Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Naringin alleviates gefitinib-induced hepatotoxicity through anti-oxidation, inhibition of apoptosis, and autophagy.","authors":"Dan Liu, Changlin Zhen, Xiuzhen He, Wansong Chen, Juan Pan, Mengying Yin, Mengru Zhong, Hongyan Zhang, Xiaohuan Huang, Yonghui Zhang","doi":"10.22038/ijbms.2024.76852.16623","DOIUrl":"10.22038/ijbms.2024.76852.16623","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Gefitinib (GEF) is a targeted medicine used to treat locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, GEF's hepatotoxicity limits its clinical use. This study aims to investigate the protective effect of naringin (NG) against GEF-induced hepatotoxicity.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Fifty female ICR mice were randomly divided into 5 groups: Control, GEF (200 mg/kg), NG (50 mg/kg) + GEF (200 mg/kg), NG (100 mg/kg) +GEF (200 mg/kg), NG (200 mg/kg) +GEF (200 mg/kg). After 4 weeks of continuous administration, the mice were euthanized. The blood and liver tissue samples were collected.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results indicated that the GEF group showed increased liver index, liver enzyme activities, and decreased glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activities. Some hepatocytes showed hydropic degeneration and focal necrosis. Cell apoptosis, Cleaved-caspase3, and Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) increased. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of numerous autophagic lysosomes or autophagosomes around the cell nucleus. Compared to the GEF group, NG can reverse these changes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In summary, NG alleviates GEF-induced hepatotoxicity by anti-oxidation, inhibiting cell apoptosis, and autophagy. Therefore, this study suggests the use of NG to mitigate GEF's toxicity to the liver.</p>","PeriodicalId":14495,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11366938/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142125704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quercetin is a foe in the heart by targeting the hERG potassium channel.","authors":"Zihao Lu, Shuwen Li, Rui Wei, Wenwen Li, Yuqian Huang, Tingting Yang, Meng Yan","doi":"10.22038/ijbms.2024.77846.16848","DOIUrl":"10.22038/ijbms.2024.77846.16848","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Quercetin is a plant flavonoid known for its pharmacological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties. However, there is limited information available regarding its potential toxicities. A previous study showed that quercetin can inhibit human ether-a-go-related gene (hERG, also named KCNH2) currents, which may lead to long QT syndrome, torsade de pointes (TdP), and even sudden cardiac death. This study aimed to investigate the effects of quercetin on hERG and its potential mechanism.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>hERG currents and action potential duration (APD) were assessed using the patch clamp technique. Molecular docking was employed to elucidate the binding sites between quercetin and hERG. Transfection of wild-type or mutant plasmids was used to verify the results of molecular docking. Western blot was performed to determine the expression levels of hERG, transcription factor SP1, molecular chaperones HSP70 and HSP90, phosphorylated E3 ubiquitin ligase p-Nedd4-2, serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase (SGK1), and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). Immunoprecipitation was conducted to evaluate hERG ubiquitination.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Quercetin acutely blocked hERG current by binding to F656 amino acid residue, subsequently accelerating channel inactivation. Long-term incubation of quercetin accelerates Nedd4-2-mediated ubiquitination degradation of hERG channels by inhibiting the PI3K/SGK1 signaling pathway. Moreover, the APD of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPS-CMs) is significantly prolonged by 30 μM quercetin.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Quercetin has a potential risk of proarrhythmia, which provided useful information for the usage and development of quercetin as a medication.</p>","PeriodicalId":14495,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11459348/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142390532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Testosterone signaling pathways for reducing neuropathic pain in a rat model of spinothalamic tract lesion.","authors":"Abbas Alimoradian, Fatemeh Abbaszadeh, Masoumeh Jorjani","doi":"10.22038/ijbms.2024.78491.16968","DOIUrl":"10.22038/ijbms.2024.78491.16968","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Most individuals who suffer from spinal cord injury (SCI) experience neuropathic pain, which currently has no effective treatment. In this study, we examined how testosterone affects neuropathic pain resulting from SCI.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>We administered three different doses of testosterone (4, 8, 16 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) to male rats after an electrolytic lesion of the spinothalamic tract. We then conducted behavioral tests, including open field and von Frey tests, within 28 days post-SCI. On day 28 after SCI, we analyzed spinal tissue using western blot to measure the levels of ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK1/2), and p-P38 at the injury site.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results showed that testosterone significantly improved both motor activity and mechanical allodynia compared to the SCI-only group. Testosterone also inhibited microglia and astrocyte activation. Furthermore, testosterone significantly decreased p-P38 and p-ERK levels.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings indicate that testosterone may alleviate SCI-induced neuropathic pain by inhibiting the activation of astrocytes and microglia, as well as suppressing MAPK signaling pathways.</p>","PeriodicalId":14495,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11459344/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142390544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fucosyltransferase 3 and 8 promote the metastatic capacity of cancer stem-like cells via CD15s and E-cadherin in esophageal cancer.","authors":"Aliakbar Rostami Abookheili, Jahanbakhsh Asadi, Ayyoob Khosravi, Ali Gorji","doi":"10.22038/IJBMS.2024.74726.16228","DOIUrl":"10.22038/IJBMS.2024.74726.16228","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Esophageal cancer stem cells (ECSCs) have been identified as the subset of cells within esophageal squamous cell carcinoma that possess tumorigenic, invasive, and metastatic properties. One important aspect of cancer metastasis is the binding of sialyl-Lewis X (CD15s) with E- or P-selectin, which facilitates the adhesion and migration of cancer cells to distant sites. This study was conducted to investigate the impact of fucosylation processes on the metastatic behavior of ECSCs.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The esophageal cancer cell line (KYSE-30) was cultured and divided into control and 2F-peracetyl fucose (2F-PerAcFuc) treated groups. Spheres were harvested from these cultures. Cell invasion assay and qPCR were conducted to examine migration and marker expression in both groups. Cancer cell line-derived xenografts were established in nude mice to validate findings <i>in vivo</i>.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our results initially indicated that the addition of 2F-PerAcFuc, an inhibitor of fucosylation, resulted in the down-regulation of the Fut3/CD15s pathway in both cancer stem-like cells and the xenograft model. Measurements of subcutaneous xenograft tumor volume revealed a significant decrease in tumor size among nude mice after treatment with 2F-PerAcFuc. Additionally, a reduction in Fut8/E-cadherin levels was observed in the xenograft model of nude mice. Furthermore, the administration of 2F-PerAcFuc lowered the levels of fucosylated glycoconjugates in nude mice.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our data suggest that inhibition of fucosyltransferase 3 and 8 can reduce the metastatic capacity of cancer stem-like cells by down-regulating CD15s and E-cadherin in a mouse model of esophageal cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":14495,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11193496/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141442670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gliosis induction on locus coeruleus in a living liver donor experimental model: A brief review.","authors":"Abril Alondra Barrientos-Bonilla, Paola Belem Pensado-Guevara, Rasajna Nadella, Aurora Del Carmen Sánchez-García, Laura Mireya Zavala-Flores, Daniel Hernandez-Baltazar","doi":"10.22038/IJBMS.2023.70847.15389","DOIUrl":"10.22038/IJBMS.2023.70847.15389","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Living Donor Liver Transplantation (LDLT) is a promising approach to treating end-stage liver diseases, however, some post-operatory complications such as pneumonia, bacteremia, urinary tract infections, and hepatic dysfunction have been reported. In murine models using partial hepatectomy (PHx), a model that emulates LDLT, it has been determined that the synthesis of hepatic cell proliferation factors that are associated with noradrenaline synthesis are produced in locus coeruleus (LC). In addition, studies have shown that PHx decreases GABA and 5-HT2A receptors, promotes loss of dendritic spines, and favors microgliosis in rat hippocampus. The GABA and serotonin-altered circuits suggest that catecholaminergic neurons such as dopamine and noradrenaline neurons, which are highly susceptible to cellular stress, can also be damaged. To understand post-transplant affections and to perform well-controlled studies it is necessary to know the potential causes that explain as a liver surgical procedure can produce brain damage. In this paper, we review several cellular processes that could induce gliosis in LC after rat PHx.</p>","PeriodicalId":14495,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10722488/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139074071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of N-acetylcysteine on spexin immunoreactivity in kidney tissues of rats treated with adriamycin.","authors":"Tuba Yalçin, Tuncay Kuloğlu, Nalan Kaya Tektemur, Ahmet Tektemur, İbrahim Enver Ozan","doi":"10.22038/IJBMS.2023.71942.15635","DOIUrl":"10.22038/IJBMS.2023.71942.15635","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Due to its negative side effects, mainly nephrotoxicity, adriamycin (ADR) is used fairly infrequently. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) on the immunoreactivity of spexin (SPX) in the kidney tissues of rats given ADR.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A total of 28 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to four groups (n=7): control (no intervention), NAC (150 mg/kg/day, administered intraperitoneally), ADR (single dose of 15 mg/kg, administered intraperitoneally), and ADR+NAC (single dose of 15 mg/kg ADR + 150 mg/kg/day NAC, both administered intraperitoneally). The experiment was concluded on the 15^th day.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The administration of ADR resulted in biochemical and histopathological alterations in the kidney. It was found that ADR treatment led to elevated levels of TOS (total oxidative stress), apoptosis, and SPX. Conversely, when NAC was administered as a treatment, it effectively reduced TOS, apoptosis, and SPX levels. These findings suggest that SPX may contribute to the development of ADR-induced kidney damage.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Further investigations are warranted to gain a comprehensive understanding of kidney damage, and specifically to elucidate the role of SPX in this context. Additionally, these studies can pave the way for exploring novel therapeutic strategies targeting SPX to prevent and/or treat the development of kidney damage.</p>","PeriodicalId":14495,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10790286/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139485574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Crocin nano-chitosan-coated compound improves anxiety disorders, learning, and spatial memory in Alzheimer's model induced by beta-amyloid in rats.","authors":"Gholam Hossein Meftahi, Mohsen Khodadadi, Gila Pirzad Jahromi, Masoud Ezami Razliqi, Habib Valipour","doi":"10.22038/IJBMS.2024.74823.16247","DOIUrl":"10.22038/IJBMS.2024.74823.16247","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that results in the gradual breakdown of brain tissue, causing the deterioration of intellectual function and ability. Crocin is a saffron carotenoid compound proven to have excellent neuroprotective and anti-inflammation properties, although it has some limitations such as low stability and bioavailability. Therefore, in the current research, we tried to improve these limitations by using nanotechnology and chitosan as the carrier. Our study examined the therapeutic effects of crocin nano-chitosan-coated compound and compared it with intact crocin in lower dosages than other studies in AD rat models.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Encapsulating crocin into chitosan nanoparticles was done through a modified technique to improve its limitations. The AD rat model was induced by bilaterally injecting beta-amyloid (Aβ) peptide into the frontal lobe using a stereotaxic device. To evaluate memory, we conducted the Barnes maze test, and to evaluate anxiety, we used the elevated plus maze test. Also, histological tests were conducted to evaluate neuronal damage in each group.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Crocin nano-chitosan-coated administration significantly improved specific memory indicators compared to the Aβ and other treated groups. A significant decrease in anxiety indicators was detected compared to the Aβ and other treated groups. Finally, the results of hippocampus staining indicated a meaningful difference between the Aβ group and other treated groups, compared to the crocin nano-chitosan-coated group.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Treatment with low dosages of crocin in the nano-coated form exhibited great efficacy in reducing AD's adverse effects compared to the same dosage of intact crocin.</p>","PeriodicalId":14495,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141155303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How do lipid-based drug delivery systems affect the pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution of amiodarone? A comparative study of liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, and nanoemulsions.","authors":"Farnaz Khaleseh, Mohammad Barzegar-Jalali, Parvin Zakeri-Milani, Zahra Karami, Mohammad Reza Saghatchi Zanjani, Hadi Valizadeh","doi":"10.22038/IJBMS.2024.75152.16292","DOIUrl":"10.22038/IJBMS.2024.75152.16292","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Lipid-based drug delivery systems (DDS) can improve the pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of some drugs. Especially those with a high volume of distribution (Vd) leading to off-target accumulation and toxicity. Amiodarone as an anti-arrhythmic agent induces hypothyroidism and liver disorders limiting its clinical indication.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>In the present study, amiodarone PK parameters and biodistribution after IV administration of four nano-formulations to rats were compared. The formulations were liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), PEGylated SLN (PEG-SLN), and nanoemulsions (NE). All formulations were optimized.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The nanoparticles were spherical with a diameter of 100-200 nm and sustained <i>in vitro</i> drug release in buffer pH 7.4. The best-fitted model for the plasma concentration-time profile was two-compartmental. <i>In vivo</i> studies indicated the most changes in PKs induced after liposome, SLN, and NE administration, respectively. The area under the curve (AUC) and maximum plasma concentration (C_max) of liposomes, SLN, and NE were 22.5, 2.6, 2.46 times, and 916, 58, and 26 times higher than that of amiodarone solution, respectively (<i>P-value</i><0.05). The heart-to-liver ratio of amiodarone was higher for nano-formulations compared to drug solution except for liposomes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Lipid-based particles can improve the PK parameters of amiodarone and its distribution in different tissues.</p>","PeriodicalId":14495,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11127074/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141154114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of crocin on the enhancement of <i>in vitro</i> neurogenesis: Involvement of Notch and CREB/BDNF signaling pathways.","authors":"Shayan Vafaei, Vida Mirzaie, Masoumeh Baghalishahi, Elahe Mousanejad, Seyed Noureddin Nematollahi-Mahani","doi":"10.22038/IJBMS.2024.76308.16513","DOIUrl":"10.22038/IJBMS.2024.76308.16513","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Adult neurogenesis, the process of generating new neurons, continues throughout life. Unfortunately, this process is insufficient in pathological conditions and needs to be promoted. Crocin, the active component of saffron, affects neurogenesis <i>in vivo</i> and <i>in vitro</i>. We aimed to investigate the enhancing effects of crocin on the neurogenesis of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells in the presence of retinoic acid, as well as the molecular pathways involved.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Differentiation capacities and stemness potential of harvested ADSCs were evaluated by differentiating into osteocytes and adipocytes, and expression of mesenchymal CD markers by flow cytometry. The optimum dose of crocin was assessed with an MTT assay. Crocin, retinoic acid, CREB/BDNF, and Notch inhibitors and their combination were added to the culture medium. Jag1, Hes1, Notch, and BDNF gene expression were analyzed by RT-PCR on days 7, 14, and 21, while CREB, DCX, SOX2, and NeuN expression were analyzed by immunofluorescence.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Expression of mesenchymal CD markers as well as adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation confirmed the origin and properties of ADSCs. The optimal dose of crocin was 1 mM. Crocin significantly (<i>P</i><0.05) increased, while inhibitors (DATP&Naphthol) significantly (<i>P</i><0.05) decreased Jag1, Hes1, Notch, and BDNF expression. Immunofluorescent assessments showed that expression of DCX, BDNF, NeuN, and Sox2 proteins increased significantly (<i>P</i><0.05) after crocin administration and decreased significantly (<i>P</i><0.05) after inhibitor administration.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Crocin can be used as an enhancer for neural differentiation of MSCs <i>in vitro</i> in the presence of retinoic acid. The mechanism is proposed through Notch and CREB/BDNF signaling pathways.</p>","PeriodicalId":14495,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11127084/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141155309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of methylene blue for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19: A narrative review.","authors":"Elaheh Emadi, Daryoush Hamidi Alamdari, Davood Attaran, Soroush Attaran","doi":"10.22038/IJBMS.2024.71871.15617","DOIUrl":"10.22038/IJBMS.2024.71871.15617","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The newest virus from the SARS family of viruses called acute syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes COVID-19 disease, was identified in China at the end of 2019. In March 2020, after it spread to 29 additional countries, it was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). SARS-CoV-2 infection mainly starts through the respiratory tract and causes a wide spectrum of symptoms from asymptomatic infections to acute respiratory distress syndrome with multi-organ failure and vasoplegic shock. Among the many immunomodulatory and antiviral drugs that have been studied for the treatment of COVID-19, methylene blue (MB) may play an influential role. This article reviews the history of MB applications, the antiviral effects of MB against SARS-CoV-2, and the results of <i>in vivo</i> and <i>in vitro</i> studies of the use of MB in COVID-19. Based on studies, MB can simultaneously affect most of the host's harmful responses caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection due to its multiple properties, including anti-hypoxemia, anti-oxidant, immune system modulator, and antiviral. The use of MB is associated with a reduction in the possibility of getting infection, and mortality, and can be used as a safe, effective, cheap, and available treatment option with minimal side effects for the clinical management of COVID-19.</p>","PeriodicalId":14495,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11127079/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141155265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}