International Journal of Social Psychiatry最新文献

{"title":"Associations Between School Victimization, Perceived Family Functioning, and Suicidal Behavior in Peruvian Adolescents.","authors":"Gianely Nikol Benites Segura, Fiorela Fernanda Tuestas Carbajal, Marlo Obed Alcántara-Obando, Tomás Caycho-Rodríguez, Julio Torales, Antonio Ventriglio","doi":"10.1177/00207640261480716","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00207640261480716","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Adolescence is considered a period of heightened risk for suicidal behavior (SB), and previous studies suggest that bullying experiences (BE) and family functioning (FF) are important associated factors. This study examined the associations of BE and FF with SB in adolescents. A total of 468 adolescents aged 12 to 17 years participated in the study (50.8% female; <i>M</i> = 14.4, <i>SD</i> = 1.6). The European Bullying Intervention Project Questionnaire (EBIPQ), the Family APGAR Questionnaire, and the abbreviated Suicidal Behavior Assessment Scale (SENTIA-Brief) were administered. School victimization was positively associated with SB with a moderate magnitude (β = .45, <i>p</i> < .001), whereas FF showed a small inverse association with SB (β = -.24, <i>p</i> < .001); together, both variables accounted for 30.3% of its variability. The two variables were also negatively related to each other (β = -.19, <i>p</i> < .01). Additional findings revealed differences according to sex and history of psychological care: males and adolescents without previous psychological care showed stronger associations between victimization and SB. The results suggest partial consistency with certain assumptions of Joiner's interpersonal theory of suicide, providing evidence that proxy contextual variables, namely victimization and family dysfunction, are associated with suicidal behavior. However, the use of indirect indicators, the cross-sectional design, and the lack of measurement of acquired capability limit the evaluation of the model as a whole and preclude the establishment of temporal directionality or causality.</p>","PeriodicalId":14304,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Social Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":"207640261480716"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148864903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identifying Risk Profiles in War-Affected Children and Adolescents: Implications for Trauma-Informed Care.","authors":"Dorota Wiśniewska-Szeplewicz, Maia Stanisławska-Kubiak, Mirosław Andrusiewicz, Halyna Katolyk, Monika Stanisławska, Roksana Malak, Ewa Mojs","doi":"10.1177/00207640261433234","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00207640261433234","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Experiences associated with war, migration, and loss can result in complex psychological challenges in children and adolescents.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>The objective of this study was to identify distinct psychological profiles related to symptoms of depression and trauma among youth of Polish, Ukrainian, and displaced backgrounds.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study involved 222 participants aged 7 to 21 years, originating from Poland, Ukraine, and a group of displaced children from Ukraine. Hierarchical cluster analysis was conducted using the ITQ-CA questionnaire, while depressive symptoms were assessed with CDI-2. The obtained clusters were compared with psychological and sociodemographic factors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The analysis identified two to three clusters with distinct symptom profiles. Cluster 1 was characterized by higher depressive symptoms and lower PTSD severity, whereas clusters 2 and 3 exhibited an opposite pattern. Factors such as age, exposure to war, loss experience, living arrangements, and interests distinguished cluster membership. Age was positively correlated with the severity of PTSD, although the degree of this relationship varied depending on the cluster. Additionally, associations were found between the frequency of healthcare utilization and the severity of psychopathological symptoms.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Children and adolescents with war-related experiences do not constitute a homogeneous group in terms of psychological symptoms. In practice, this means that a one-size-fits-all approach to diagnosis and intervention is insufficient. Instead, profiling individual symptom patterns, considering factors like age, specific trauma exposures, living situations, and even engagement in hobbies, is essential for guiding trauma-informed care. The results have significant clinical implications for designing individualized, culturally sensitive psychological interventions, ensuring that support is specifically matched to the unique needs of each child or adolescent, rather than relying on broad diagnostic categories. For instance, interventions for younger children with higher depression may focus on emotional support, while older adolescents with higher PTSD may require targeted support for complex trauma.</p>","PeriodicalId":14304,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Social Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":"1710-1721"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147627861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the Emergency Response Mental Health Support Program for Ukrainian Refugee Families in Poland.","authors":"Katarzyna Okulicz-Kozaryn, Lyubomir Sherstyuk, Anna Dzielska","doi":"10.1177/00207640261438837","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00207640261438837","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The Russian aggression on Ukraine of February 24, 2022 caused the massive influx of war refugees, mainly mothers and children, to Poland. One of the initiatives to support their mental health was undertaken in a frame of the agreement between UNICEF and the Ministry of Health.</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>This study aimed to evaluate the emergency response mental health support program on Ukrainian refugee parents' resilience, mental health and competencies to enhance children's wellbeing in the face of adversity.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The project was organized in accordance with the EDPQS model. The intervention was based on the needs and resources assessment and designed in cooperation with Ukrainian specialists. It consists of 10, 2 hr sessions implemented onsite by trained Ukrainian trainers with a group of 10 to 15 parents. The outcomes were assessed using a pretest-posttest design, with comparisons made across groups participating in the program at different but overlapping periods (<i>n</i> = 630). The anonymous questionnaire covered the key components of the program: health (HRQL-14), wellbeing (WHO-5), coping with stress (BRIEF-COPE), resilience (CD-RISC), post-traumatic growth (PTGI), and parenting practices (PRS).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significant positive changes were observed in wellbeing (<i>OR</i> = 9.2), mental and physical health (<i>OR</i> = 3.7 and <i>OR</i> = 8.8), resilience (η² = 0.10), post-traumatic growth in terms of positive self-perception (η² = 0.13), positive perception of others (η² = 0.11), and perception of new opportunities (η² = 0.11). Increase in use of constructive coping strategies and parenting practices based on child's acceptance, as well as, decrease in excessive protection, excessive demands and inconsistency in parenting were significant, too although the effect sizes were moderate.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Presented evidence suggests the <i>Add Strengths</i> program usefulness for emergent mental health support of parents affected by war. However, several factors should be taken into account when interpreting this results, including the temporality and specificity of the psychological needs of the target population, the role of trainers and methodological constraints.</p>","PeriodicalId":14304,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Social Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":"1627-1648"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147837681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Mood Episodes to Digital Signatures: Passive and Active Phenotyping of Bipolar Disorder Over Time.","authors":"Julio Torales, Marcelo O'Higgins, Iván Barrios, Antonio Ventriglio, João Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia, Alexander Smith, Michael Liebrenz","doi":"10.1177/00207640261449667","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00207640261449667","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Digital phenotyping has emerged as a promising approach to capture real-time behavioral and physiological data in individuals with bipolar disorder (BD). By integrating passive and active data streams, this approach may enable the identification of dynamic patterns associated with mood instability. However, the conceptual integration of these data into clinically meaningful digital signatures remains insufficiently defined and lacks standardized operational frameworks.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This narrative review synthesizes current evidence on digital phenotyping in BD and proposes a conceptual framework integrating passive sensing (e.g. smartphones, wearables, mobility and communication data, physiological signals) and active assessments (e.g. ecological momentary assessment, self-reported mood, cognitive tasks). The framework outlines how multimodal digital biomarkers can be analyzed using computational approaches, including machine learning and longitudinal modeling, to derive individualized digital signatures.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The proposed framework describes how continuous behavioral and physiological data can be transformed into multimodal digital biomarkers reflecting sleep-wake rhythms, motor activity, mobility patterns, social interaction dynamics, and autonomic physiology. Through multimodal data integration and personalized baselines, computational models can identify temporal deviations associated with mood changes. These individualized digital signatures capture the dynamic processes underlying mood regulation and may provide early warning signals of relapse, as well as markers of treatment response.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Digital signatures derived from integrated digital phenotyping data represent a promising step toward precision psychiatry in BD. However, this concept remains an emerging framework requiring further empirical validation and methodological standardization. This approach highlights the potential for early detection of mood instability, prediction of mood episodes, and personalized clinical decision-making. Future research should focus on validation in longitudinal clinical cohorts, standardization of methodologies, and ethical considerations related to data privacy and implementation.</p>","PeriodicalId":14304,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Social Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":"1463-1474"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147837688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early Mental Health Treatment and Domestic Violence Outcomes in Psychosis: A Population-Based Cohort Study.","authors":"Emaediong I Akpanekpo, Nabila Z Chowdhury, Armita Adily, George Karystianis, Tony Butler","doi":"10.1177/00207640261446101","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00207640261446101","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Evidence for effective interventions among individuals with psychosis who perpetrate domestic violence (DV) remains limited. In this population, justice system involvement frequently occurs during periods of inadequately managed mental health symptoms.</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>We examined whether early mental health treatment following a DV charge reduces subsequent DV reoffending among individuals with psychosis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a population-based retrospective cohort study of individuals in New South Wales, Australia, with a recorded diagnosis of psychosis who were subsequently charged with a DV offense. The primary exposure was receipt of mental health treatment within 1 month following the index DV charge. The primary outcome was time to the first subsequent DV charge. Secondary outcomes included time to first DV conviction, violent DV charge, and violent DV conviction. Time-to-event analyses were performed using competing risks regression.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>During a median follow-up of 4 years, 3,513 of 8,458 individuals (41.5%) were charged with a subsequent DV offense. Among men, early mental health treatment was associated with reduced risk across all DV outcomes, including any DV charge (adjusted sub distribution hazard ratio [sHR] 0.86, 95% CI [0.79, 0.93]), conviction (sHR 0.81, 95% CI [0.73, 0.89]), violent charge (sHR 0.83, 95% CI [0.75, 0.93]), and violent conviction (sHR 0.78, 95% CI [0.68, 0.89]). There was no evidence of an association between early treatment and DV reoffending among women.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings support integrating timely psychiatric care into DV offender management for men with psychosis, while indicating that alternative, sex-responsive strategies may be required for women with psychosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":14304,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Social Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":"1617-1626"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13569915/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147837727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychosocial and Forensic Characteristics of Adult Mental Health Patients Referred to an Australian Secure Extended Care Unit and Predictors of Acceptance.","authors":"Partha Das, Emma Robertson, Victoria Harpwood, Stephanie Tierney","doi":"10.1177/00207640261439746","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00207640261439746","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Secure extended care units (SECUs) are low-secure locked inpatient units. They are considered the most restrictive intervention within the continuum of mental health rehabilitation programmes for patients within non-forensic public mental health services. Limited information about psychosocial and forensic aspects of patients referred to such units is available.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>This study explored the psychosocial and forensic characteristics and predictors of acceptance in an Australian SECU programme over a 5-year period (2019-2023).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective study design investigated 121 consecutive referrals. The 98 first-time patient referrals were included in the main analysis. Descriptive statistics were used with non-parametric comparisons (Chi-square and Fisher exact test where appropriate). Logistic regression was undertaken to assess the influence of covariates.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Referral from an inpatient mental health setting was the only predictor that influenced acceptance onto the SECU (<i>OR</i> 3.168, 95% CI: [1.129, 8.913], <i>p</i> = .029). More than four-fifths had a forensic history. Only 14 % had a history of youth offending, but 73% had a past conviction before referral. Sixty percent had a history of Family violence and two-thirds were on Bail. Services prioritised containment and abstinence, whereas patients sought skills development and employment. Patients had least contact with a Psychologist among all allied health disciplines before referral.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The study provides evidence that the SECU is receiving patients with high forensic and psychosocial needs, which are unmet within community mental health programmes in the absence of medium and high-secure units. There is a need for a balanced approach between containment, rehabilitation, and community reintegration for this cohort.</p>","PeriodicalId":14304,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Social Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":"1796-1806"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13569903/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147874149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Scaling Interventions to Tuning Systems: Rethinking Global Mental Health Implementation.","authors":"Marianna Purgato, Orso Muneghina, Corrado Barbui","doi":"10.1177/00207640261421851","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00207640261421851","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14304,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Social Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":"1459-1462"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146180050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated Sexual Violence Victim Support Services: A Systematic Review and Comparison with South Korea's Sunflower Center System.","authors":"Seong-In Ji, Woojin Kweon, Yeeji Sung, Myungsin Chung, Kyung Hwa Lee, Jae-Won Kim","doi":"10.1177/00207640261457643","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00207640261457643","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Victims of sexual violence have better physical and mental health outcomes when appropriate support services are provided; in particular, multidisciplinary support services have been reported to be effective.</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>This review examined international models of sexual violence victim support services across medical, forensic, mental health, legal or investigative, and case management domains and compared them with South Korea's Sunflower Center System.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic literature search was conducted across five databases (Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, Ovid-MEDLINE, CINAHL, and EMBASE) with no publication start date limit, through August 25, 2022. Eligible studies included empirical reports on support services provided to victims of sexual violence, regardless of age or gender, and involving at least one type of service among medical, psychological, legal and investigative support. Studies were excluded if they focused solely on other forms of violence, evaluated treatment effectiveness, or described services without presenting original data. Three reviewers independently screened titles, abstracts, and full texts, resolving discrepancies through discussion.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 12,192 records identified, 29 studies met the inclusion criteria. The majority of service models were hospital-based (93.1%) and provided medical (96.6%) and forensic services (93.1%). Crisis mental health support was commonly available on site, whereas long-term care was provided on site or via referral pathways, with substantial variability across models. Legal and investigative support was less consistently embedded and was frequently delivered through coordination with external agencies. The Sunflower Center System provided all five core services onsite, reflecting a highly integrated service structure.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings highlight the global trend toward integrated service models and support the importance of core services, particularly medical, forensic, and mental health support, as essential components of effective victim care. Expanding access to integrated models, such as the Sunflower Center System, may help improve care for victims of sexual violence across diverse settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":14304,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Social Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":"1722-1733"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148149722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Body-Related Distress, Eating-Risk Indicators, and Minority Stress Correlates in Transgender and Gender-Diverse Adults: A Network Analysis.","authors":"Paolo Meneguzzo, Giulia Meneghini, Marina Bonato, Angela Favaro, Giulia Coran, Cristiana Aguzzi, Alberto Scala, Marina Miscioscia, Andrea Garolla","doi":"10.1177/00207640261452975","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00207640261452975","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) individuals experience elevated body-related distress and eating-related symptoms, often in the context of minority stress and variable social support. In this population, body uneasiness may reflect not only evaluative dissatisfaction but also disturbances in embodiment. However, the conditional associations linking body uneasiness, eating-related symptom indicators, internalized transphobia, and perceived social support remain insufficiently explored in clinical TGD samples.</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>To describe conditional associations among body uneasiness dimensions, eating-related symptom indicators, internalized transphobia, and perceived social support in TGD adults using a network-analytic approach.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted in 134 TGD adults attending a multidisciplinary gender clinic. Participants completed the Body Uneasiness Test (BUT), an extended seven-item SCOFF screening tool, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), and the Internalized Transphobia subscale of the Gender Minority Stress and Resilience measure. A regularized Gaussian graphical model (EBICglasso, γ = .50) was estimated to examine conditional associations among variables. Network stability and accuracy were assessed via bootstrap procedures, and bridge indices were calculated to explore connections between psychosocial and symptom domains.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Body uneasiness dimensions formed a densely connected cluster, with body image concerns, weight phobia, and depersonalization showing the highest connectivity and predictability. A relatively strong association also emerged between weight phobia and eating-related symptom indicators. Demographic variables showed limited connectivity within the network. Perceived social support dimensions clustered together and were largely peripheral to the symptom domain; family support showed a weak negative association with depersonalization. Internalized transphobia exhibited modest connectivity with body uneasiness nodes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In this clinical sample of TGD adults, body uneasiness dimensions were more strongly interconnected than psychosocial variables within the estimated network. These findings provide an exploratory description of conditional associations among body-related distress, eating-related symptom indicators, and psychosocial variables in a gender-affirming clinical context. Longitudinal studies are needed to clarify temporal relationships and clinical implications.</p>","PeriodicalId":14304,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Social Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":"1535-1544"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148101620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Caregiver Burden of Outpatients with Schizophrenia: A Post-Hoc Study Comparing Patients on Clozapine Versus Patients on Other Antipsychotics.","authors":"Elaine Di Sarno, Monica Kayo, Mario Rodrigues Louzã","doi":"10.1177/00207640261456759","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00207640261456759","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder associated with a significant burden of care. Approximately 30% of patients have treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS), characterized by persistent psychotic symptoms, being clozapine the antipsychotic of choice for these individuals.</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>To assess whether caregivers of patients on clozapine experience a higher burden of care compared to caregivers of patients on other antipsychotics.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a post-hoc analysis of a cross-sectional study. Sixty caregiver-patient dyads were included (45 on clozapine; 15 on other antipsychotics). Caregivers were assessed using the Family Burden Interview Schedule - Short Form (FBIS-SF). Patients were evaluated using the Clinical Global Impression - Schizophrenia (CGI-SCH) and the Personal and Social Performance (PSP) scales.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Patients on clozapine exhibited more severe positive symptoms (3.96 ± 1.22 vs. 2.40 ± 1.40; <i>p</i> < .001) and higher total CGI-SCH scores (13.67 ± 3.32 vs. 11.33 ± 3.52; <i>p</i> = .024). No significant differences were found in total FBIS-SF scores between the groups. In the clozapine group, caregiver burden was associated with female patient gender, lower social functioning (PSP), and receiving social benefits. In the non-clozapine group, an earlier age of onset correlated with increased burden.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Despite greater clinical severity in the clozapine group, the overall burden was comparable to the non-clozapine group, suggesting that clozapine treatment may help stabilize the impact on families. Factors such as female gender, low functioning, and receiving social benefits (a proxy for illness severity) are correlated with specific burden domains. Due to the small size of the non-clozapine subgroup, these associations should be interpreted with caution.</p>","PeriodicalId":14304,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Social Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":"1545-1554"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148225247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}