Iranian journal of allergy, asthma, and immunology最新文献

{"title":"The Role of Hyperthermia in Enhancing Anti-tumor Efficacy of Pemetrexed and Altering hsa-MiR-548c-3p Expression Profile in A549 Cell Line (Human Lung Cancer).","authors":"Sepideh Mokabberi, Nahid Babaei, Hadi Esmaeili Gouvarchin Ghaleh, Gholamreza Farnoosh","doi":"10.18502/ijaai.v25i5.22262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/ijaai.v25i5.22262","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lung cancer remains a major cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, with current treatments such as surgery, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy facing limitations, including severe side effects and high costs. Hyperthermia (H) has emerged as a promising strategy to enhance tumor sensitivity to treatments and reduce toxicity. This study investigates the effects of H in enhancing the anti-tumor efficacy of pemetrexed (PEM) and altering the expression profile of hsa-MiR-548c-3p (tumor suppressor) in the A549 cell line. A549 cells were cultured in DMEM medium and divided into four groups: Control, and treatment with H, PEM, and a combination of H and PEM. Subsequently, cell viability, apoptosis percentage, release rate of LDH, production of ROS, and the expression level of hsa-MiR-548c-3p, CASP 8 and 9, and TYMS genes were measured. Results revealed that the combination of H and PEM treatment had greater antitumor effects compared to the other groups. The combination of H and PEM significantly reduced cell viability, increased the percentage of apoptosis, LDH release, and ROS production, and upregulated hsa-MiR-548c-3p, CASP 8, and 9, while downregulating TYMS. The findings suggest that H enhances the chemotherapeutic efficacy of PEM by upregulating hsa-MiR-548c-3p expression and promoting apoptosis in lung cancer cells, making it a promising complementary approach for overcoming drug resistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":14560,"journal":{"name":"Iranian journal of allergy, asthma, and immunology","volume":"25 5","pages":"747-756"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149069450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between CTLA4 +49A/G Polymorphism and Childhood Asthma Susceptibility: A Meta-analysis.","authors":"Yabin Chen, Hua Xu, Xunchao Ji, Juan Xiao","doi":"10.18502/ijaai.v25i5.22256","DOIUrl":"10.18502/ijaai.v25i5.22256","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To investigate the association between single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) +49A/G locus and the risk of asthma in children by meta-analysis. Six databases were searched for records on the association between CTLA-4 +49A/G locus polymorphism and pediatric asthma. The retrieval time was from the establishment of each database to July 2024. Stata 15.0 software was applied, with the pooled OR and 95% CI calculated. Five genetic models (G/A, GA+AA/AA, G/GA+AA, GG/AA, and GA/AA) were analyzed. Nine studies were included, covering 2133 Cases and 1572 controls. The combined results exhibited that the differences were all statistically significant under the allelic (OR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.35-0.79), dominant (OR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.24-0.71), recessive(OR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.41-0.89), homozygous (OR, 0.38; 95% CI, 0.22-0.68) and heterozygous (OR, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.33-0.80) models. The meta-analysis indicates that CTLA-4 +49A/G SNP is related to susceptibility to pediatric asthma, and allele G and genotype GG+GA, GG, and GA correlated with a decreased risk of asthma.</p>","PeriodicalId":14560,"journal":{"name":"Iranian journal of allergy, asthma, and immunology","volume":"25 5","pages":"656-662"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149069157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunological Mechanisms of the Gut-brain-cardiovascular Axis in Coronary Heart Disease with Comorbid Anxiety and Depression.","authors":"Yiwei Xu, Xiaohu Chen","doi":"10.18502/ijaai.v25i5.22253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/ijaai.v25i5.22253","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Coronary heart disease (CHD) is frequently accompanied by anxiety and depression, conditions that markedly worsen cardiovascular outcomes. Increasing evidence indicates that immune dysregulation, driven by gut microbiota alterations, plays a central role in linking psychological disorders with cardiovascular pathology through the gut-brain-cardiovascular axis. This narrative review systematically summarizes recent advances in the immunological mechanisms underlying CHD complicated by anxiety and depression. We focus on gut microbiota-immune interactions, inflammatory signaling pathways, immune-related microbial metabolites, and neuroimmune communication that collectively shape cardiovascular and mental health. Relevant studies addressing immune biomarkers, cytokine profiles, intestinal barrier dysfunction, and immune-modulating therapeutic strategies were critically analyzed. Gut microbiota dysbiosis contributes to intestinal barrier impairment and translocation of microbial products, leading to activation of innate and adaptive immune responses. Elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor α, serve as key mediators linking systemic inflammation with atherosclerosis and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Microbial metabolites, such as trimethylamine N-oxide, exacerbate immune-driven vascular inflammation, whereas short-chain fatty acids exert immunoregulatory and anti-inflammatory effects. Neuroimmune mechanisms, including hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation and immune modulation of autonomic function, further integrate psychological stress with cardiovascular immune injury. Immune dysregulation represents a unifying mechanism connecting gut microbiota imbalance, neuropsychiatric disorders, and coronary heart disease. Targeting immune-microbiota interactions within the gut-brain-cardiovascular axis may offer novel diagnostic biomarkers and immunomodulatory therapeutic strategies for CHD patients with comorbid anxiety and depression. This immunological perspective provides a translational framework for future research and integrated clinical management.</p>","PeriodicalId":14560,"journal":{"name":"Iranian journal of allergy, asthma, and immunology","volume":"25 5","pages":"623-631"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149069399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phenotyping of TH9 Cells in Cytomegalovirus-reactivated Kidney Transplant Recipients.","authors":"Azadeh Roostaee, Ramin Yaghobi, Afsoon Afshari, Mojtaba Jafarinia","doi":"10.18502/ijaai.v25i5.22261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/ijaai.v25i5.22261","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a frequent complication in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs), often impacting immune regulation. TH9 cells, a subset of CD4+ T cells, are characterized by their secretion of interleukin-9 (IL-9). This study aimed to analyze the phenotypic profile of TH9 cells and their associated cytokine expression in KTRs, and to evaluate mRNA levels of IL-4 and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), key cytokines involved in TH9 differentiation. Ten HCMV+ and 10 HCMV- KTRs, along with 10 age- and sex-matched healthy controls, were enrolled. HCMV viral load was quantified using TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction. Flow cytometry was used to assess surface markers (CCR6+CCR4-IL-4Rα+CD4+) and intracellular IL-9 expression in TH9 cells. Gene expression levels of IL-4 and TGF-β were also assessed. Surface staining revealed a significantly higher frequency of CD4+CCR4- and CD4+CCR6+ T cells in HCMV- KTRs compared to HCMV+ patients. Conversely, the overall frequency of CD4+ TH9 cells was elevated in HCMV+ KTRs. Intracellular staining demonstrated a significant increase in CD4+IL-9+ and CD4+IL-4Rα+ T cells in the HCMV+ group. Additionally, mRNA expression levels of IL-4 and TGF-β were markedly higher in HCMV+ KTRs than in HCMV- counterparts. These findings suggest a potential role for TH9 cells and their signature cytokine IL-9 in the antiviral immune response in KTRs. While TH9 cells may contribute to HCMV-related immune modulation, further research is needed to fully elucidate their protective mechanisms against viral infections.   Keywords: ; ; ;</p>","PeriodicalId":14560,"journal":{"name":"Iranian journal of allergy, asthma, and immunology","volume":"25 5","pages":"730-746"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149069417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Propofol-remifentanil on Apoptotic Molecules, Plasma CXCL10, and CXCL13 in Pancreatic Cancer Patients.","authors":"Ying Li, Yanchun Tian, Jing Gao, Chuanying Dong, Xiaonan Chu","doi":"10.18502/ijaai.v25i5.22260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/ijaai.v25i5.22260","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to investigate whether propofol-remifentanil anesthesia offers superior perioperative outcomes compared to propofol-fentanyl in pancreatic cancer surgery patients, with a focus on its effects on apoptotic molecules, plasma CXCL10/CXCL13 levels, and postoperative recovery. A total of 150 pancreatic cancer patients were divided into 2 cohorts receiving either propofol-fentanyl (control group, n=75) or propofol-remifentanil (study group, n=75) anesthesia. We measured perioperative hemodynamics (cardiac index [CI], mean arterial pressure [MAP], heart rate [HR]), T-cell subsets, postoperative recovery indices (eye-opening time, extubation time, spontaneous respiration recovery time), sedation and analgesia levels (via Ramsay sedation score [RSS] and visual analog scale [VAS]), plasma CXCL10/CXCL13 levels, and apoptosis-related proteins (Survivin, Bax, Caspase-4, Bcl-2) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Adverse reactions were also recorded. The study group exhibited significant advantages in hemodynamic stability and immune preservation. Despite similar baseline cardiovascular parameters, the remifentanil group maintained better CI, MAP, and HR stability during and after surgery. Flow cytometry analysis revealed better preservation of T-cell immunity (CD4+, CD3+, CD4+/CD8+ T cells) at 24 hours post-surgery. The intervention group also demonstrated accelerated postoperative recovery with significantly reduced emergence times (eye-opening, extubation, spontaneous respiration). Notably, the study group had more favorable inflammatory profiles (lower CXCL10/CXCL13 levels) and enhanced apoptotic responses (modulated Bax, Caspase-4, Survivin, and Bcl-2 expression). Clinical outcomes were superior in the study group, with significantly fewer adverse events (2 vs. 9 patients). Propofol-remifentanil anesthesia provides effective sedation and analgesia in pancreatic cancer surgery, modulates key biological pathways related to apoptosis and inflammation, and improves postoperative recovery. These findings suggest that the choice of anesthesia regimen may have significant implications for perioperative outcomes and potentially long-term prognosis in pancreatic cancer patients. Future research should further explore the underlying mechanisms and long-term clinical benefits of this anesthesia strategy.</p>","PeriodicalId":14560,"journal":{"name":"Iranian journal of allergy, asthma, and immunology","volume":"25 5","pages":"714-729"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149069176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between Serum Innate Immunity-related Inflammatory Markers and MRI Features of Cerebral Small Vessel Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.","authors":"Shenglong Wu, Bing Zhu","doi":"10.18502/ijaai.v25i5.22257","DOIUrl":"10.18502/ijaai.v25i5.22257","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is a microvascular disorder associated with endothelial dysfunction, blood-brain barrier disruption, and chronic immune inflammation. However, the relationships between circulating inflammatory markers and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of CSVD remain unclear. A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, CNKI, and Wanfang databases was conducted from inception to December 2025. Observational studies evaluating associations between serum inflammatory markers and MRI-defined CSVD features, including white matter hyperintensities (WMH), lacunar infarction (LI), and cerebral microbleeds (CMB), were included. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using fixed- or random-effects models. Eighteen studies were included. Elevated interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were significantly associated with LI (OR=1.53, 95% CI: 1.11-2.11) and CMB (OR=1.28, 95% CI: 1.06-1.55). Increased high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels were significantly associated with WMH (OR=2.19, 95% CI: 1.18-4.07), LI (OR=1.97, 95% CI: 1.21-3.20), and CMB (OR=1.67, 95% CI: 1.37-2.04). Elevated fibrinogen (FIB) levels were significantly associated with WMH (OR=1.48, 95% CI: 1.21-1.80). In contrast, conventional C-reactive protein showed no significant association with CSVD imaging markers. This meta-analysis demonstrates that elevated IL-6, hs-CRP, and FIB levels are associated with MRI features of CSVD, supporting the involvement of innate immune inflammation in CSVD pathophysiology. These markers may reflect chronic cerebral microvascular injury and endothelial dysfunction. However, causal relationships cannot be established, and further prospective studies are required.</p>","PeriodicalId":14560,"journal":{"name":"Iranian journal of allergy, asthma, and immunology","volume":"25 5","pages":"663-680"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149069118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Delayed Severe Presentation of Chronic Granulomatous Disease in Adulthood: A Case Report.","authors":"Mahsa Rekabi, Majid Marjani, Vahab Rekabi, Esmail Mortaz, Shima Seif, Sepideh Darougar","doi":"10.18502/ijaai.v25i5.22264","DOIUrl":"10.18502/ijaai.v25i5.22264","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is the most common inherited phagocytic Disorder with an increased susceptibility to recurrent infections and inflammatory manifestations due to a defect in any of the 5 NADPH oxidase subunits. Although CGD may manifest at different ages based on the defects of NADPH oxidase proteins, it is usually diagnosed in childhood with an overall median age of 2.7 to 3 years at the onset. Infections and inflammatory manifestations are known to be two major clinical presentations of CGD, with the infections occurring much earlier in life than the inflammatory manifestations. Despite the patients' clinical history and their noticeable manifestations, sometimes the diagnosis is delayed until adulthood, which could be attributed to physicians' low awareness of the disease. Another reason for such delayed diagnosis could be the fact that some CGD mutations may remain asymptomatic up to a certain age. The current study is a report of a healthy woman without any history of recurrent infections or inflammation until she was forty. In her early forties, she contracted a mycobacterial infection that was unresponsive to treatment, and was then diagnosed with abnormal reactive oxygen species released by neutrophils, suggesting a case of CGD. This suggests that primary immunodeficiencies are not solely childhood disorders and should be considered in all refractory or therapy resistant conditions, even in adults.</p>","PeriodicalId":14560,"journal":{"name":"Iranian journal of allergy, asthma, and immunology","volume":"25 5","pages":"772-778"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149069196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Peripheral Blood Immunogenomic Cytokine-receptor Signature (CXCR1, IL11RA, IL13RA2, CD19) Predicts HBV-related Cirrhosis: Public PBMC Transcriptome Mining and Nomogram Development.","authors":"Guifang Jiang, Junping Pan","doi":"10.18502/ijaai.v25i5.22263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/ijaai.v25i5.22263","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Progression from chronic hepatitis B (CHB) to cirrhosis is closely associated with immune dysregulation and altered cytokine signaling, yet effective noninvasive immune biomarkers remain limited. This study aimed to develop a peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)-based cytokine gene signature for predicting HBV-related cirrhosis. The GSE114783 microarray dataset was analyzed to identify differentially expressed genes between CHB and cirrhosis. Immune-related candidate genes were selected by integrating curated immune resources and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction pathway. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression and multivariable logistic regression were used to construct the predictive model. Receiver operating characteristic analysis, leave-one-out cross-validation, and nomogram development were performed to evaluate model performance and support clinical translation. Differential expression analysis identified 3169 genes distinguishing cirrhosis from CHB, from which 86 immune/cytokine-related genes were prioritized. LASSO selected a parsimonious 4-gene signature-CXCR1, IL11RA, IL13RA2, and CD19-capturing key immune axes relevant to chronic inflammation and fibrogenesis (chemokine receptor signaling, IL-11/IL-13 receptor pathways, and B-cell-associated immunity). The resulting model achieved an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.935 (95% CI, 0.882-0.988); at an optimal cutoff of 0.832, sensitivity was 88.6% and specificity 84.3%. LOOCV supported robust performance, and the nomogram demonstrated good agreement between predicted and observed risk. A PBMC-based immune cytokine-receptor gene signature (CXCR1/IL11RA/IL13RA2/CD19) provides a noninvasive tool for immunologically informed risk stratification of HBV-related cirrhosis and may support immune monitoring and early intervention strategies. Prospective, multicohort validation and mechanistic studies are warranted.</p>","PeriodicalId":14560,"journal":{"name":"Iranian journal of allergy, asthma, and immunology","volume":"25 5","pages":"757-771"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149069370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmaceutical Care for Adrenal Crisis Induced by Sintilimab Immunotherapy.","authors":"Senling Ye, Jian Lou, Xiayan Zhang, Songmei Luo, Yanru Xie, Yanyan Zhu","doi":"10.18502/ijaai.v25i5.22265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/ijaai.v25i5.22265","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>No abstract.</p>","PeriodicalId":14560,"journal":{"name":"Iranian journal of allergy, asthma, and immunology","volume":"25 5","pages":"779-784"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149069402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunity as Cornerstone of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: The Contribution of Innate and Adaptive Immune Mechanisms in the Pathogenesis of the Metabolic Syndrome-related Steatohepatitis.","authors":"Danxi Wang, Renxia Zhang, Huili Huang, Ling Yin","doi":"10.18502/ijaai.v25i5.22258","DOIUrl":"10.18502/ijaai.v25i5.22258","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome and encompasses a spectrum ranging from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). This study aimed to evaluate the contribution of immunological, inflammatory, and metabolic parameters-including cytokine levels, immune cell profiles, and microRNA (miR) expression-in the progression from NAFLD to NASH among individuals with features of metabolic syndrome. An observational study was conducted between January 2022 and December 2024, enrolling 300 adult patients with radiologically or histologically confirmed NAFLD. Patients underwent comprehensive anthropometric, biochemical, and immunological assessments, including cytokine profiling (interleukin [IL]-6, IL-17, tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF-α], transforming growth factor-β1 [TGF-β1]), immune cell phenotyping (T helper 17 [TH17], regulatory T cells [Tregs], monocytes), and miR quantification (miR-122, miR-34a). Liver biopsy was performed in 95 selected cases.. The nursing team also assists in coordinating multidisciplinary care and ensuring follow-up compliance, which are vital for long-term disease management and reducing progression to NASH. Significant elevations were observed in metabolic parameters (body mass index [BMI], homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance [HOMA-IR]), hepatic enzymes (alanine aminotransferase [ALT], aspartate aminotransferase [AST]), inflammatory markers (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [hs-CRP], ferritin), and oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde [MDA]). Adipokines (↑leptin, ↓adiponectin), hepatokines (↑fibroblast growth factor 21 [FGF21], ↑fetuin-A), and cytokines (↑IL-6, ↑TNF-α, ↑IL-17) were markedly altered in patients with biopsy-proven NASH. This study reinforces that pro-inflammatory cytokines, altered immune cell profiles, and dysregulated miRs serve as promising biomarkers for early identification and potential therapeutic targeting in metabolic syndrome-associated steatohepatitis.</p>","PeriodicalId":14560,"journal":{"name":"Iranian journal of allergy, asthma, and immunology","volume":"25 5","pages":"681-699"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149069378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}