ERPN: Employment & Wage Determination (Sub-Topic)最新文献

{"title":"Promoting Self-employment: Does it Create More Employment and Business Activity?","authors":"G. Cette, Jimmy Lopez","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3945658","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3945658","url":null,"abstract":"We assess the economic impact of reforms promoting self-employment in the three countries that have implemented such reforms since the early 2000s: the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and France. To that end, we use an unbalanced cross country-industry dataset of 4,226 observations, including 12 OECD countries and 20 market industries, over the 1995-2016 period. We first observe, using country-level data, that the share of self-employed workers in total employment is quite stable or declines over the period in all countries in our dataset, except in the three countries where large reforms promoting self-employment have been implemented, and only after these reforms. We econometrically confirm this impact on self-employment in our set of 20 industries and we find that, at the end of the period, the reforms may have increased the share of self-employed workers in total employment by 5.5pp on average in the Netherlands, 2.5pp in the United Kingdom and 2pp in France. Then, we investigate the impact of reforms on total employment and value added using a difference-in-differences approach. In spite of a broad sensitivity analysis, we find no evidence that the reforms may have impacted either total employment or value-added. These results suggest that the reforms promoting self-employment may have raised the number of self-employed workers, but mostly through a substitution effect between the self-employed and employees, and not through a supply effect or a substitution effect with informal activities. This means that the reforms may have failed to achieve their main objectives.","PeriodicalId":143238,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Employment & Wage Determination (Sub-Topic)","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123179995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Competitiveness of Entrepreneurs and Salaried Workers","authors":"Loukas Balafoutas, Mongoljin Batsaikhan, Matthias Sutter","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3798399","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3798399","url":null,"abstract":"We measure the willingness to compete of entrepreneurs and salaried workers in an experiment. Participants can choose between a piece rate and a tournament scheme in either private or public. We find that in the private condition, entrepreneurs are less competitive than salaried workers, but in the public condition, this ordering is reversed. Survey data suggest that perceived norms of appropriate behavior, along with beliefs about the instrumental value of competitiveness for professional success, can explain why entrepreneurs are more competitive when decisions are publicly observable. We also find that the latter condition improves the quality of experimental decisions. This paper was accepted by Yan Chen, behavioral economics and decision analysis. Funding: Financial support from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation) under Germany´s Excellence Strategy [Grant EXC 2126/1–390838866], the University of Cologne through the Hans Kelsen Prize and the Austrian Science Fund through the Special Research Area [Grant SFB F63] is gratefully acknowledged. Supplemental Material: The online appendix and data are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.4838 .","PeriodicalId":143238,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Employment & Wage Determination (Sub-Topic)","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124138973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accounting for Organizational Employment Impact","authors":"D. Freiberg, Katie Panella, George Serafeim, Rob Zochowski","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3707740","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3707740","url":null,"abstract":"Organizations create significant positive and negative impacts through their employment practices. This paper builds on the substantial body of research regarding job quality and impact measurement to present a framework for monetized analysis of employment impact. We identify and propose a framework for measuring the four most salient dimensions of impact for employees, including wage quality, career advancement, opportunity, and health and wellbeing, as well as two principle impacts, diversity and employment location, for the broader labor community. The framework and methodology for calculating employment impact-weighted accounting figures is applied to several large corporations, resulting in positive impacts that range between 25 and 249% of their EBITDA suggesting significant heterogeneity in employment practices across organizations. These results demonstrate the feasibility of calculating employment impact in monetary terms, and provide a foundation for future application across additional geographies and contexts.","PeriodicalId":143238,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Employment & Wage Determination (Sub-Topic)","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125934989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global Talent and U.S. Immigration Policy","authors":"W. Kerr","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3581039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3581039","url":null,"abstract":"Talent is a critical resource for today’s knowledge economy. The United States has benefited substantially from high-skilled migration since the 1970s, especially with respect to innovation and entrepreneurship. This chapter reviews data on these immigrant contributions, and it discusses the important roles played by universities and firms under the American system. The chapter concludes with ways that U.S. immigration policy could be enhanced, which will become more important as other nations become more competitive for global talent.","PeriodicalId":143238,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Employment & Wage Determination (Sub-Topic)","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121498621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Employment Class Actions and the Gig Economy in the US and UK, and Implications for Canada","authors":"A. Monkhouse, P. Spiro","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3548317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3548317","url":null,"abstract":"Around the world, traditional forms of business and employment are being disrupted by new global corporations based on internet apps and platforms. These often provide precarious “Gig Economy” work. In some cases, these are the only option for people who no longer have access to traditional paid employment. Often this is because the traditional local employers have been driven out of business by the new competition. \u0000 \u0000A number of approaches are being taken to help prevent the erosion of employment standards in this environment. One factor that has had some measure of success in behavior modification is the class action on behalf of misclassified workers. Ultimately, the best solution may be legislative reforms that broaden the definition of employee. An intermediate category, such as the \"dependent contractor\" definition recognized in Canadian law, may provide a guide to how this should be approached.","PeriodicalId":143238,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Employment & Wage Determination (Sub-Topic)","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116407124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SME Financial Inclusion for Sustained Growth in the Middle East and Central Asia","authors":"Mishel Ghassibe, M. Appendino, Samira Mahmoudi","doi":"10.5089/9781513509112.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5089/9781513509112.001","url":null,"abstract":"This paper offers empirical evidence that greater financial inclusion of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) can promote higher economic growth and employment, especially in the Middle East and Central Asia regions. First, we show that countries with higher SME financial inclusion exhibit more effective monetary policy transmission and tax collection. Second, we find substantial employment and labor productivity growth gains at the firm level from access to credit, gains that are higher for SMEs. We also obtain evidence of a substantial positive impact on SME employment and labor productivity growth from improved credit bureau coverage and insolvency regimes. Finally, cross-country aggregate evidence confirms the employment and growth gains from SME financial inclusion, which appear larger in the Middle East and Central Asia than in other regions.","PeriodicalId":143238,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Employment & Wage Determination (Sub-Topic)","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132818633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Re Segmentation of the Japanese Labor Market Investigating the Impact of Industrial Dynamics","authors":"S. Lechevalier","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3146999","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3146999","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this paper is to propose a synthesis and an original interpretation of recent empirical works dealing with inequalities in Japan. Most of them have been able to use panel micro data – and sometimes linked employers-employees data – and it has allowed them disentangling individual and firm effects and linking the evolutions of productivity dispersion and of wage differentials. The major result is that rising inequalities in Japan from the 1990s correspond to a large extent to an unprecedented growth in the disparity of wages and employment security between wage earners of comparable status, working in firms of similar size and belonging to the same sector. The second result is that it is possible to link these structural changes on the labor market to industrial dynamics, namely deindustrialization and increasing corporate heterogeneity. We interpret this evolution as a 'resegmentation' of the Japanese labor market.","PeriodicalId":143238,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Employment & Wage Determination (Sub-Topic)","volume":"407 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116669628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unbundling Employment: Flexible Benefits for the Gig Economy","authors":"Seth C. Oranburg","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.3135936","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.3135936","url":null,"abstract":"Federal labor law requires employers to give employees a rigid bundle of benefits, including the right to unionize, unemployment insurance, worker’s compensation insurance, health insurance, family medical leave, and more. These benefits are not free – benefits cost about one third of wages – and someone must pay for them. Which of these benefits are worth their cost? This article takes a theoretical approach to that problem and proposes a flexible benefits solution. \u0000 \u0000Labor law developed under a traditional model of work: long-term employees who depended on a single employer to engage in goods-producing work. Few people work that way today. Instead, modern workers are increasingly using multiple technology platforms (such as Uber, Lyft, TaskRabbit, Amazon Flex, DoorDash, Handy, Moonlighting, FLEXABLE, PeoplePerHour, Rover, Snagajob, TaskEasy, Upwork, and many more) to provide short-term service-producing work. Labor laws are a bad fit for this “gig economy.” New legal paradigms are needed. \u0000 \u0000The rigid labor law classification of all workers as either “employees” (who get the entire bundle of benefits) or “independent contractors” (who get none) has led to many lawsuits attempting to re-define who is an “employee” in the gig economy. This issue grows larger as more than one fifth of the workforce is now categorized as an independent contractor. Ironically, the requirement to provide a rigid bundle of benefits to employees has resulted in fewer workers receiving any benefits at all. \u0000 \u0000This article argues for unbundling employment benefits so workers in the gig economy can obtain a more optimal mix of benefits and wages. This article also provides a framework for a more flexible system of employee benefits. This article thus makes three contributions. First, this article demonstrates how a rigid requirement of employment benefits can harm workers. Second, this article shows how labor law should incorporate advances in economic theory that heretofore it generally ignored. Third, this article presents a flexible framework to solve the refractory problem of rigid worker categorization.","PeriodicalId":143238,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Employment & Wage Determination (Sub-Topic)","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127482515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Entrepreneurial Wages","authors":"T. Babina, Wenting Ma, P. Ouimet, Rebecca Zarutskie","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3177153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3177153","url":null,"abstract":"Why do young firms pay less? Previous studies have argued that employees willingly accept lower wages at new firms in response to offsetting benefits. A second literature argues that lower wages at new firms are driven by the selection of lower quality workers into new firms, firms which are likely to be of lower productivity or financially constrained. Using US Census employer-employee matched data, we show new evidence consistent with the selection argument. After including worker fixed effects, nearly three quarters of the new firm wage difference disappears. Moreover, once we control for firm fixed effects, absorbing time-invariant firm quality, the wage difference between new and established firms becomes economically unimportant. Overall, our findings indicate that, for a given worker who has job opportunities at similar quality new and established firms, the expected wage penalty of working at the new firm is, on average, economically insignificant. Moreover, young firms that can hire high quality workers have higher future survival rates and total employment, suggesting that human capital is an important predictor of young firm success.","PeriodicalId":143238,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Employment & Wage Determination (Sub-Topic)","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130504315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Returns to Entrepreneurship: Evidence from Matched Person-Firm Data","authors":"A. Raknerud, Mirjam van Praag","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3041339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3041339","url":null,"abstract":"Empirical studies show low pecuniary returns of switching from wage employment to entrepreneurship. We reconsider the pecuniary gains of this switching by employing a two-stage procedure, where the randomness in the timing of inheritance transfers is used as an exclusion restriction to identify causal effects. The model is estimated on data covering the whole Norwegian population of individuals matched to the entire population of firms established in the period 2002-2011. The results indicate that the average returns to entrepreneurship are significantly negative for individuals entering entrepreneurship through self employment and modest, but significantly positive, for incorporated startups.","PeriodicalId":143238,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Employment & Wage Determination (Sub-Topic)","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134154361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}