International Letters of Natural Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Effect of Physical and Chemical Factors in Production of Alkaline Protease Enzyme by Bacillus Strains","authors":"H. Tebyanian, Seyed Hanif Mirhosseiny, A. Bakhtiari, A. Karami, Sonia Dadseresht, Behzad Otroshi","doi":"10.18052/WWW.SCIPRESS.COM/ILNS.71.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18052/WWW.SCIPRESS.COM/ILNS.71.10","url":null,"abstract":"Proteases is family of enzymes and it has crucial role due to their physiological roles and very valuable commercial applications. Alkaline protease are produced by Bacillus species are particular importance because of their thermal stability and stability at different pH values. This study aimed to investigate the effect of physical and chemical factors in production of alkaline protease enzyme fermentation by members of the genus Bacillus. In this study, alkaline protease enzyme production were evaluated in submerged fermentation by Bacillus strains which were isolated from alkaline soils of Guilan province. Factors incubation were optimized such as time, pH, amount of inoculation and ammonium sulfate in alkaline protease enzyme production whit using response surface methodology (RSM) in culture. The maximum enzymatic activity was observed in incubation time of 36 hours, pH=9, inoculation amount of 15% (V) and ammonium sulfate 1.5% (W/V). Factors had significant effect on the production of alkaline protease enzyme such as pH and ammonium sulfate.","PeriodicalId":14407,"journal":{"name":"International Letters of Natural Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42457673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Evaluation of the Nutrient Composition and Phytochemical Content of Selected Vegetables Consumed in Nigeria","authors":"A. Ukom, J. Obi","doi":"10.18052/WWW.SCIPRESS.COM/ILNS.71.43","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18052/WWW.SCIPRESS.COM/ILNS.71.43","url":null,"abstract":"This study evaluated the phytochemical and nutrient composition of four selected vegetables consumed in Nigeria, namely, bush mallow (ahihara), garden egg leaf (okpokwa),African spinach(inine), and bush okro (ewedu). They were analyzed for proximate, minerals, vitamins and phytochemical contents. Proximate values maintained the following ranges: moisture 6.73% to 91.22%, protein 7.05% to 32.12%, crude fiber 2.75% to 6.36%, ether extract 3.15% to 6.81%, ash content 2.81% to 6.81% and carbohydrate 48.75% to 72.62% while energy value ranged from 340.54kcal to 363.07kcal. The vitamin contents for these vegetables ranged as follows: vitamin A 0.13.mg/100g to 370.64mg/100g, thiamin (vit B1) 3.12mg/100g to 7.45mg/100g, riboflavin (vit B2) 0.08mg/100g to 3.96mg/100g, vitamin B3(niacin) 0.17mg/100g to 1.91mg/100g, and vitamin C 39.84mg/100g to 98.75mg/100g. The mineral content, namely, calcium ranged from 45.61mg/100g to 430.69mg/100g, magnesium 11.05mg/100g to 198.14mg/100g, potassium 49.82mg/100g to 708.28mg/100g, sodium 2.36mg/100g to 22.98mg/100g. Also the phytochemical contents of the vegetables for phytate ranged from 0.47% to 3.04%, tannin 0.10% to 1.01%, saponin 0.16% to 2.56% and oxalate 0.63% to 0.72%. The results obtained from these vegetables show that they can contribute qualitatively to the nutritional need of the Nigerian population especially among the rural dwellers where vegetables is major food source.","PeriodicalId":14407,"journal":{"name":"International Letters of Natural Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48660936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Melanophores inside Frogs","authors":"E. Pshennikova, A. Voronina","doi":"10.18052/WWW.SCIPRESS.COM/ILNS.71.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18052/WWW.SCIPRESS.COM/ILNS.71.1","url":null,"abstract":"Melanocytes/melanophores were known for some decades as pigment cells in skin. The origin of these cells in embryogenesis from neural crest cells is actively investigated now. Some melanocytes/melanophores were described inside adult vertebrates. Historically, these internal melanocytes have been largely ignored, until recently. In frogs, the melanophores populate not only the skin, but all the inner connective tissues: epineurium, peritoneum, mesentery, outer vascular layer and skin underside. In adult avian, melanocytes were also found in visceral connective tissues, periostea, muscles, ovaries and the peritoneum. In mammals and humans, melanocytes are also revealed in eyes, ears, heart and brain. A black-brownish pigment, which can be found in brains of humans and some mammals, was called neuromelanin. Currently, attempts are being made to treat neurodegenerative diseases and various nerve injuries with medications containing melanin. In this micro-review, we wanted to remind again about the inner melanophores on visceral organs and lining blood vessels and nerves, their importance in organisms resistance to adverse environmental factors.","PeriodicalId":14407,"journal":{"name":"International Letters of Natural Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45294760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using Land Cover Change to Predict Forest Degradation Pressure Points, Eastern Mau Forest, Kenya","authors":"A. Ndubi","doi":"10.18052/WWW.SCIPRESS.COM/ILNS.71.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18052/WWW.SCIPRESS.COM/ILNS.71.17","url":null,"abstract":"Land cover change in any ecosystem vary in space and time. The study analyzed spatial-temporal land cover change to predict forest degradation pressure points in Eastern Mau Forest Reserve. The study objectives were to determine types and amount of spatial-temporal land cover change; land cover change drivers and; forest resources use sustainability. The study used mixed sample survey design involving purposive sampling of spatial data and cluster sampling of forest resource use data. Primary data included ground control points, field validation data and forest resource use data. Secondary data included Landsat imagery, forest and administration boundaries and settlements data. Analysis was done for 1986-2014 period using Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System. The analysis techniques used included object based image segmentation and classification, accuracy assessment and land cover change detection. Land cover types in Eastern Mau Forest consisted of indigenous forest, shrubland, grassland, plantation forest, cultivated fields, bare ground and built-up area. The analysis results depicted that cultivated fields coverage increased from 1% to 47%. Indigenous and plantation forests decreased from 43% to 36% and 34% to 7% respectively. Grassland and shrubland decreased from 16% to 8% and 6% to 2% respectively. Bare ground and built up area had a change of less than 1% each. Causes of pressure that lead to forest degradation included crop cultivation, settlement construction, livestock grazing, charcoal burning, firewood collection, logging, bee keeping and medicinal herbs extraction. Land cover change was more on the eastern side than on the western side. Indigenous and plantation forests were likely to disappear if cropland and built up area expansions were to remain unchecked. The study recommendations were: resettlement activities be eliminated in the Eastern Mau Forest; excision of forest land for crop cultivation should be discouraged; and scientific research should be carried out on sustainable plantation forest activities.","PeriodicalId":14407,"journal":{"name":"International Letters of Natural Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42473012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Natural Minerals (Zeolite and Bentonite) for Nitrogen Compounds Adsorption in Different Water Temperatures Suitable for Aquaculture","authors":"D. Şahin, M. Öz, E. Sertaşi, Ünal Öz, Z. Karslı, O. Aral","doi":"10.18052/WWW.SCIPRESS.COM/ILNS.71.34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18052/WWW.SCIPRESS.COM/ILNS.71.34","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, it was aimed to determine the effects of zeolite and bentonite on the ammonium adsorption at different temperatures. In this research three trial groups with 3 repetitions were created for three different water temperatures (18±0.1°C, 24±0.0°C, 27±0.0°C). Experimental groups were prepared by adding NH4+amount of 10.5 mg/l in 2 liters of water. After that, zeolite, zeolite+bentonite and bentonite were added into the bottles as 10 gram per liter. Water temperature, pH and TAN (Total Ammonium Nitrogen) values were determined during the trial period. At the end of trial TAN values at 27 °C were recorded as 10.103±0.11 mg/l, 9.227±0.13 mg/l and 7.933±0.17 mg/l in zeolite, zeolite+bentonite and bentonite groups, respectively. At the end of trial TAN values at 24 °C were recorded as 10.027±0.17 mg/l, 9.282±0.15 mg/l and 8.336±0.15 mg/l in zeolite, zeolite+bentonite and bentonite groups, respectively. At the end of trial TAN values at 18 °C were recorded as 9.012±0.28 mg/l, 7.702±0.14 mg/l and 6.594±0.14 mg/l in zeolite, zeolite+bentonite and bentonite groups, respectively. Maximum ammonium removal capacity, qe, was found to be 0.50 mg/g in the bentonite (18 °C). The TAN values determined at 18 °C were statistically more significant (p<0.05) than the TAN values obtained at 24 °C and 27 °C.","PeriodicalId":14407,"journal":{"name":"International Letters of Natural Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45316055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental Characteristics by Eco-Sanitary and Toxic Criteria of the Cooling Pond of Zaporizhzhya Nuclear Power Plant (Ukraine)","authors":"Оlena Fedonenko, T. Ananieva, T. Sharamok, O. Marenkov","doi":"10.18052/WWW.SCIPRESS.COM/ILNS.70.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18052/WWW.SCIPRESS.COM/ILNS.70.1","url":null,"abstract":"It has been investigated the ecological status of the cooling pond of Zaporizhzhya Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) on the hydrochemical and toxicological indicators. The ecological water quality by most hydrochemical and hydrophysical indices corresponds to the class II, category 3, and is characterized as \"fairly clean\". However, according to the BOD5 index, the water quality is \"satisfactory\" (class III, category 4). By the contents of both nitrogen of nitrates and phosphorus of phosphates the water quality belongs to the class IV, category 6, as \"bad, dirty water\". The main anthropogenic pollutants are copper, iron, zinc, and fluorides. The ecological characteristics by their concentrations in the water correspond to the class III, and categories 4–5 of quality, which are \"poorly and moderately polluted\" water. Accumulation of toxic metals in the surface layer of the reservoir bottom sediments depends on their types, the minimal content is found in sandy sediments, and maximal one is in muddy sediments. The possibility of significant secondary pollution of the water environment by toxic metals is small under the hydrophysical and hydrochemical conditions typical for the cooling pond of Zaporizhzhya NPP. According to the calculations, the value of the average chemical index of ecological quality is \"2.5\", which characterizes the water of the Zaporizhzhya NPP cooling pond as \"good\" and \"clean\".","PeriodicalId":14407,"journal":{"name":"International Letters of Natural Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2018-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46877393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parameters of the Histological Adaptation of Marmorkrebs Procambarus virginalis (Lyko, 2017) (Decapoda, Cambaridae) to Manganese, Nickel and Lead Ions Pollution","authors":"A. Naboka, O. Marenkov, J. Kovalchuk, Zoya Shapovalenko, O. Nesterenko, Bogdan Dzhobolda","doi":"10.18052/WWW.SCIPRESS.COM/ILNS.70.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18052/WWW.SCIPRESS.COM/ILNS.70.24","url":null,"abstract":"Manganese, lead and nickel are heavy metals, which are the priority fresh water toxic contaminants and relate to of the first danger class chemicals. Heavy metals cause functional disorders in the tissues and organs of hydrobionts, affecting their linear and weight indices, reproductive system, digestive and extraction organs. In the experiment on marbled crayfishProcambarus virginalis(Lyko, 2017) studied the long-term effects of various concentrations of heavy metal ions on the physiological state and histostructure of tissues and organs. According to the results of research, it was found that among the studied heavy metals nickel ions influenced the weight indexes and mortality of crustaceans the most negatively. The results of morphometric studies on marbled crayfish indicate no significant changes in the control group and experimental one, but heavy metals influenced the form of the hepatopancerase lobes and the size of the lumen of the gland. Research on adipocytes of the connective tissue showed a significant difference between the size of cells under the influence of heavy metals. Dimensions of adipocytes fluctuated in a wide range from 144 μm2to 537 μm2. In control group the adipocyte area was 406.96 μm2. Experimental studies of hemolymph showed that, under the influence of lead ions, a significant increase in 1.4 times was observed in the area of hemolymph cells; when manganese and nickel were added, moderate decrease was observed in cells. It was found that under the influence of nickel, the area of round hyalinocytes has reduced by 1.7 times.","PeriodicalId":14407,"journal":{"name":"International Letters of Natural Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2018-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48522833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Influence of Heavy Metal Ions on the Viability and Metabolic Enzyme Activity of the Marbled Crayfish Procambarus virginalis (Lyko, 2017)","authors":"O. Marenkov, M. Prychepa, J. Kovalchuk","doi":"10.18052/WWW.SCIPRESS.COM/ILNS.70.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18052/WWW.SCIPRESS.COM/ILNS.70.11","url":null,"abstract":"In the experiment with marbled crayfishProcambarusvirginalis(Lyko, 2017), chronic effects of various concentrations of heavy metal ions on the physiological state and enzyme activity were investigated. The obtained results showed that among the investigated heavy metals nickel ions influenced the weight indexes and mortality of crustaceans the most negatively. According to the results of the research, significant changes were noted in the individual biochemical parameters of marbled crayfish under the influence of manganese, lead and nickel ions. The most significant changes in the activity of lactate dehydrogenase were detected in muscle tissues affected by manganese and nickel ions. A significant decrease in the activity of succinate dehydrogenase in muscle of marbled crayfish was determined after the action of heavy metal ions. Investigation of changes in the activity of alkaline phosphatase under the influence of the ions of manganese, lead and nickel has its own characteristics, which indicates certain violations in the tissues of cell membranes. Changes in the activity of enzymes were also reflected in the overall protein content. Changes in these parameters may indicate a rapid biochemical response of crustaceans to the toxic effects of heavy metals.","PeriodicalId":14407,"journal":{"name":"International Letters of Natural Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2018-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44537537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Characteristics of Growth of Bacilli Formed Fouling on Wooden Constructions","authors":"Volodyslav Yu. Basarab, O. Voronkova, Y. Voronkova, O. Severynovska","doi":"10.18052/WWW.SCIPRESS.COM/ILNS.70.34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18052/WWW.SCIPRESS.COM/ILNS.70.34","url":null,"abstract":"Problem of biofilm formation have a great significance for environmental microbiological research. Biospheric microorganisms can form biofilm, that provide bacteria resistance to influence of different environmental factors. Some of the most common bacteria in biosphere are bacilli, among them there are film-forming strains.Bacillus spp.ia a well-known film forming microorganisms that colonize environmental objects. The biofilm fouling of underwater elements of small wooden constructions located on the Dnieper River near the city of the Dnipro (Ukraine) was studied. It was found that biofilms from surfaces of water constructions include bacilli. It is established that the mean values of CFU in samples from running and still water were (1.81±0.52)×108and (1.83±0.53)×108CFU / ml respectively per area of wooden sample approximately 1 cm2, while during the laboratory cultivation of the film, formed by these cultures on the plate, the number of cells was (4.90±0.93)×107and (4.60±1.07)×107CFU / ml per 1 cm2of the well’s bottom, which was an approximate limit of the content of cells of theBacillus spp.film per unit of area.","PeriodicalId":14407,"journal":{"name":"International Letters of Natural Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2018-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42027740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Studies on the Effect of Different Insecticidal Applications on Quality, Nutritional Parameters and Total Antioxidant Capacity of Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.)","authors":"M. Goswami, U. K. Pati, P. Maity, A. Mukhopadhyay","doi":"10.18052/WWW.SCIPRESS.COM/ILNS.69.34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18052/WWW.SCIPRESS.COM/ILNS.69.34","url":null,"abstract":"Brinjal (SolanummelongenaL.) suffers from the attack of various pests throughout its cropping season. Different insecticides are used to control these pest infestations. The application of these insecticides on brinjal plants may have an effect on its quality and nutritional parameters of fruit samples. In the present study effect of three different insecticides viz. Triazophos 40% E.C Carbaryl 50% W.D.P, Cypermethrin 10% E.C, and Azadiractin 10000 ppm formulation belonging to different groups namely Organophosphate, Carbamate, Synthetic pyrethroids and Botanical insecticide on brinjal fruit quality, nutritional parameters and Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were assessed in field conditions. The results showed that different insecticide at field application dose showed minute insignificant variation in fruit nutritional and total antioxidant activity parameters in comparison to the control samples. The fruit quality parameters also showed minute variation in comparison to the control except in the case of Triazophos treated samples which showed significant variation (p<0.05) in titrable acidity, total soluble sugar content and crude protein.","PeriodicalId":14407,"journal":{"name":"International Letters of Natural Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48385408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}