ERPN: Employment & Wage Determination (Sub-Topic)最新文献_第2页

China, Mexico & the USA: Entrepreneurial Ethics 中国、墨西哥和美国:企业家道德

ERPN: Employment & Wage Determination (Sub-Topic) Pub Date : 2017-04-12 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3412670

J. Goodman, I-Leh Hu, H. Steinberg

{"title":"China, Mexico & the USA: Entrepreneurial Ethics","authors":"J. Goodman, I-Leh Hu, H. Steinberg","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3412670","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3412670","url":null,"abstract":"An introduction into who Geert Hofstede is and the result of the study of cultures he’s cultivated leads us to his 6 dimensional cultural theory as well as an organizational dimension theory. This focus of this paper is to use the 6 dimensional model to compare both Mexico and the United States within the service sector. The 6 dimensions include power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism versus collectivism, masculinity versus femininity, long term orientation versus short term orientation and indulgence versus restraint. Although the organizational model he’s developed serves to describe cultural behaviors within a business environment, this paper aims to identify the characteristics on a national level and how they translate down to the micro/employee level in the service industry. The maid, the construction worker, the behaviors even at the macroeconomic levels all reveal the characteristics Hofstede identifies within his research. Other examples include public service positions within the government of both countries including the armed forces and the president of Mexico and of the United States (Carraher, 2015). Another implicit example includes the indulgent behaviors common in both countries. All the examples provide proof supporting Hofstede’s 6D cultural theory. On the flipside, both countries consist of regions or areas within each country that are different and thus have their own nuances of culture that have not been identified. Industries or businesses seeking to expand in different areas of each country should be aware that the either country as a whole do not share entirely the exact same social norms or culture and further research would be necessary to investigate areas of interest in business expansion or growth. We also examine the USA and China in terms of ethics.","PeriodicalId":143238,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Employment & Wage Determination (Sub-Topic)","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117002329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Rebuilding after Disaster Strikes: How Local Lenders Aid in the Recovery 灾后重建:地方贷款机构如何帮助灾后恢复

ERPN: Employment & Wage Determination (Sub-Topic) Pub Date : 2014-11-12 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2523411

K. Cortes

引用次数: 54

Unemployment and Innovation 失业与创新

ERPN: Employment & Wage Determination (Sub-Topic) Pub Date : 2014-11-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2585160

J. Stiglitz

{"title":"Unemployment and Innovation","authors":"J. Stiglitz","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2585160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2585160","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyzes equilibrium, dynamics, and optimal decisions on the factor bias of innovation in a model of induced innovation. In a model with full employment, we show that (a) if the elasticity of substitution is always less than or greater than unity, there is a unique steady state equilibrium; (b) if the elasticity of substitution is less than unity, the steady state is stable, but convergence is oscillatory; (c) if the elasticity of substitution is greater than unity, the steady state is a saddle point; and (d) if the elasticity of substitution is less than unity for both high and low effective capital labor ratios but greater than unity for intermediate values, then there can be multiple steady states. In a model where efficiency wages lead to equilibrium unemployment, we show that if the elasticity of substitution is less than unity, there will be a bias towards excessive labor augmenting innovation, resulting in too high unemployment, with convergence to the unique steady state being oscillatory, rather than monotonic. Similarly, if the elasticity of substitution between skilled and unskilled labor is less than unity, and there is efficiency wage unemployment for unskilled labor only, there is will be excessively skill-biased innovation. This paper provides an alternative resolution to the Harrod-Domar conundrum of the disparity between the natural and warranted rate of growth to that of Solow, with strong policy implications, for instance, concerning the effects of income distribution and monetary policy both in the short run and the long.","PeriodicalId":143238,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Employment & Wage Determination (Sub-Topic)","volume":"244 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129721277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 52

Beyond the Formal Economy: Evaluating the Level of Employment in Informal Sector Enterprises in Global Perspective 超越正规经济:全球视野下的非正规部门企业就业水平评估

ERPN: Employment & Wage Determination (Sub-Topic) Pub Date : 2013-12-01 DOI: 10.1142/S1084946713500271

Colin Williams

{"title":"Beyond the Formal Economy: Evaluating the Level of Employment in Informal Sector Enterprises in Global Perspective","authors":"Colin Williams","doi":"10.1142/S1084946713500271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/S1084946713500271","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this paper is to evaluate the varying level of employment in informal sector enterprises across the globe and to undertake an exploratory analysis of the wider economic and social conditions associated with greater levels of informalization. Examining International Labor Organization surveys conducted in 43 countries, the finding is that the main job of just under one in three (31.5 percent) non-agricultural workers is in an informal sector enterprise. Conducting an exploratory analysis of the correlation between countries with higher levels of employment in informal sector enterprises and economic under-development ('modernization' thesis), higher taxes, corruption and state interference ('neo-liberal' thesis) and inadequate state intervention to protect workers from poverty ('structuralist' thesis), the finding is that there is a need to synthesize various tenets from all three perspectives. The outcome is a tentative call for a 'neo-modernization' perspective, which posits that higher levels of employment in informal sector enterprises are associated with economic under-development, public sector corruption and inadequate state intervention to protect workers from poverty.","PeriodicalId":143238,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Employment & Wage Determination (Sub-Topic)","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123620568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 43

U.S. High-Skilled Immigration, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship: Empirical Approaches and Evidence 美国高技能移民、创新和创业:实证方法和证据

ERPN: Employment & Wage Determination (Sub-Topic) Pub Date : 2013-08-01 DOI: 10.1017/9781316795774.007

W. Kerr

{"title":"U.S. High-Skilled Immigration, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship: Empirical Approaches and Evidence","authors":"W. Kerr","doi":"10.1017/9781316795774.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316795774.007","url":null,"abstract":"High-skilled immigrants are a very important component of U.S. innovation and entrepreneurship. Immigrants account for roughly a quarter of U.S. workers in these fields, and they have a similar contribution in terms of output measures like patents or firm starts. This contribution has been rapidly growing over the last three decades. In terms of quality, the average skilled immigrant appears to be better trained to work in these fields, but conditional on educational attainment of comparable quality to natives. The exception to this is that immigrants have a disproportionate impact among the very highest achievers (e.g., Nobel Prize winners). Studies regarding the impact of immigrants on natives tend to find limited consequences in the short-run, while the results in the long-run are more varied and much less certain. Immigrants in the United States aid business and technology exchanges with their home countries, but the overall effect that the migration has on the home country remains unclear. We know very little about return migration of workers engaged in innovation and entrepreneurship, except that it is rapidly growing in importance.","PeriodicalId":143238,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Employment & Wage Determination (Sub-Topic)","volume":"284 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133953996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 47

Economies of Scale in Nineteenth Century American Manufacturing Revisited: A Resolution of the Entrepreneurial Labor Input Problem 19世纪美国制造业的规模经济重访:企业劳动力投入问题的解决

ERPN: Employment & Wage Determination (Sub-Topic) Pub Date : 2013-06-01 DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226261768.003.0006

R. Margo

{"title":"Economies of Scale in Nineteenth Century American Manufacturing Revisited: A Resolution of the Entrepreneurial Labor Input Problem","authors":"R. Margo","doi":"10.7208/chicago/9780226261768.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226261768.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"In a famous paper, Kenneth Sokoloff argued that the labor input of entrepreneurs was generally not included in the count of workers in manufacturing establishments in the early censuses of manufacturing. According to Sokoloff, this biased downward econometric estimates of economies of scale if left uncorrected. As a fix Sokoloff proposed a particular \"rule of thumb\" imputation for the entrepreneurial labor input. Using establishment level manufacturing data from the 1850-80 censuses and textual evidence I argue that, contrary to Sokoloff's claim, the census did generally include the labor of entrepreneurs if it was economically relevant to do so, and therefore Sokoloff's imputation is not warranted for these census years. However, I also find that the census did understate the labor input in small relative to large establishments as Sokoloff asserted, but for a very different reason. The census purported to collect data on the average labor input but, in fact, the data most likely measure the typical number of workers present. For very small establishments the reported figures on the typical number of workers are biased downwards relative to a true average but this is not the case for large establishments. As a result, the early censuses of manufacturing did overstate labor productivity in small relative to large establishments but the size of the bias is smaller than alleged by Sokoloff.","PeriodicalId":143238,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Employment & Wage Determination (Sub-Topic)","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121789152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 8

Determinants of Informal Employment: A Case of Tanzania Construction Industry 非正式就业的决定因素:以坦桑尼亚建筑业为例

ERPN: Employment & Wage Determination (Sub-Topic) Pub Date : 2013-04-20 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2706021

Jehovaness Aikaeli, B. Mkenda

{"title":"Determinants of Informal Employment: A Case of Tanzania Construction Industry","authors":"Jehovaness Aikaeli, B. Mkenda","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2706021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2706021","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyses the determinants of informal employment in Tanzania’s construction industry. A Logit regression model is employed in estimating factors that influence the choice of type of employment (formal versus informal) for micro and small entrepreneurs. The results reveal that higher earnings in the informal compared to the formal settings – given the professional status of the micro and small practitioners – is among the major reasons for workers in this industry to choose informal rather than formal employment. The other factors that contribute to choosing informal employment include; lack of capital, which deters micro and small entrepreneurs from starting large formal firms, and low education. For firms, the possibility of paying the workers low salaries, and being female are factors that increase the possibility of informal employment. Policies suggested that can enhance creation of decent employment are; improving financial services through risk mitigation, credit information dissemination and outreach to MSEs; enhancing and rationalizing earnings in the economy; and improving the quantity and quality of education as an enabling instrument.","PeriodicalId":143238,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Employment & Wage Determination (Sub-Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131671231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 41

Microfinance and Their Effects on Investment and Employment 小额信贷及其对投资和就业的影响

ERPN: Employment & Wage Determination (Sub-Topic) Pub Date : 2010-07-27 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1649611

Yuri Vladimir Plasencia

引用次数: 1

The Employment (and Output) of Nations: Theory and Policy Implications 国家的就业(和产出):理论和政策含义

ERPN: Employment & Wage Determination (Sub-Topic) Pub Date : 2006-08-11 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1270645

P. Peretto

引用次数: 6

Social Security Coverage and the Labor Market in Developing Countries 发展中国家的社会保障覆盖面与劳动力市场

ERPN: Employment & Wage Determination (Sub-Topic) Pub Date : 2005-09-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1818736

P. Auerbach, M. Genoni, C. Pagés

引用次数: 36