International Political Economy: Trade Policy eJournal最新文献

{"title":"Price Discrimination in the Transport Industry and the Gains from Trade","authors":"Zheng Han","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3862530","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3862530","url":null,"abstract":"This paper shows that shipping industry could hamper the endogenous firm selection into production which is conducive to overall productivity enhancement and welfare gains, through its discriminatory price. Naturally, if the shipping industry charges higher transport price to more productive manufacturing firms sabotaging their competitive edges, those productive firms would not capable to expand as well as they otherwise would do under uniform transport fees, leaving enough space for less productive firms to survive. Therefore, the effect from another source of gains from trade –- firm selection is dampened. Elimination of this discriminatory practice could potentially increase the gains from trade.","PeriodicalId":14394,"journal":{"name":"International Political Economy: Trade Policy eJournal","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76336570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From hermit kingdom to miracle on the Han: Policy decisions that transformed South Korea into an export powerhouse","authors":"Peterson Institute, D. Irwin","doi":"10.3386/w29299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w29299","url":null,"abstract":"In 1960, South Korea’s exports were about 1 percent of GDP, and the country’s ability to import depended almost entirely on US aid. After changing its foreign exchange and trade policies in the mid-1960s, Korea saw a surge in exports to more than 10 percent of GDP by the end of the decade. What factors account for the shift in policy that enabled this dramatic export growth to occur? The United States helped initiate the process by withholding financial assistance, pressuring Korea to devalue its currency and reform its foreign exchange regime. Initially, the Korean government resisted taking these steps, but in 1964 it became firmly committed to an export promotion strategy to boost foreign exchange earnings and end its dependence on American aid.","PeriodicalId":14394,"journal":{"name":"International Political Economy: Trade Policy eJournal","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87770629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Data Flows Rules in Preferential Trade Agreements: Design, Evolution and Implications","authors":"Mira Burri","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3910408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3910408","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this chapter is to shed light on the rules created in preferential trade agreements (PTAs), their evolution over time, and the positioning of the main stake-holders – the EU and the US. The mapping of the new data governance regime in trade agreements should not however be contained to these major players, and the chapter seeks to provide a more comprehensive mapping of data-related norms, found in other agreements, to help us understand better the big picture of the regulatory framework for digital trade, as well as highlight trends in rule-diffusion and their potential implications.","PeriodicalId":14394,"journal":{"name":"International Political Economy: Trade Policy eJournal","volume":"119 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77477276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"‘A Terrible Storm’: Economic Impact of COVID-19 on Sri Lanka","authors":"D. Dissanayake","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3909178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3909178","url":null,"abstract":"‘COVID-19’ has taken the world by storm, challenging the norm of ‘normal’ in most aspects of life. The pandemic situation ‘halted’ almost all economic activities of Sri Lanka. This review study comprehensively examines the impacts of COVID-19 on GDP, employment, poverty, tourism, household income, exchange rate and remittances in Sri Lankan context. The analysis reveals COVID-19 creates adverse impacts on both GDP and employment in Sri Lanka, despite magnitude of the impacts is significantly lower than that of South Asian average. Declining tourism receipts, declining export earnings and outstanding foreign debt repayments are essentially increasing the pressure on the foreign exchange rate. Accordingly, from the first week of March 2020, the Sri Lankan rupee began to depreciate against the major currencies. It reporting one of the highest depreciation in history. Moreover, COVID-19 adversely affected on tourism sector, construction, transport, hotel and apparel sectors while enhancing unemployment rate as a whole. Due to job lost, unemployment rate was increased while increasing the poverty line as well. Predictions show that under the current pandemic, poverty associated with all forms of poverty is likely to increase. Ultimately, the welfare impact of COVID-19, which is rising more than expected, will inevitably hamper the country's long-term economic development process. Therefore, appropriate measures should be taken to control the spread of the epidemic and to revive the economy.","PeriodicalId":14394,"journal":{"name":"International Political Economy: Trade Policy eJournal","volume":"195 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74419640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Foreign Business Exposure, Policy Uncertainty and Capital Flight from Home: Evidence from China","authors":"Xiaoxue Hu, Dongxu Li","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3904653","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3904653","url":null,"abstract":"Using a unique subsidiary-level data of 3,863 Chinese nonfinancial firms from 2000 to 2019, we show that the multinational firms have 5.3% higher capital expenditures than the domestic firms relative to the average. We use China’s joining WTO, Chinese historical cities, and diplomatic visits between China and foreign countries to identify the causal relationship. We find that the offshore investment increases with the policy uncertainty about the domestic markets. Our analysis suggests that in the face of domestic uncertainty, multinational firms switch to their offshore markets as a leeway to reallocate investment, rather than a response to offshore investment opportunities, access to foreign capital, or domestic competition. Overall, this paper helps us better understand the real options theory in a context of international business.","PeriodicalId":14394,"journal":{"name":"International Political Economy: Trade Policy eJournal","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86306774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adapting Trade Rules for the Age of Big Data","authors":"Mira Burri","doi":"10.1017/9781108780919.025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108780919.025","url":null,"abstract":"The chapter looks at some of the disruptive changes brought about by digital technologies that matter for trade and trade policy. It then analyzes the responses that trade policy has formulated to address these changes. The chapter focuses in particular on the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Transpacific Partnership (CPTPP), as the most advanced model so far and one that has now found continuation in the United States Mexico Canada Agreement (USMCA). The chapter goes on to contextualize and assess the impact of the existing legal framework, as shaped almost predominantly by free trade agreements. The chapter ultimately asks whether there are better ways to address the challenges of the data-driven economy and what the essential elements of a working regulatory model may be.","PeriodicalId":14394,"journal":{"name":"International Political Economy: Trade Policy eJournal","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81757826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"L'impact du Brexit sur Israël et les États arabes voisins en période de crise du COVID-19 (The Impact of Brexit on Israel and Neighbouring Arab States in Times of the COVID-19 Crisis)","authors":"D. Kohnert","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3901159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3901159","url":null,"abstract":"The English version of this paper can be found at http://ssrn.com/abstract=3900189 French Abstract: L'impact combiné du Brexit et de la pandémie de COVID-19 sur les relations étrangères et commerciales britanniques avec Israël et ses voisins arabes constitue un cas particulièrement sensible. Une déstabilisation de ces pays pourrait avoir de graves répercussions sur la stabilité et la sécurité, non seulement de la région du Moyen-Orient, mais du monde entier. Jusqu'à présent, les effets préliminaires sont ambivalents. Alors que les Britanniques nourrissaient un espoir raisonné d'un « miracle de Corona » et d'une merveilleuse reprise économique en 2021, les perspectives pour Israël, les territoires palestiniens occupés, le Liban, la Jordanie et l'Égypte étaient moins roses. Vraisemblablement, le Brexit est susceptible de nuire au Royaume-Uni à moyen et long terme. L'impact post-Brexit sur Israël et ses voisins arabes sera également négatif, mais ne se fera probablement sentir qu'à moyen et long terme également. Cependant, l'effet négatif direct et indirect de la crise mondiale du COVID-19 dépassera de loin l'impact du Brexit. English Abstract: The combined impact of Brexit and the COVID-19 pandemic on British foreign- and trade relations to Israel and its Arab neighbours constitute a particularly sensitive case. A destabilization of these countries could impact seriously stability and security, not just of the Middle-East region, but on the whole world. So far, the preliminary effects are ambivalent. Whereas Britons entertained reasoned hope for a ‘Corona miracle’ and a marvellous economic recovery in 2021, the prospects for Israel, the occupied Palestinian territories, Lebanon, Jordan and Egypt were less rosy. Presumably, Brexit is likely to harm the United Kingdom in the medium and long run. The post-Brexit impact on Israel and its Arab neighbours will be negative as well, but probably only be felt in the medium and long term also. However, the direct and indirect negative effects of the global COVID-19 crisis will by far outdo the Brexit impact. German Abstract:Die gemeinsamen Auswirkungen des Brexits und der COVID-19-Pandemie auf die britischen Außen- und Handelsbeziehungen zu Israel und seinen arabischen Nachbarn sind ein besonders heikler Fall. Eine Destabilisierung dieser Länder könnte die Stabilität und Sicherheit nicht nur im Nahen Osten, sondern auf der ganzen Welt ernsthaft gefährden. Bisher erscheinen die vorläufigen Effekte ambivalent. Während die Briten begründete Hoffnungen auf ein „Corona-Wunder“ und eine erstaunliche wirtschaftliche Erholung im Jahr 2021 hegen, sind die Aussichten für Israel, die besetzten palästinensischen Gebiete, den Libanon, Jordanien und Ägypten weniger rosig. Vermutlich wird der Brexit dem Vereinigten Königreich mittel- und langfristig schaden. Die post-Brexit Auswirkungen auf Israel und seine arabischen Nachbarn werden ebenfalls negativ s, aber vermutlich ebenfalls nur mittel- und langfristig zu spüren sein.","PeriodicalId":14394,"journal":{"name":"International Political Economy: Trade Policy eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89830014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Import Competition and Informal Employment: Empirical Evidence from China","authors":"Feicheng Wang, Zhe Liang, H. Lehmann","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3903140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3903140","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the effects of trade liberalisation induced labour demand shocks on informal employment in China. We employ a local labour market approach to construct a regional measure of exposure to import tariffs by exploiting initial differences in industrial composition across prefectural cities and then link it with the employment status of individuals. Using three waves of household survey data between 1995 and 2007, our results show that workers from regions that experienced a larger tariff cut were more likely to be employed informally. Further results based on firm-level data reveal a consistent pattern; tariff reductions increased the share of informal workers within firms. Such effects are more salient among smaller and less productive firms. Our findings suggest an important margin of labour market adjustment in response to trade shocks in developing countries, i.e. employment adjustment along the formal-informal dimension.","PeriodicalId":14394,"journal":{"name":"International Political Economy: Trade Policy eJournal","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82838086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Rise of Investor-State Public Health Disputes: Lessons Learned from the Idiosyncrasy of Argentinian and NAFTA Cases in the Era of COVID-19","authors":"Munia El Harti Alonso, Sophia Herbst","doi":"10.18601/01236458.n56.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18601/01236458.n56.05","url":null,"abstract":"Argentina’s prominence in the history of ISDS makes for a seminal case study of the tension between state measures and FDI. Argentina, like other Latin American countries, has taken a proactive approach to mitigating the current pandemic. Notably, these emergency public health decisions may hinder FDI, thus leading to an increase in investment disputes. This paper aims to comparatively analyze the past Argentinian crisis and health related NAFTA cases, using lessons learned to provide guidance in anticipation of COVID-19 disputes. In order to explore this topic, a discussion of jurisdictional and procedural questions allow for a modern application of past issues.","PeriodicalId":14394,"journal":{"name":"International Political Economy: Trade Policy eJournal","volume":"282 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72704520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Internationalisation Models and Trajectories of Gold Jewellery in Johannesburg: A Conjectural Discursive Approach","authors":"V. Mugobo, Muzi Jeremia Manzi","doi":"10.21303/2504-5571.2021.001833","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21303/2504-5571.2021.001833","url":null,"abstract":"The gold jewellery industry is a lucrative sector. It operates within global consumer international networks. The underpinning models of internationalisation of gold jewellery from a theoretical standpoint, are key in comprehending export competitiveness potential. This means that for any company and country to achieve success, they ought to have competitive dominance in the export market, driven by a particular model. This study established that the main trends that characterise gold jewellery exports are underpinned by an aggressive internalisation thrust, which should be supported by market consolidation; market growth; a new channel landscape to push through the products; market consumption trends, absorption capacity, and global fast-fashion demand of gold jewellery. It emerged in this study, that the gold jewellery sector in Johannesburg has many dynamics that affect the ability of gold jewellery exporters to be competitive on the international market. There is a need to implement internationalisation strategies that include the creation of market linkages, standardisation and adaptation of products and services to the changing global market environment. The objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy of the internationalisation models, adopted by jewellery exporters in Johannesburg. The study used both theoretical and empirical data, obtained from the sector. The key finding from the study is that gold jewellery remains one of the most important export commodities in growing economies, such as South Africa. Exports bring the much-needed foreign currency, yet the sector in Johannesburg has very few corporates and individually owned businesses that are connected to the international markets to optimally exploit the opportunities in this sector. Using the mixed review methodology and empirical field data, the study offers propositions to enhance export competitiveness for companies, operating in developing countries.","PeriodicalId":14394,"journal":{"name":"International Political Economy: Trade Policy eJournal","volume":"312 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74403894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}