IOSR Journal of Pharmacy最新文献

{"title":"The Effect of Orlistat as an Adjuvant to Lifestyle Modification on Weight Loss in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Patients:An Evidence-Based Case Report","authors":"N. Andre, Kevin Aristyo, A. S. Zhafira, Riesta Hanjani, Diannisa Paramita Susantono, Rachel Ethelind, L. Mirtha","doi":"10.9790/3013-0701011520","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/3013-0701011520","url":null,"abstract":"Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) occurs in 1 of 10 women of reproductive age. This syndrome is highly associated with obesity. Therefore, many of the patients face weight loss challenges. Given that many patients find it rather difficult to change their lifestyle, medicamentous intervention poses an option. Orlistat is an inhibitor of carboxyl ester lipase which inhibits the hydrolysis of dietary triglycerides that decreases the absorption of fatty acids and monoglyceride. The purpose of this study is to determine whether administration of orlistat can improve diet and exercise-induced body weight reduction in PCOS patients with obesity. Literature searching was done in 3 databases: PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Embase which yielded 141 articles. Findings were narrowed down using duplicate removal, inclusion and exclusion criteria into two relevant articles of randomized controlled trials. One randomized clinical trial showed a greater percentage in weight loss in PCOS patients BMI>23 kg/m2 administered with orlistat and lifestyle modification in comparison to lifestyle modification alone (7.81% (6.51–9.11%) vs 4.7% (4.19–5.21%) ; p<0.001). Similar body weight reduction was also found by another randomized clinical trial in PCOS patients BMI>25 kg/m2 with orlistat treatment (from 81.5 kg (80.3–82.7) to 76.2 kg (74.92–77.48) vs from 80.91 kg (79.65–82.17) to 79.15 kg (77.8–80.5) ; p<0.01). It was concluded that a considerable reduction of weight in obese and overweight PCOS patients was found when given orlistat with exercise and dietary interventions compared to exercise and dietary interventions alone.","PeriodicalId":14540,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Pharmacy","volume":"40 1","pages":"15-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84414977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distribution and Antifungal Susceptibility ofCandida Species Isolated from Clinical Specimens at the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia","authors":"K. Sarenje, C. Lukwesa-Musyani, J. Mwansa, M. Samutela, Annie Kalonda, T. Kaile, J. Mwaba, G. Kwenda","doi":"10.9790/3013-0702010109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/3013-0702010109","url":null,"abstract":"-Background:Candida species have emerged as successful pathogens worldwide and are associated with immunocompromised patients. Additionally, there is increasing resistance of Candida species to antifungal agents, and this has greatly contributed to the high morbidity and mortality amongst affected patients. In Zambia, little is known about the distribution of Candida species and their antifungal susceptibility patterns. Speciation of Candida species is important as knowledge of the infecting species is important for guiding therapy. The objective of this study was, therefore, to characterise Candida species isolated from different clinical specimens at the University Teaching Hospital in Lusaka. Methods:This was a cross-sectional study involving the identification of 96 Candidaspecies from various clinical specimens, and determination of their antifungal susceptibility patterns. Identification of the isolates was achieved by the use of the API 20C AUX kit, followed by DNA sequencing of the Internal Transcribed Spacer region of the ribosomal DNA, whilst the agar-based E-test, using fluconazole, amphotericin B, flucytosine, and caspofungin, was used for antifungal susceptibility testing. Results: Data obtained showed that Candida albicans were the predominant species (66.7%), followed by C. lusitaniae (12.2%), C. glabrata (6.7%), C. tropicalis (5.6%), C. parapsilosis (3.3%), C. quilliermondii (3.3%), C.pelliculosa (1.1%) and C. keyr (1.1%). Most of the Candida species exhibited high levels of resistance to fluconazole and amphotericin B, but were sensitive to caspofungin and flucytosine. C. albicans was resistant to fluconazole (18.3%,) with an MIC90 of 256μg/ml and amphotericin B (10%) with MIC90 of 1.5μg/ml. C. glabrata was the most resistant species against amphotericin B (66.6%) with an MIC90 of 2μg/ml.C. albicans and most of the non-albicans species exhibited multi-drug resistance. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that identification of Candida species to species level and susceptibility testing are important for accurate treatment of Candida infections.","PeriodicalId":14540,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Pharmacy","volume":"85 1","pages":"01-09"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83925127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Review On The Diverse Application Of Silver Nanoparticle","authors":"V. Thamilselvi, K. V. Radha","doi":"10.9790/3013-0701012127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/3013-0701012127","url":null,"abstract":"-Nanotechnology is an emerging field with diverse applications in pharmacy, medicine, industries and environments. Among nanosized particles, the inorganic nanoparticles posses unique physical and chemical properties. These nanoparticles and their composites are useful for the wide range of applications. This review aims to provide a consolidated assessment of silver nanoparticle and silver nanocomposites in various fields. Among nanoparticles, silver nanoparticle exhibits antimicrobial activities and prominent in diverse applications. The nanosilver composites by coating of chemical material, agricultural residues, other matrices etc., have been used for the development of new materials that could be conveniently used in house cleaning solutions, fabric cleaners, wound bandages, paints, ornamental glasses, electronics circuits, fridge, washing machines and cosmetics, etc., Similarly, silver nanoparticle can also be functionalized with various groups of commercial adsorbents and agricultural residues to increase their affinity towards target compounds and used as a selective sorbents for metal ions and anions.","PeriodicalId":14540,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Pharmacy","volume":"20 1","pages":"21-27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77765895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Descriptive Study of Hepatitis B, C and HIV Infections and Associated Factors among Adult Population in Kabul City, 2015","authors":"Khwaja Mir Islam SAEED","doi":"10.9790/3013-0701016977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/3013-0701016977","url":null,"abstract":"-Background: Viral infections are global public health problem. Shortage of information about Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) and HIV/AIDS prevalence in Afghanistan is very clear. This study aimed to describe the prevalence and risk factors associated with HBV, HCV and HIV infection among adult population of Kabul city. Methods and Materials: A province based cross-sectional survey among adult population (25-70 years) of Kabul city was conducted in November, 2015 using a WHO STEP wise tool. A total of 1174 adult citizens in Kabul city were included in the study. Demographic, socioeconomic and lifestyle factors were collected by face to face questionnaire. Blood samples were collected and rapid tests were used to find the prevalence of HBV, HCV, and HIV infections. Data management was done using Epi info v.7 and SPSS v.20. Results: The overall prevalence of HBV using HBsAg and Anti-HCV rapid tests were 3 % (35/1174) and 1.1% (13/1374) respectively. Only two individuals were positive for HIV infection out 100 samples under confirmatory test. Of total 1174 records females constituted almost half 599 (51%) with overall mean age of 38.6±12.2 years. Females were slightly more in all age groups. Approximately half of the respondents (49.6%) were illiterates while the proportion of illiteracy was more in all age groups. Two third of the study subjects were married (77.5%) and 60% of women were housewives. Risky behaviors such as tattooing, hospitalizations, history of jaundice, living with hepatitis patients and undergoing dental procedures were common among positive subjects. Conclusion: A prevalence rate of 3%, 1.1% for HBsAg and anti-HCV and two cases of HIV infection apparently represents a trigger point for action in Kabul city. Public awareness and health education regarding risk factors for viral hepatitis and encouragement for vaccination is recommended. National program for blood borne viral diseases are an axis for focus of government and donors.","PeriodicalId":14540,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Pharmacy","volume":"32 1","pages":"69-77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74540428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Obesity in Adults: A Neglected Public Health Problem in Urban Areas ofKandahar City, Afghanistan","authors":"Khwaja Mir Islam SAEED","doi":"10.9790/3013-0701015968","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/3013-0701015968","url":null,"abstract":"-Background:Obesity is a major public health problem particularly, for elderly, considered one of the most serious challenges all over the world. This study aims to determine the prevalence and risk factors of obesity among elders Kandahar city, Afghanistan. Methods and Materials: Descriptive and analytical cross sectional study was conducted in Kandahar city within October-November, 2015. Multistage random sampling technique used and 1165 adults of 25-70 years were cleaned for analysis. WHO STEPS approach used to collect data on demographic and behavioral factors. Physical measurement comprising height, weight and blood pressure including blood samples were collected and tested for biochemical measurements including blood lipids. Descriptive and inferential analyses were performed using SPSS v.20. Results: The prevalence of underweight, normal weight, overweight, obesity grade I, obesity grade II and obesity grade III were 4.9%, 44.8%, 34.3%, 11.2%, 2.9% and 1.9% respectively. Out of all respondents 597 (51.2%) were females and 568 (48.8%) males with a mean age of 38.3±11.2 years. Around two thirds (73.2%) were illiterates and (79.3%) were married. 9.7% were smokers and (16.3%) were mouth snuff users. The average of total cholesterol, glycerides, high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein and fast blood sugar were 183 mg /DL, 154.65mg/DL, 45.85mg/DL, 107.3 mg/DL and 131mg/DL respectively. Age, sex, education status, walking, triglyceride level, high blood pressure and central obesity were independently associated with obesity. Conclusion: Obesity is a cause of concern in urban citizens in Afghanistan. Increase awareness about obesity and healthy lifestyle is essential for adults to prevent obesity and its complications.","PeriodicalId":14540,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Pharmacy","volume":"80 1","pages":"59-68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80932319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and Associated Factors of Hypertension in Hirat City Afghanistan, 2015","authors":"Khwaja Mir Islam SAEED","doi":"10.9790/3013-0701014250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/3013-0701014250","url":null,"abstract":"-Background: Hypertension is one of the most common causes of premature death and morbidity in both developed and developing countries. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of hypertension and characterize associated risk factors in an urban setting in Afghanistan. Methods and Materials: A provincial-based cross-sectional study was conducted in May-June 2015 among 1129 adult residents of Hirat city using the World Health Organization STEP wise approach tool (WHO STEPS). A multi-stage sampling technique was used to enroll participants in the study. Socio-economic and demographic variables were collected via face to face interviews, after which blood samples were collected using a locally developed standard operating procedure (SOP). Bivariate and multivariable analyses were performed to explore the association and data were coded, entered, and analyzed with SPSS version 20 software package. Results: A total of 1129 responses (47.4% males, 52.6% females) of 25-70 years of age were included in the analysis. The overall prevalence of hypertension was 35.6%. Mean systolic blood pressure and standard deviation (SD) was 123.4 ± 18.5 mmHg and mean diastolic blood pressure was 81.8 ± 13 mmHg. Overall, 3.6% of hypertensive participants were previously diagnosed or were under treatment. According to the multivariate logistic regression analysis, age, central obesity, general obesity and existing of diabetes mellitus were statistically significant predictors of hypertension. Conclusion: One third of adults are suffering from hypertension while 32% were latent. Age, obesity, and diabetes were identified as risk factors. However mass screening for hypertension, health education and life style modifications are recommended.","PeriodicalId":14540,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Pharmacy","volume":"51 1","pages":"42-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72665592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Primary Care Physicians Regarding Common Dermatological Disorders in Abha City, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","authors":"M. Al-Zahrani, S. Nahar, Sami Al-zahrani, Ramzy Ahmed Al-Zahrni","doi":"10.9790/3013-07020189110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/3013-07020189110","url":null,"abstract":"-Background:-Majorityof skin diseases are not life threatening, but the psychological effects of relativelyminor skin abnormalities can often cause more distress to the patients than other more serious medical disorders. As medical knowledge expands, family physicians face an ever-increasing challenge in diagnosis and treatment of skin","PeriodicalId":14540,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Pharmacy","volume":"18 4 1","pages":"89-110"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83068380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of job satisfaction among hospital pharmacists in Saudi Arabia","authors":"B. Balkhi, A. Alghamdi, N. Alshehri, A. Alshehri","doi":"10.9790/3013-0705013440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/3013-0705013440","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Job dissatisfaction at work has been associated with low productivity, absenteeism, high turnover, and workers reducing their hours. Little is known about job satisfaction among pharmacists in Saudi Arabia and why they are leaving their profession. This study aims to assess job satisfaction status among Saudi pharmacists working in different practice sites in Saudi Arabia and to explore factors associated with job satisfaction among pharmacists in Saudi Arabia. Method: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey of pharmacists working in government and private hospitals in Saudi Arabia. Results: A total of 122 pharmacists answered the survey, of which 42.98% were satisfied with the size of their work place and stated it was large enough to perform their job, and 47.11% were satisfied regarding having access to computer resources such as Internet and pharmaceutical references. The main factors for job satisfaction were salary, workload, work environment, training and education opportunities, promotion, and incentives. Conclusion: Job satisfaction among pharmacists is relatively low and may create economic and work force complications in Saudi Arabia. Education, training, and promotions within each premises as well as policies concerning general classification and ranking systems need to be re-evaluated to improve overall job satisfaction.","PeriodicalId":14540,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Pharmacy","volume":"56 1 1","pages":"34-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80098714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Malignancy-associated Hypercalcemia: role of Denosumab.","authors":"A. Carella, T. Marinelli","doi":"10.9790/3013-0705013133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/3013-0705013133","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Hypercalcemia is a common metabolic disorder in patients with malignant diseases; it is primarily associated with multiple myeloma and other hematological malignancy, but hypercalcemia is also found in advanced solid cancers, particularly squamous cell cancer as lung cancer, head and neck cancer, breast cancer, kidney and prostate cancer [1]. Frequent clinical manifestations of malignancy-related hypercalcemia are: nausea, vomiting, ileus, anorexia, dehydration, renal failure, muscle weakness, psychosis, lethargy, coma, and cardiac abnormalities as short QT interval and atrial or ventricular arrhythmia [2]. At least two main mechanisms can be responsible for hypercalcemia in these patients: humoral malignancyassociated hypercalcemia and local osteolytic hypercalcemia [3].","PeriodicalId":14540,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Pharmacy","volume":"785 1","pages":"31-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75939883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Evaluation of Crude Extract Fractions of the Whole Plant of Taxillus heyneanus and Dalechampia indica for Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Content","authors":"S. Sindhura, M. C. Eswaraiah","doi":"10.9790/3013-0705015360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/3013-0705015360","url":null,"abstract":"This study was aimed to investigate the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and antioxidant potential of ethanolic fraction (ETH&EDI) and chloroform fraction (CTH & CDI) of crude extracts of the whole plant of Taxillus heyneanus (TH) and Dalechampia indica (DI).To achieve this, several parameters such as scavenging activity (DPPH, Hydrogen peroxide and Nitric oxide), Reducing power assay, total flavonoids (TFC) and total phenolic content (TPC) using ascorbic acid and gallic acid as standard were examined. All the four extract fractions (ETH, CTH. EDI & CDI) exhibited antioxidant activity. However, the ethanolic fraction of T.heyneanus (ETH) presented a remarkable capacity to scavenge all the tested reactive species (DPPH, Hydrogen peroxide, Nitric oxide) with low IC50 values (38.75 ±0.83, 62.67±5.23, 80.89±0.47μg ⁄ ml). It also showed the highest TPC (125.40±5.24 mg GAE/g dry extract) and TFC (89.41 ±1.21 mg RE/g dry extract). The chloroform fraction of D.indica (CDI) showed low TPC (35.29±4.36 mg GAE/g dry extract), TFC (28.51±0.52 mg RE/g dry extract) and scavenging activity with high IC50 values(477.61±0.69, 404.00±0.38 & 505.52±4.83 μg ⁄ml) values for the DPPH, Hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide. Ethanolic fractions of both plants (ETH & EDI) exhibited significant scavenging activities with good amounts of phenolic and flavonoid compared to its chloroform fractions (CTH & CDI).The results of the study show that ethanolic fraction of Taxillus heyneanus possesses better antioxidant activity compared to the ethanolic fraction of Dalechampia indica which could be attributed to the presence of high amount of phenolic and flavonoids.","PeriodicalId":14540,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Pharmacy","volume":"4 1","pages":"53-60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90714125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}