCT), whereas cytokines, chemokines, broader immunometabolic mediators, and neuroinjury-inflammation cross-over markers remain mainly investigational. On the basis of the revised synthesis, we propose a stage-specific monitoring framework that emphasizes sampling at admission, approximately 24 hours, approximately 72 hours, and at clinically triggered reassessment points, together with interpretation of trajectories rather than isolated values. We further outline practice-oriented nursing scenarios in which biomarker trends may support escalation of neurologic observation, infection surveillance, airway care, glucose and nutrition management, structured handoff communication, and multidisciplinary coordination. Current evidence suggests that routinely available biomarkers may add value as adjunctive monitoring tools, but the literature remains limited by observational designs, heterogeneous assay platforms, inconsistent sampling windows, variable endpoints, incomplete confounder control, and uncertain action thresholds. At present, biomarkers should complement rather than replace imaging, neurological examination, and bedside nursing assessment. Future prospective studies should prioritize standardized sampling, trajectory-based analyses, integration into nursing workflows, and clinically interpretable multimodal models.</p>","PeriodicalId":14560,"journal":{"name":"Iranian journal of allergy, asthma, and immunology","volume":"25 5","pages":"632-646"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149069173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy of Blood Purification in Paediatric Sepsis and Its Effects on Inflammatory Cytokines: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.","authors":"Qiang Zhou, Jun Lin","doi":"10.18502/ijaai.v25i5.22255","DOIUrl":"10.18502/ijaai.v25i5.22255","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Continuous blood purification (CBP) has been widely employed in adult sepsis management. However, given the distinct aetiology and host responses in paediatric sepsis compared to adults, the application of CBP in children remains under-researched in high-quality systematic studies, particularly regarding its efficacy in clearing inflammatory cytokines. This meta-analysis aims to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of CBP in paediatric sepsis patients and its impact on inflammatory cytokines. This study systematically analysed randomized controlled trials and prospective cohort studies of CBP in paediatric sepsis from January 1990 to October 2025. Studies were retrieved from PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science. Outcomes included inflammatory markers and prognostic markers. This meta-analysis included 6 studies. Pooled results demonstrated that CBP reduced 28-day mortality (OR = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.30 to 1.07), PICU length of stay (OR = -0.06, 95% CI: -1.55 to 1.43), IL-6 (OR = 0.83, 95% CI: 0.14 to 1.53), CRP (OR = 1.26, 95% CI: -16.51 to 19.03), and TNF-α (OR = 1.66, 95% CI: -0.39 to 3.77). CBP reduced the level of inflammatory markers and improved prognosis, which may provide evidence for the use of CBP in paediatric sepsis patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":14560,"journal":{"name":"Iranian journal of allergy, asthma, and immunology","volume":"25 5","pages":"647-655"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149069193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regulation of AQP4 Expression and Investigation of the Underlying Mechanisms by HIV-1 Tat Through the NMDAR/cAMP/PKA Signaling Pathway in Astrocytes.","authors":"Chuo Li, Ran Duan, Congcong Fu","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) remains a major neurological complication in people living with HIV despite effective antiretroviral therapy. Neurotoxicity caused by viral proteins, particularly the HIV-1 transactivator of transcription (Tat), contributes significantly to HAND. Although N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) in astrocytes are known to regulate aquaporin-4 (AQP4) the mechanisms by which Tat influences NMDAR signaling and AQP4 expression remain unclear. This study investigated how HIV-1 Tat regulates AQP4 expression in astrocytes through the NMDAR/CaMKII/AC/cAMP/PKA signaling pathway and how secondary Ca2+ dynamics modulate this process. Astrocytic Ca2+ influx was measured using the Fluo-3 AM probe. Western blotting quantified AQP4, NR1, NR2A/B, CaMKII, p-CaMKII, PKA, and PKG expression. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assessed mRNA levels of AQP4 and NMDAR-related genes. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) evaluated nitric oxide synthase activity, adenylate cyclase activity, and intracellular cAMP levels. Pharmacologic inhibitors-MK-801 (NMDAR blocker), H89 (PKA inhibitor), and KT5823 (protein kinase G [PKG] inhibitor)-were applied to investigate pathway interactions. HIV-1 Tat induced robust activation of NMDAR, resulting in increased Ca2+ influx and sequential activation of the CaMKII/AC/cAMP/PKA pathway, ultimately elevating AQP4. After prolonged Tat exposure (approximately 36 hours), a secondary surge in Ca2+ activated PKG, which acts as a protective negative feedback mechanism to inhibit excessive NMDAR activity, thereby stabilizing Ca2+ influx and preventing abnormal overexpression of AQP4. Cotreatment with MK-801, H89, or KT5823 suppressed Tat-induced Ca2+ influx and attenuated AQP4 upregulation, although persistent Tat exposure gradually restored Ca2+ elevations through compensatory mechanisms. HIV-1 Tat dynamically regulates AQP4 expression in astrocytes via the NMDAR/CaMKII/AC/cAMP/PKA pathway, with PKG-mediated feedback contributing to later stabilization. These findings highlight AQP4 as a potential therapeutic target for HAND.</p>","PeriodicalId":14560,"journal":{"name":"Iranian journal of allergy, asthma, and immunology","volume":"25 4","pages":"602-616"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148420926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Relationship between Systemic Immune Inflammatory Index, Prognostic Nutritional Index, and Postoperative Infection in Patients Undergoing Partial Hepatectomy for Liver Cancer.","authors":"Nini Zhou, Junyan Zhang, Liping Tian, Ling Yin","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Postoperative infections (POIs) significantly contribute to morbidity and mortality following partial hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). While the Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index (SII) and Prognostic Nutritional Index (PNI) are recognized biomarkers for immune-inflammatory and nutritional status, their combined predictive value for POIs in liver surgery requires further investigation. This study evaluates SII and PNI as preoperative predictors for infections in this patient population. A retrospective observational study was conducted on 300 patients undergoing partial hepatectomy between 2022 and 2024. Preoperative laboratory data were used to calculate SII and PNI, with POIs identified within 30 days based on CDC guidelines. Statistical analyses, including multivariate logistic regression, were performed to compare infected and non-infected cohorts and identify independent predictors of infection. Of the 300 patients, 96 (32%) developed POIs. The infected group exhibited significantly higher SII (1142 ± 618 vs 792 ± 450) and lower PNI (40.1 ± 5.8 vs 46.4 ± 5.9) than the non-infected group. Multivariate analysis confirmed high SII (OR 2.85) and low PNI (OR 3.26; 95% CI, 2.01-5.12) as independent predictors. Furthermore, infections were associated with prolonged hospitalization, increased ICU admissions, and higher 30-day mortality. Preoperative SII and PNI are effective, independent predictors of POIs in patients undergoing hepatectomy for liver cancer. Integrating these biomarkers into routine evaluation enhances risk stratification and guides perioperative optimization. Early identification through these indices allows for targeted interventions, such as nursing-led nutritional support and intensified surveillance, to reduce complications and improve surgical outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":14560,"journal":{"name":"Iranian journal of allergy, asthma, and immunology","volume":"25 4","pages":"517-528"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148421050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of the Efficacy of Different Doses of Glucocorticoid Nasal Spray Combined with Loratadine in the Treatment of Rhinitis in Children: A Randomized Clinical Trial.","authors":"Huiying Wang, Zhen Ren","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pediatric rhinitis is a common recurrent disorder that may progress to asthma or sinusitis in severe cases. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of different doses of glucocorticoid nasal spray combined with loratadine for rhinitis in children, and provide evidence for optimizing clinical treatment. A total of 150 children with rhinitis admitted from June 2022 to June 2024 were divided into three groups: group I (low-dose group, n=50), group II (medium-dose group, n=50), and group III (high-dose group, n=50). Patients in all three groups were treated with a glucocorticoid nasal spray with loratadine combined with antihistamines. The immune function, serum inflammatory factor level, quantitative Lund-Kennedy score by nasal endoscopy, nasal symptom score, Quality of Life Questionnaire (RQLQ) scores, clinical efficacy, incidence of adverse events, and treatment compliance were assessed. Post-treatment, all indices improved in the three groups. The percentages of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, IL-10 content, and clinical efficacy in groups II and III were significantly higher than those in group I, while the immunoglobulin E (IgE), IL-6 and IL-17 content, the quantitative Lund-Kennedy score of nasal endoscopy, the children's nasal symptom scores, the RQLQ scores, and the incidence rate of adverse events were below in group I. No significant differences were found between groups II and III in all indices, nor in treatment compliance across the three groups. Loratadine combined with a glucocorticoid nasal spray therapy effectively improves clinical outcomes, inflammation, immune function, symptoms, and quality of life in rhinitis in children, with high clinical application value.</p>","PeriodicalId":14560,"journal":{"name":"Iranian journal of allergy, asthma, and immunology","volume":"25 4","pages":"489-501"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148420958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integration of Asthma Care into Primary Health Facilities of Iran: Findings from the Pilot Project.","authors":"Kambiz Abachizadeh, Mehdi Najmi, Koorosh Etemad","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Iran has an extensive governmental network of primary health care facilities and hospitals. In 2019, the integration of asthma-related services into this network was designed and pilot-tested. Primary health care providers (PHCPs) and family physicians (FPs) are the main members of the care provision team and are responsible for case identification and management. The pilot was conducted from November 2019 through April 2020 in seven areas-Kerman, Maragheh, Ahvaz, Kashan, Urmia, Karun, and Qazvin-covering both urban and rural locations and a population of approximately one million people. Our objective was to report indicators related to the integration of asthma identification, referral, and management within the existing primary health care system. In total, 350,894 individuals were screened for asthma by PHCPs. The observed proportion of positive (probable) cases among those screened was 2.48%. Key process indicators included screening uptake (34%), attendance of referred cases at physician visits (83%), and follow-up adherence (49% of confirmed cases). We conclude that improving screening uptake and the accuracy of asthma case detection by PHCPs are the most effective strategies for enhancing care provision efficiency. The findings of the pilot project have significant implications for understanding efficient integration of asthma-related services. The results indicate that integrating asthma care into primary health services is feasible and can improve early detection and care coordination, informing policy decisions for broader implementation and resource planning.</p>","PeriodicalId":14560,"journal":{"name":"Iranian journal of allergy, asthma, and immunology","volume":"25 4","pages":"617-622"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148420928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of CB2 Receptor Inverse Agonist on Airway Remodeling and Th1/Th2 Imbalance in Bronchial Asthma Rats via TLR4/NF-κB Signaling Pathway.","authors":"Wen Zhou, Jinping Gao","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bronchial asthma (BA) has a complex pathogenesis involving immune imbalance and airway remodeling (AR). Cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) plays a role in inflammation regulation, so this study explored the therapeutic potential of a CB2 inverse agonist on BA rats' AR and Th1/Th2 imbalance, and its mechanism via Toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor kappa B(TLR4/NF-κB) pathway. Twenty-seven male SD rats (180-220 g) were divided into control (CG), model (MG), and intervention (IG) groups (n=9 each). MG/IG were BA-modeled by ovalbumin (OVA) sensitization (days 1/8: 100 μg OVA +1 mg aluminum hydroxide gel, i.p.) and 1% OVA aerosol challenge (day 15, 3×/week, 8 weeks). IG received CB2 inverse agonist (5 mg/kg, i.p., 3×/week, 4 weeks); CG/MG got saline. TH1/TH2 cytokines, subsets, AR parameters, and lung TLR4/NF-κB-related molecules were detected. Compared with CG, MG had TH1/TH2 imbalance, higher AR indices, upregulated TLR4/NF-κB, shorter asthma latency, and longer attack duration. vs. MG, IG reversed TH1/TH2 imbalance, reduced TLR4/NF-κB-related protein/mRNA (except elevated NFKBIA). CB2 inverse agonist has BA prevention/treatment potential by regulating Th1/Th2 balance, inhibiting AR, and acting on the TLR4/NF-κB pathway.</p>","PeriodicalId":14560,"journal":{"name":"Iranian journal of allergy, asthma, and immunology","volume":"25 4","pages":"583-593"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148420995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunomodulatory Effects of Bacterial Lysates Combined with Bronchoalveolar Lavage on Cytokine Regulation and T-cell Responses in Pseudomonas aeruginosa-colonized Bronchiectasis.","authors":"Shuke Rao, Jiashun Xu, Weixia Xu, Yingjie Chang, Lichong Chen, Weiliang Yuan, Jiamin Xie, Huafeng Li, Jinjian Zhang, Ying Xie, Guihua Xu, Chenli Xie","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Natural killer (NK) cells contribute to the development of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA). Increased expression of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), encoded by the PDCD1 gene, indicates NK cell exhaustion, a process that may be influenced by microRNAs (miRNAs). In this study, we examined PD-1 expression on NK cells from RA patients and evaluated whether miRNAs modulate this pathway. Although antibiotics are critical for treating infections, they can provoke harmful immune responses by releasing bacterial components that overstimulate the immune system. Such responses may lead to excessive inflammation or cytokine storms. To address this risk, we assessed the immune safety of a newly designed chimeric endolysin, ZAM-MSC, and compared its effects with traditional antibiotics using transcriptomic, proteomic, and computational analyses. We analyzed public gene and protein expression datasets from antibiotic-treated human cells and performed in silico studies on ZAM-MSC. Differential expression analysis and pathway enrichment were conducted, alongside structural modeling of the endolysin and its predicted interactions with immune receptors. Antibiotic treatment strongly activated inflammatory genes and pathways, including nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). In contrast, ZAM-MSC minimally affected immune-related gene expression, with downregulation of interleukin-6 receptor (IL6R) and tumor necrosis factor receptor 1A (TNFRSF1A). Structural modeling showed weak interactions with Toll-like receptors, and epitope analysis predicted low immunogenicity. These results suggest ZAM-MSC may offer a safer antimicrobial alternative, though all protein-level findings are based on computational predictions and require experimental validation.</p>","PeriodicalId":14560,"journal":{"name":"Iranian journal of allergy, asthma, and immunology","volume":"25 4","pages":"502-516"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148420956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating and Comparing Child Attachment, Mother's Emotion Regulation and Mother-child Relationships in Children with Asthma and Children with Eczema: A Cross-sectional Study.","authors":"Navid Bastani, ShahabAli Shirkhoda, Bita Bemanian, Fateme Aghaie, Mohammad Hasan Bemanian","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Childhood asthma and eczema are common chronic diseases that significantly affect the health of children and parents. These children experience physical and psychosocial problems, including behavioral and emotional disturbances. This study was conducted to identify the psychological issues such as children's attachment, maternal emotion regulation, and child-parent relationship in children with autoimmune disorders, especially asthma and eczema. This cross-sectional study included80 mother-child pairs (40 with asthma and 40 with eczema) recruited from Yazd autoimmune clinics between 2022 and 2023. Exclusion criteria included additional physical or psychiatric illnesses in parents and parental drug addiction. Participants completed a demographic questionnaire and three validated questionnaires: Children's Attachment Questionnaire, Gross Emotion Regulation Strategies Questionnaire, and Pianta Mother-Child Relationship Questionnaire. Results analysis and comparison showed that both the asthma and eczema groups have moderate levels of secure attachment with a 25% achieving favorable score. Emotion regulation showed very low desirability (up to 25% for its subscales). Geographical location had a slight but significant effect on attachment and emotion regulation. Scores of the Pianta mother-child relationship scale were generally positive. No significant effects were observed in relation to the child's gender, occupation, and educational status of the mothers. This study found moderate levels of children's secure attachment and maternal emotion regulation in both groups and favorable mother-child relationships in children aged 5 to 12 years with asthma and eczema. Only a small percentage of children demonstrated secure attachment, reflecting existing research linking childhood illness to parental distress and impaired child development.</p>","PeriodicalId":14560,"journal":{"name":"Iranian journal of allergy, asthma, and immunology","volume":"25 4","pages":"540-553"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148420982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}