International Journal of Pharmacology最新文献

{"title":"Adropin Alleviates High-Glucose-Induced Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis In Vitro via the Modulation of Mitophagy and Mitochondrial Dynamics","authors":"Mao null Liu, Pengfei null Chen, Siliang null Wang, Gang null Zeng, Zhan null Lv","doi":"10.31083/ijp46592","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31083/ijp46592","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Objective: Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DbCM) is a serious complication of diabetes. Adropin (ADR), a 76-amino acid peptide encoded by the Energy homeostasis associated (Enho) gene, plays a crucial role in energy homeostasis. However, the effects of (Enho) on cardiomyocytes (CMs) apoptosis under hyperglycemic conditions and the associated mechanisms remain poorly understood. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the protective effects of ADR against high glucose-induced CM apoptosis and elucidate the underlying mechanisms involving mitophagy and mitochondrial dynamics. Materials and Methods: Neonatal rat CMs were cultured in vitro and divided into three groups: control (CMs), high glucose condition (HGLc; CMs + HGLc), and HGLc with ADR treatment (CMs + HGLc + ADR). Cell viability was assessed using the MTT assay, while apoptosis was quantified by flow cytometry. Lysosomal activity was evaluated via fluorescent probes, and autophagic flux was measured using the monomeric Red Fluorescent Protein-enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein-Microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (mRFP-eGFP-LC3) dual-fluorescence system. The expression of Proteins invoved in mitophagy and mitochondrial dynamics was analyzed by Western blotting. Results: High glucose exposure significantly reduced CM viability, increased apoptosis, and impaired mitochondrial membrane potential and autophagy (p < 0.05 vs. the controls group). These effects were accompanied by downregulation of sequestosome 1 (p62), PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1), Parkin, Mitofusin 1 (Mfn1), and Mitofusin 2 (Mfn2), and upregulation of Dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) . ADR treatment attenuated these abnormalities, restoring viability, reducing apoptosis, and improving mitochondrial function and autophagy (p < 0.05 vs. CMs + HGLc group). Notably, ADR upregulated p62, PINK1, Parkin, Mfn1 and Mfn2 while suppressing Drp1 expression (p < 0.05 vs CMs + HGLc group). Conclusion: ADR mitigates high glucose-induced CMs apoptosis by enhancing mitophagy and restoring mitochondrial dynamics, suggesting that ADR treatment offers therapeutic potential for DbCM.","PeriodicalId":14222,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"21 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://storage.imrpress.com/IMR/2003028614451400700/application/1812-5700-21-8-46592.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147917323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ACE/ACE2 Steady State: A Novel Mechanism of Rosmarinic Acid in Alcohol-Associated Gastric Ulcer","authors":"T. Luo, X Zhang, Zhi-qiang null Zheng, Tao null Zeng, F Y Li, Li-hong null Wan, Zhi-hui null Yi, Li Zhu","doi":"10.31083/ijp47086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31083/ijp47086","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The local inhibition of the gastric renin angiotensin system (RAS) has emerged as a pivotal therapeutic target in treating gastric ulcers. Rosmarinic acid (RA), a medically significant herb belonging to the category of water-soluble polyphenolic compounds, exhibits notable antiulcer properties. Our previous research has demonstrated that the anti-ferroptosis effect of RA in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced septic acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) depends on the RAS. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the underlying mechanism through which RA mitigates ethanol-induced gastric ulcers in mice. Methods: Gastric tissue samples were collected from patients with gastric ulcers to perform RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and bioinformatics analyses. Moreover, the gastric ulcer mouse model was induced through a single gavage of absolute ethanol at a dose of 0.1 mL/10 g. Before induction, mice were orally administered RA at doses of 4 and 20 mg/kg, or esomeprazole 3.03 mg/kg (as a reference drug), for a duration of 5 days. The anti-gastric ulcer effects were assessed through histopathological evaluations and Western blot analysis. Results: The RNA-seq data and bioinformatic insights revealed that the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)/angiotensin (Ang) 2 converting enzyme (ACE2) balance may constitute a novel mechanism in alcohol-related gastric ulcer, which RA modulates. A total of six overlapping targets related to both RA and gastric ulcers were identified. Among them, matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP1), matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP3), and A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase with a Thrombospondin type 1 motif, type 4 (ADAMTS4) presented low binding energy with RA and formed a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network with ACE and ACE2. In vivo experiments further substantiated that RA conferred gastric protection by restoring the ACE/ACE2 balance and upregulating GPX4 expression. Conclusions: RA might be a potential gastroprotective agent by suppressing RAS-related ferroptosis in the gastric tissues.","PeriodicalId":14222,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"21 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147330509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Pharmacokinetic Effects and Drug-Drug Interaction of Atorvastatin With Danshensu in Rats","authors":"Yibin Mei, Feifei null Chen, Jingjing null Guan, Q Zhang, Abdullah null Al Mamun, Quan null Zhou, Peiwu Geng, Shuanghu null Wang, Yunfang null Zhou","doi":"10.31083/ijp45265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31083/ijp45265","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Objective: Danshensu and atorvastatin are employed in the management of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) to lower blood lipid levels and dilate blood vessels. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the potential pharmacokinetic interaction between danshensu and atorvastatin in rats. Materials and Methods: Chromatography was performed using a CORTECST UPLC C18 column (2.1 × 1.5 mm, 1.6 μm) at a temperature of 40 °C. Acetonitrile and water were combined in the mobile phase at a rate of 0.4 mL/min via gradient elution. The methodology was validated under the guidance of the FDA and EMA literature. A total of 12 Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly assigned into two groups: the experimental group (treated with 150 mg/kg/day danshensu) and the control group (treated with 0.5% CMC-Na). Atorvastatin 10 mg/kg was administered after two weeks. The proposed method meets all the standards of bioanalysis technology verification. Results: Compared to the control group, the experimental group exhibited significant differences in the area under the curve (AUC), t1/2, CLz/F, and Cmax (p < 0.05). The AUC, Cmax, and t1/2 of the experimental group were higher, yet the clearance rate was significantly slowed. Conclusions: This technique was effectively utilized to investigate the pharmacokinetic interaction between danshensu and atorvastatin in rats, which may be of significant clinical importance and contribute to the rationalization of clinical medicine, ultimately facilitating individualized administration.","PeriodicalId":14222,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"21 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://storage.imrpress.com/IMR/2000844299529457700/application/1812-5700-21-8-45265.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147883142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of the Role and Mechanism of Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Siebold in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis Through Comprehensive Bioinformatic and Experimental Analyses","authors":"Qian Wu, Jia Zeng, Yixiang Wu, Guanxi Lai, Xiaoshan Zheng, Yu Ding, Huan Li, Hongwei Shao, Song Liu","doi":"10.31083/ijp45792","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31083/ijp45792","url":null,"abstract":"Background: This study aimed to investigate the main active ingredients and potential mechanism of action of Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Siebold (EA), a traditional Chinese medicine that is used to alleviate symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods: Potential targets of EA and related pathways in the treatment of RA were identified using the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology (TCMSP) database and analysis tools, SymMap, GeneCards, Swiss Target Prediction database, Metascape, and molecular docking. The anti-inflammatory effect of the predicted core active ingredient in EA was validated using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages in vitro. Results: The main active ingredients in EA that are influential in the treatment of RA are likely to be flavonoids and polyphenols, such as kaempferol, quercetin, baicalein, wogonin, and oroxylin A. These active ingredients may target AKT1, BCL2, IGF1R, SRC, PTGS2, and EGFR to affect the NF-κB, mTOR, and related signaling pathways, as determined by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Ontology (GO) analyses. Meanwhile, the molecular docking results suggested that these active ingredients most likely target AKT1, BCL-2, and PTGS-2. Experimental studies have shown that the EA active ingredient, baicalein, can suppress macrophage proliferation, TNF-α expression, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Conclusion: The active ingredients in EA may target AKT, BCL-2, and PTGS-2 to mediate the regulation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in RA treatment.","PeriodicalId":14222,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"21 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147877453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Topotecan-Mediated Effects on Immune Function and Survival Rate in a Nude Mouse Model of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer via the PTEN/PI3K/GSK-3β Pathway","authors":"Chong Tian, M Z Li, Wang Li, Haipeng Yu","doi":"10.31083/ijp44200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31083/ijp44200","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Objective: Topotecan (TPT) is a novel class of anti-tumor drugs known for its broad-spectrum anti-cancer activity and low toxicity. This study aimed to investigate the potential mechanisms through which TPT mediates the phosphatase and tensin homolog/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/glycogen synthase kinase-3β (PTEN/PI3K/GSH-3β) signaling pathway to affect survival and tumor growth in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) xenograft nude mice. Materials and Methods: A NSCLC nude mouse model was fabricated by subcutaneously injecting H1993 human NSCLC cells into the right axillary fossa. The mice were treated with cisplatin (DDP) and 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg of TPT. Tumor volume changes were monitored and assessments were performed on organ indices, immune function, tumor cell apoptosis, survival rates (SRs) and protein levels of components involved in the PTEN/PI3K/GSK-3β pathway in tumor tissues. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) or Chi-square tests were conducted using SPSS 23.0 to compare intergroup differences. Results: The SRs of nude mice treated with DDP and TPT markedly increased, with high-dose TPT treatment showing a drastically superior SR to DDP (p < 0.05). As the dose of TPT increased, the tumor volumes in the mice decreased markedly, and the indices of the thymus and spleen notably increased. Among T lymphocyte subsets, the proportion of CD4+ cells and the CD4+/CD8+ ratio increased, while the proportion of CD8+ cells decreased. Serum levels of interleukin-4, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interferon-γ increased. The apoptosis rate of tumor cells increased, and the relative expression level of PTEN in tumor tissue increased, whereas the levels of p-PI3K, p-PI3K/PI3K ratio, p-GSK-3β, and p-GSK-3β/GSK-3 ratio decreased (p < 0.05). Conclusion: TPT dose-dependently inhibited NSCLC growth by modulating T-cell subsets, enhancing immune function, and exerting antitumor effects through the PTEN/PI3K/GSK-3β pathway. The high-dose group (2.0 mg/kg) demonstrated superior efficacy compared to the cisplatin and low-dose groups, validating the importance of concentration gradient design in determining the optimal therapeutic window.","PeriodicalId":14222,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"21 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://storage.imrpress.com/IMR/IJP44200/application/1812-5700-21-6-44200.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147908938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of Metoprolol-Loaded Poly(Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid)–Poly (Trimethylene Carbonate)–Poly(Glycolic Acid) Drug-Eluting Stents for Coronary Heart Disease","authors":"Rongrong Lu, Aimaitijiang Maimaiti, Tuohetiajimu Abudureheman","doi":"10.31083/ijp44208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31083/ijp44208","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Objective: Drug-eluting stents (DES) have become a crucial strategy for improving the outcomes of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). This work aimed to evaluates the therapeutic efficacy of metoprolol-loaded poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)–poly(trimethylene carbonate)–poly (glycolic acid) (PLGA–PTMC–PGA) DES (Meto-PLGA/PTMC DES) in a rabbit model of CAD. Methods: A total of 30 New Zealand white rabbits (male, weighing 4–6 kg) were randomly divided into three groups: Sham group (chest suturing without intervention), Model group (CAD animal model without DES), and stent group (treatment with the Meto-PLGA/PTMC DES). The blood samples were collected at regular intervals to assess the serum inflammatory markers, cardiac function parameters, hemodynamic parameters and coronary remodeling. Statistical analysis was performed using One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by a post hoc Tukey’s test to compare the differences between groups (p < 0.05 indicated statistically significance). Results: The Meto-PLGA/PTMC DES, through its unique co-polymer structure, achieved stable Meto loading in vivo. This stent enabled the gradual release of Meto, thus maintaining sustained drug concentrations and optimizing CAD treatment. The animal experiment results indicated that the sent group (Meto-loaded DES) exhibited markedly lower levels of interleukin-8 (IL-8), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) relative to the model group (p < 0.05). In terms of cardiac function, compared with the model group, the stent group exhibited significantly elevated left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP), ±dp/dtmax, arterial systolic blood pressure (BPs), and diastolic blood pressure (BPd), along with a marked reduction in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) compared with the model group (p < 0.05). The coronary tissue morphology in the stent group revealed notably reduced intimal thickness, intimal area and degree of stenosis versus the Model group, with a prominent increase in lumen area (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The Meto-PLGA/PTMC DES not only effectively provides sustained drug release and exhibits superior mechanical properties and excellent blood compatibility. Animal experiments further validated the crucial role of the Meto-PLGA/PTMC DES in reducing inflammatory responses, improving cardiac function and alleviating coronary artery stenosis.","PeriodicalId":14222,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"21 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.imrpress.com/journal/IJP/21/5/10.31083/IJP44208/pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147919559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Honey-Processed Chelidonium majus L. Ameliorates OVA-Induced Allergic Asthma Through Energy Metabolism and Inflammation Regulation","authors":"Renguang Wang, Xintong Sui, Xin Dong, Liming Hu, Zhimeng Li, Guoxin Ji, Shumin Wang","doi":"10.31083/ijp44196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31083/ijp44196","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Objective: Allergic asthma, a chronic respiratory illness, presents a significant healthcare burden. Honey-processed Chelidonium majus L. (HC), a traditional herbal formula, has shown promise as an anti-asthmatic treatment. However, the underlying mechanisms for these properties remain elusive. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the therapeutic potential and mechanisms of HC in a rat model of ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma. Materials and Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to Control, Model (asthma), Dexamethasone (positive control), low-, medium-, and high-dose HC groups (n = 8). Lung histopathology, serum inflammatory marker (interleukin (IL)-10, IL-13 ,and IL-1β), serum metabolomics, and transcriptomic analyses were employed to assess the effects of HC on airway inflammation, mucus hypersecretion, and related metabolic and gene expression profiles. Results: HC treatment alleviated histological lung injury in asthmatic rats, downregulated the levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-13 and IL-1β), while upregulating the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Metabolomic analysis revealed 46 metabolic biomarkers while the transcriptome analysis identified 754 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the Model and Control groups. Moreover, 35 metabolites were reversed and 273 DEGs were identified following high-dose HC treatment. Integration analysis manifested that 7 DEGs and 11 metabolites were associated with several enriched metabolic pathways, including amino acid metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, glycometabolism, organic acid metabolism, and nucleotide metabolism. Conclusion: HC treatment ameliorates OVA-induced asthma in rats by regulating the expression of specific genes to restore metabolic homeostasis and suppress inflammation. This study provides valuable insights into the therapeutic potential and mechanisms of HC for asthma treatment.","PeriodicalId":14222,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"21 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.imrpress.com/journal/IJP/21/4/10.31083/IJP44196/pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147879475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanism of Quercetin Mediating PI3K/Akt/mTOR Pathway in Alleviating Cerebral Vascular Stenosis Caused by Vascular Endothelial Cell Injury","authors":"Lei Wang, Nanliang Fu, Xichang Liu","doi":"10.3923/ijp.2025.391.400","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3923/ijp.2025.391.400","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14222,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"21 3","pages":"391-400"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147890695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<b>Mechanism of Ganoderma lucidum Polysaccharides Mediating NF-κB Signaling Pathway-Related Proteins Alleviating Post- Anesthesia Inflammation in Retinal Cells</b>","authors":"Na Li","doi":"10.3923/ijp.2024.1488.1500","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3923/ijp.2024.1488.1500","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Objective: Post-anesthesia inflammation in retinal cells is a remarkable ocular complication that could lead to vision issues. This study was aimed to investigate the mechanism of action of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides (GIP), a naturally derived extract, on the inflammatory response of retinal cells. Materials and Methods: The GIPs were extracted and the total sugar content was determined by the phenol-sulfuric acid method, with reducing sugar content assessed using the DNS method. In vivo experiments, 50 Sprague-Dawley rats were selected to establish a model of post-anesthesia retinal cell inflammation and were divided into control, model and three GIP treatment groups (treated with 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg of GIP, respectively). Comparative analyses included retinal electrophysiological examinations, retinal thickness measurements and evaluation of inflammatory factors. In vitro experiments, retinal cells were cultured to analyze the expression level (EL) of Bcl-2, Bax and Caspase-3 in various groups. The PCR analysis was performed to determine the relative mRNA ELs of NF-κB, LOX-1, TRAF-6 and TLR-4 in the various groups. Results: The cold-water immersion method yielded consistent GIP extraction rates around 39%, with negligible differences (p>0.05). In vivo, GIP treatment significantly increased a-wave and b-wave amplitudes in retinal electrophysiology compared to the model group, showing dose dependency (p<0.05). The GIP administration also decreased inflammatory factors (VEGF, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, ICAM-1 and IL-18) in rat serum and inhibited retinal cell apoptosis. In vitro, GIP treatment reduced mRNA expression levels of NF-κB, TLR-4 and TRAF-6, indicating its potential to mitigate inflammation and promote cell survival (p<0.05). Conclusion: The cold-water immersion methodology is effective in extracting GIPs with repeatability and reliability. The natural extract of GIPs dramatically inhibits the inflammation of post-anesthesia retinal cells, potentially involving the modulation of the NF-κB signaling.","PeriodicalId":14222,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"20 8","pages":"1488-1500"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://storage.imrpress.com/imr/journal/IJP/article/522722/1752884945243.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147902981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the Herb-Drug Interaction Between Danhong Injection and Dapagliflozin in Rats","authors":"Yuxian Lin, Huijun Shang, Jinhui Wang, Fengdong Zhao, Xinxin Yang, Zhennan Li, Yuanying Zhu, Qinghua Wen, Hui Xu, Yingcong Yu","doi":"10.3923/ijp.2024.1457.1465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3923/ijp.2024.1457.1465","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Objective: Danhong injection (DHI) and Dapagliflozin (DAPA) cured diabetes and coronary heart disease and metabolized via the liver. The study observed the possible interaction of DHI and DAPA in vivo. Materials and Methods: The rats were divided into six groups: DAPA alone and co-administered with low/high-dose DHI for 7 days and DHI alone and co-administered with low/high-dose DAPA. The blood samples were collected at different times. The plasma concentrations of DAPA and salvianolic acid B (SAB), an ingredient in DHI, were analyzed. The rat liver microsomes (RLMs) investigate the UGT1A9 activity and protein concentration in the metabolism of DAPA and DHI. Results: The major PKs of DAPA, including AUC(0-t), CLz/F, Vz/F and Tmax, were significantly influenced by co-administration DHI. Conversely, the primary PKs of SAB, including AUC(0-t), AUC(0-4), Tmax, CLz/F, Vz/F and Cmax, were remarkable differences between DHI alone and co-administration DAPA. In the RLMs, low-dose DHI was a significant inhibitor of DAPA in UGT1A9 activity. There were no apparent changes in the protein concentration with RLMs in groups. Conclusion: The findings elucidated that there were partial differences in PK properties of DHI and SAB among groups, with a slight influence on the UGT1A9 activity. Increasing the amount of DHI resulted in a weakening of the effect of DAPA. The SAB changes may be induced by compounds of DHI with CYP-related and self-metabolism.","PeriodicalId":14222,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"20 8","pages":"1457-1465"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://storage.imrpress.com/imr/journal/IJP/article/522711/1752884912304.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147879106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}