Jamie Pethick, Pippa Hayes, Laurie B Patterson, Susan H Backhouse
{"title":"Letter to the Editor Regarding Vicente-Salar et al. (2025): Anti-Doping Implications of Supplement Use in Tennis.","authors":"Jamie Pethick, Pippa Hayes, Laurie B Patterson, Susan H Backhouse","doi":"10.1123/ijsnem.2026-0064","DOIUrl":"10.1123/ijsnem.2026-0064","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14334,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism","volume":" ","pages":"475-476"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147987501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jeffrey A Rothschild, James P Morton, Tom Stewart, Andrew E Kilding, Daniel J Plews
{"title":"Dietary Intake of Endurance Athletes During 12 Weeks of Self-Selected Training: An Observational Study.","authors":"Jeffrey A Rothschild, James P Morton, Tom Stewart, Andrew E Kilding, Daniel J Plews","doi":"10.1123/ijsnem.2026-0032","DOIUrl":"10.1123/ijsnem.2026-0032","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>It is recommended that endurance athletes modulate their daily carbohydrate intake according to the demands of training, but there is limited evidence of how this is currently practiced by athletes during real-world, day-to-day training. The purpose of this observational study was to report the dietary intake of endurance athletes across a 12-week period with an emphasis on the relationship between training load and carbohydrate intake. Self-selected training and dietary intake were self-reported using a smartphone app by 46 endurance athletes (61% male) daily for 12 weeks, representing a total of 3,718 days of dietary assessments and 3,160 days of training. Fasted-state training was regularly performed by 65% of athletes and was more common in men (33.6% vs. 17.2% of training days, p = .023). Average daily carbohydrate intake for each athlete ranged from 1.2 to 7.2 g/kg (M = 3.9 ± 1.5). At the group level, significant correlations were found between mean daily carbohydrate intake and both percentage of training sessions performed in the fasted state (r = -.39, p = .008) and weekly training volume (r = .42, p = .004). Participant-level correlations between daily training load and carbohydrate intake ranged from -.42 to .83. Overall, athletes adjust daily carbohydrate intake based on exercise duration, but at the individual level, many athletes do not align carbohydrate intake with training load as recommended or do so with minimal adjustment.</p>","PeriodicalId":14334,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism","volume":" ","pages":"532-541"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147987523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Elizabeth M Broad, Carlota L Cunha, Luz A Caraveo, Eder A Acosta, Francisco J Martín-Almena, Filomena S Vieira
{"title":"Adaptation of the International Standards for Anthropometric Assessment for Subjects With Motor Disabilities: A Consensus Statement of the ISAK Working Group on Motor Disability.","authors":"Elizabeth M Broad, Carlota L Cunha, Luz A Caraveo, Eder A Acosta, Francisco J Martín-Almena, Filomena S Vieira","doi":"10.1123/ijsnem.2025-0251","DOIUrl":"10.1123/ijsnem.2025-0251","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The International Standards for Anthropometric Assessment (International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry [ISAK]) have been developed and refined over a period of over 30 years in order to guide the landmarking and measurement of a wide range of surface anthropometrical variables in able-bodied individuals in order for such measures to be reliable, repeatable, and valid. While numerous researchers and practitioners have undertaken anthropometrical assessments on individuals with motor disability, there is a lack of consistency in the processes used, and the ISAK protocol currently does not guide adaptations for measurement or interpretation in this population. Therefore, the ISAK working group on motor disability has reviewed the literature and provided recommendations to follow when undertaking and interpreting anthropometrical assessments in individuals with a motor disability. Prior to undertaking any assessment, practitioners and researchers are encouraged to first consider the purpose and validity of what they wish to measure in each individual, as they present with their own unique characteristics. Most importantly, the safety and dignity of each individual must be respected.</p>","PeriodicalId":14334,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism","volume":" ","pages":"542-552"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147948495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Giannis Arnaoutis, George Vallas, Argyris G Toubekis, Tzortzis Nomikos
{"title":"Acute Beetroot Juice Supplementation and Repeated Maximal Effort in Elite Swimmers: A Randomized Double-Blind Study.","authors":"Giannis Arnaoutis, George Vallas, Argyris G Toubekis, Tzortzis Nomikos","doi":"10.1123/ijsnem.2026-0014","DOIUrl":"10.1123/ijsnem.2026-0014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Beetroot juice (BRJ) has been proposed as an ergogenic aid due to its high nitrate content, yet evidence from field-based studies in elite swimmers remains limited. This study investigated the acute effects of concentrated BRJ ingestion on performance and physiological responses during repeated maximal 200-m front-crawl efforts in elite male swimmers. Twelve elite swimmers (age: 20 ± 2 years, body fat: 7.1% ± 2.5%, 200-m personal best: 115.7 ± 3.4 s) completed a randomized, double-blind, counterbalanced trial. Participants consumed either 140 ml of concentrated BRJ (Beet It Sport) or a custom-made, nitrate-depleted placebo (PL) matched for sensory characteristics, 2 hr before performing two maximal 200-m front-crawl time trials, separated by 60 min of passive recovery. Blood samples were collected upon arrival and immediately after each time trials, and 200-m completion time, blood lactate concentrations, and ratings of perceived exertion were recorded. No significant differences were observed in completion time for either the first (PL: 116.7 ± 3.0 vs. BRJ: 117.2 ± 3.1 s, p = .19) or the second 200-m time trial (PL: 117.8 ± 2.6 vs. BRJ: 117.8 ± 3.3 s, p = .98), nor in the change between trials (PL: 1.1 ± 1.5 vs. BRJ: 0.5 ± 1.3 s, p = .40). Likewise, lactate concentrations and ratings of perceived exertion values did not differ between conditions (p > .05). In conclusion, acute BRJ supplementation did not enhance 200-m front-crawl performance, lactate responses, or perceived exertion in elite swimmers under competition-like conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":14334,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism","volume":" ","pages":"502-511"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147771316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"UCI Sports Nutrition Project: Plate to Performance-Culinary Nutrition Support for Professional Road Cycling.","authors":"Dana M Lis, Nicki Strobel","doi":"10.1123/ijsnem.2025-0198","DOIUrl":"10.1123/ijsnem.2025-0198","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In elite road cycling, nutrition is a critical pillar of performance, with culinary support evolving from a logistical necessity to a core competitive determinant. The collaboration among performance chefs, registered dietitian/nutritionist(s), and soigneurs, collectively termed the Culinary Nutrition Team, is central to translating evidence-based nutrition strategies into practical, palatable food provision. Through an applied lens, this review positions the Culinary Nutrition Team as the operational link through which complex nutrition, physiological, and sport science principles are translated and delivered in day-to-day practice within professional road cycling. The overlapping skill sets of Culinary Nutrition Team members are described, alongside respective roles and responsibilities, in executing nutrition strategies through real-time menu adjustments, management of special dietary needs, and adaptation to environmental and logistical challenges. While common principles underpin effective culinary nutrition support, how those principles are executed in practice is shaped by practitioner training and scope of practice, team structure and maturity, communication pathways, staff dynamics and trust, and the broader cultural and logistical context in which teams operate. In this context, digital tools and technologies (e.g., workload-derived data integration, centralized nutrition management platforms, and biometric wearables) are gaining prominence as innovative approaches to inform energy requirements, support rapid food provision adjustments, and facilitate team-wide communication. However, their effectiveness depends on appropriate validation, integration within established workflows, regulatory approval for in-race, and skilled interpretation. Ultimately, an athlete-centered, systems-based approach to culinary nutrition support embedded within the wider performance team is no longer a marginal gain but a competitive necessity in modern professional road cycling.</p>","PeriodicalId":14334,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism","volume":" ","pages":"335-351"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147633584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Asker E Jeukendrup, Martijn Redegeld, Gabriel Martins, Jamie Whitfield, Louise M Burke, Iñigo Mujika, Eimear Dolan, Javier T Gonzalez
{"title":"UCI Sports Nutrition Project: Race Nutrition for Road Cycling.","authors":"Asker E Jeukendrup, Martijn Redegeld, Gabriel Martins, Jamie Whitfield, Louise M Burke, Iñigo Mujika, Eimear Dolan, Javier T Gonzalez","doi":"10.1123/ijsnem.2025-0239","DOIUrl":"10.1123/ijsnem.2025-0239","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This review outlines recent advances in race nutrition support for professional road cycling, emphasizing individualized, context-specific strategies over generic recommendations. Within the past couple of decades, there have been several changes in nutritional demands and practices within road cycling including (1) a change in the distribution of intensity across a stage or 1-day race; (2) an increase in \"on-bike\" carbohydrate intake coinciding with integrated \"training the gut\" practices; and (3) better maintenance of neutral energy balance across stage races. Specifically, race tactics now, generally demand a higher intensity earlier within a stage (or 1-day race), thereby also increasing energy and carbohydrate requirements and utilization early on within a stage. Concomitantly, there has been an increase in reported intake of carbohydrates \"on-bike,\" from ∼30 to 60 g/hr pre-2010, to 90 and even 120 g/hr and higher in the present day. There is also evidence that the maintenance of energy balance across stage races has improved over this timeframe. These topics are discussed in detail alongside additional nutritional challenges and strategies relevant to professional road cycling, such as daily energy, fluid, and macronutrient distribution, which are often tailored to rider characteristics (e.g., body size, role, performance goals) and race-specific factors (e.g., course profile, environmental conditions).</p>","PeriodicalId":14334,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism","volume":" ","pages":"215-232"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147581038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Louise M Burke, Javier T Gonzalez, Jose L Areta, Megan A Kuikman, Alexandra M Coates, David M Bailey, James Moran, Eimear Dolan
{"title":"UCI Sports Nutrition Project: Body Composition, Energy Requirements, and Energy Availability in Cycling.","authors":"Louise M Burke, Javier T Gonzalez, Jose L Areta, Megan A Kuikman, Alexandra M Coates, David M Bailey, James Moran, Eimear Dolan","doi":"10.1123/ijsnem.2025-0255","DOIUrl":"10.1123/ijsnem.2025-0255","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Maintaining adequate energy availability is a key concern for many cyclists, many of whom must balance the need to support their very high training and competition energy expenditure while simultaneously adopting nutritional strategies that will allow them to maintain the body mass deemed most conducive to optimal performance. Available evidence indicates that cyclists tend to be a weight-conscious group that frequently reports engaging in restrictive eating behaviors. Together, the dual demands of supporting the energetic cost of their training alongside restricting energy intake to maintain a low body mass may place some riders at a high risk of experiencing negative health- and performance-related consequences associated with prolonged and problematically low energy availability. Within this review, we critically discuss issues related to the role of body mass and composition in cycling performance along with cyclists' reported perceptions on this issue. We also describe evidence on reported energy expenditure and intake in high-level cyclists, recognizing the challenges of accurate assessment of these parameters, particularly within the field setting. Evidence related to signs and signals of problematic low energy availability in cyclists is described, also recognizing the complexity of determining causality for longer term low energy availability consequences alongside identifying other potential contributory factors to the symptomatology reported for this population. Finally, we make pragmatic recommendations to support cyclists to meet their physique goals while simultaneously emphasizing and supporting longer term health, performance, and well-being.</p>","PeriodicalId":14334,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism","volume":" ","pages":"305-323"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147581108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"UCI Sports Nutrition Project.","authors":"James A Betts","doi":"10.1123/ijsnem.2026-0054","DOIUrl":"10.1123/ijsnem.2026-0054","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14334,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism","volume":" ","pages":"173"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147511994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Helena Engel, Ceren Yilmaz, Daniel Appelhans, Craig A Staunton, Hannes Kock, Jörn Mathieu, Tim Leitlauf, Rick Brandl, Karlheinz Waibel, Karsten Koehler
{"title":"Effects of Acute Caffeine Supplementation on Integrated Biathlon Performance in Elite Male Athletes.","authors":"Helena Engel, Ceren Yilmaz, Daniel Appelhans, Craig A Staunton, Hannes Kock, Jörn Mathieu, Tim Leitlauf, Rick Brandl, Karlheinz Waibel, Karsten Koehler","doi":"10.1123/ijsnem.2025-0138","DOIUrl":"10.1123/ijsnem.2025-0138","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Caffeine enhances endurance performance but may impair shooting accuracy, creating a potential trade-off for overall biathlon performance. In a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study, seven elite male biathletes consumed caffeine (3 mg/kg) or taste-matched placebo 60 min before a simulated biathlon competition consisting of five \"laps\" of 6-min treadmill skiing interspersed by four five-shot bouts. Participants further performed precision shooting (20 prone and 20 standing) pre- and postcompetition. Caffeine increased distance covered in Laps 1 (1,824 ± 73 vs. 1,772 ± 66 m; p = .03, dz = 1.12) and 2 (1,801 ± 92 vs. 1,776 ± 84 m; p = .02, dz = 1.19) but did not improve total distance (p = .06). Blood lactate (p = .01, ηp2=.85) and ventilation (p < .001, ηp2=.90) increased with caffeine. Heart rate (p = .07) and perceived exertion (p = .69) did not differ between conditions. Caffeine impaired shooting accuracy in standing (72.9 ± 16.0% vs. 82.9 ± 7.6%; p = .03, dz = 0.87), but not prone. Integrated race times did not differ between conditions for individual (71.72 ± 5.27 vs. 71.58 ± 4.57 min), mass start (52.45 ± 3.67 vs. 52.57 ± 3.27 min), or pursuit (44.18 ± 3.18 vs. 44.23 ± 2.83 min; all p > .77) formats. Caffeine impaired postexercise precision shooting in prone position (88.9 ± 6.0% vs. 93.3 ± 7.5%; p = .04, dz = 0.65). Our findings highlight task-specific effects of caffeine, emphasizing the importance of tailoring supplementation to integrated performance demands.</p>","PeriodicalId":14334,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism","volume":" ","pages":"109-118"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146157185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alan J McCubbin, Sangha D Leng, Kateland J Young, Jessica L Demeo, Ricardo J S Costa
{"title":"No Effect of High-Amylose Maize Starch on Pre- or Postexercise Hydration Status, Thermophysiological Strain, or Exhaustive Exercise Performance During Exertional Heat Stress in Endurance Runners.","authors":"Alan J McCubbin, Sangha D Leng, Kateland J Young, Jessica L Demeo, Ricardo J S Costa","doi":"10.1123/ijsnem.2025-0053","DOIUrl":"10.1123/ijsnem.2025-0053","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>High-amylose maize starch (HAMS), containing fermentable resistant starch (RS), is suggested to improve fluid absorption/retention in athletes but lacks supporting evidence and may increase gastrointestinal symptom (GIS) risk. This study investigated the use of HAMS in pre- and postexercise hydration protocols on hydration status and GIS before, during, and after exertional heat stress (EHS), and thermophysiological strain and exhaustive exercise performance during EHS. Ten endurance-trained runners (eight men and two women) completed two trials in randomized order, consuming a HAMS beverage (12.7 g RS) or placebo 12 hr pre-EHS as part of a 25-ml/kg hyperhydration protocol. Participants then completed 2 hr of steady-state running (60% maximum oxygen uptake, ∼30 °C, 35% relative humidity) followed by a time-to-exhaustion performance test. Post-EHS, participants consumed a HAMS recovery beverage (6.2 g RS) or placebo while replacing 150% of their fluid deficit over 3 hr. HAMS did not influence net fluid balance pre-EHS (HAMS: +44 ± 642 ml, placebo: +210 ± 697 ml) or post-EHS (HAMS: +1,636 ± 687 ml, placebo: +1,662 ± 697 ml; p = .40). Changes in plasma volume and osmolality, and thermophysiological variables, did not differ between trials (all p > .05). Time-to-exhaustion performance test was unaffected by the intervention (HAMS: 1,190 ± 508 s, placebo: 1,343 ± 631 s; p = .10). GIS incidence and severity scores were similar in both trials (all p > .05). A beverage containing RS from HAMS 12 hr before EHS, or immediately following EHS, does not alter retention of water volumes recommended for preexercise hyperhydration or postexercise rehydration nor GIS pre-, during, or post-EHS. As a result, no changes in hydration status, thermophysiological strain, or performance were observed.</p>","PeriodicalId":14334,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism","volume":" ","pages":"98-108"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146029458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}