International journal of industrial entomology最新文献

{"title":"Screening of Domestic Silkworm Strains for Efficient Heterologous Protein Expression by Bombyx mori Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (BmNPV)","authors":"S. Jo, Ji‐Hyun Choi, Ju-Il Kang, Jae-hwan Lim, Y. Seok, J. M. Lee, T. Kusakabe, S. Hong","doi":"10.7852/IJIE.2014.29.2.185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7852/IJIE.2014.29.2.185","url":null,"abstract":"Sun Jung Jo et al. Screening of Domestic Silkworm Strains for Efficient Heterologous Protein Expression by Bombyx mori Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (BmNPV) 186 187 strains screened were highly permissive to BmNPV. Materials and Methods Preparation of recombinant baculovirus In this study, a previously constructed (Kawakami et al., 2008) recombinant BmNPV strain, expressing a luciferase reporter gene, was used (Fig. 1). In order to insert the luciferase gene downstream of the polyhedrin promoter of pFastBac1 (Invitrogen, Grand Island, NY, USA), the luciferase gene was amplified from pFastBac1BmActin3 (Lee et al., 2007) using a forward primer 5’-GAGCTCATGGAAGATGCCAAAAA-3’ containing a SacI restriction site and a reverse primer 5’-CCGCCCTTCTTGGCCTTAATGAGA-3’ and then digested with SacI (Takara Bio Inc., Japan). The pFastBac1 was digested with NotI (Takara Bio Inc., Japan), blunt-ended by T4 DNA polymerase (Takara Bio Inc., Japan), and further digested with SacI. The resultant pFastBac1 vector was ligated to the PCR fragment digested by SacI, using T4 DNA ligase (Takara Bio Inc., Japan). BmDH10Bac cells were transformed with the donor vector pFastBac1polH-Luc (Motohashi et al., 2005) by Tn7 transposase-mediated transposition. The recombinant BmNPV/ BmA3-Luc bacmid was isolated with the alkaline lysis method and used for transfection of BmN4 cells (1.5×10 5 cells) by using the FuGENE HD transfection reagent (Promega, Madison, WI, USA). BmN4 cells were then incubated at 25°C in TNM-FH insect medium (Wilgene, Korea) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Gibco, Grand Island, NY, USA) for 4 days, after which the supernatant was collected and stored at 4°C after three iterations to achieve final viral titers of 0.5 × 10 5 plaque-forming units (pfu) per milliliter. Silkworms and inoculation The experimental silkworm larvae comprised the larvae of 52 strains and, as a control strain, the F1 hybrid strain 125 × 126 (a certified strain used by farmers during summer and fall), supplied by the Gyeongsangbuk-do and the Kangwon-do Foundation Original Seed Production Center (Sericulture and Entomology Experiment Station), respectively. Details regarding these 52 silkworm strains are described in the National Academy (Dartar et al., 1993; Jarvis et al., 2008), plant (Sterling, 1989; Kusnadi et al., 1997), and insect systems (Maiorella et al., 1988; Morrow, 2007), are available. In these organisms, insect larvae expression systems (Mathavan et al., 1995; Sumathy et al., 1996) as well as insect cells (Possee, 1997; Kost et al., 1999) are among the most widely used systems for the routine production of recombinant proteins. The most commonly used vector systems for recombinant protein expression in insects are baculoviruses such as Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV) and Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus (BmNPV), which display host specificity for infection (Mori et al., 1995; Motohashi et al., 2005). The use of insect larvae and pupae as b","PeriodicalId":14140,"journal":{"name":"International journal of industrial entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82747876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Physiological Active Substance Extracted from Silkworm Fece","authors":"Wan-Taek Ju, Kee-Young Kim, Gyoo-Byung Sung, Yong‐Soon Kim","doi":"10.7852/IJIE.2014.29.2.179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7852/IJIE.2014.29.2.179","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14140,"journal":{"name":"International journal of industrial entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86616820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hybridization and Use Of Grapes as an Oviposition Substrate Improves the Adaptation of Olive Fly Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) (Diptera: Tephritidae) to Artificial Rearing Conditions","authors":"Sohel Ahmad, V. Wornoayporn, P. Rempoulakis, E. Fontenot, I. Haq, C. Cáceres, H. Paulus, M. Vreysen","doi":"10.7852/IJIE.2014.29.2.198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7852/IJIE.2014.29.2.198","url":null,"abstract":"The olive fly Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) is the key pest for olive cultivation worldwide. Substantial effort has been invested in the development of the sterile insect technique (SIT) to control this pest. One of the limitations to develop SIT technology for olive fruit fly is the low ability of wild females to lay eggs in other medium than olive fruits, and their slow adaptation to oviposition in artificial substrates. In the present study, fruit grapes were used as an alternative egg collection medium to harvest eggs and young larvae from freshly colonized wild strains originating from France, Italy, Spain and Croatia. The larvae were allowed to develop into the fruits until the second instar, before they were extracted out and further reared on a standard artificial diet. Furthermore, F1 to F4 female flies were alternatively offered wax bottles to oviposit. Finally, the performance of hybrid strains created from crosses between wild and long colonised flies was assessed. The results showed that females of all 4 wild strains readily oviposited eggs in grapes and from the F2 generation onward, females from all strains were adapted to laying eggs in wax bottles. No difference was observed in eggs and pupae production among all strains tested. The findings are discussed for their implications on SIT application against olive fruit fly.","PeriodicalId":14140,"journal":{"name":"International journal of industrial entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81112401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antibody derived from insect glycosaminoglycan","authors":"M. Ahn, Jae‐Sam Hwang, H. Yoon, E. Yun","doi":"10.7852/IJIE.2014.29.2.214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7852/IJIE.2014.29.2.214","url":null,"abstract":"We prepared antibodies from insect glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and assayed the titer. Nine polyclonal antibodies against insect GAGs were raised for development of an ELISA in biological fluids (mice serum). The 3th booster collection of antiserum of BALB/c mice as a primarily antibody was assayed for titer determination by ELISA method. In sandwich ELISA of GAGs derived from Isaria sinclairii or other insects, antiserum from insect GAGs gave satisfactory results for so potent antibody(100: 1 ∼ 1000:1) raising (manufacturing) agent in range of 10 ng/ml.","PeriodicalId":14140,"journal":{"name":"International journal of industrial entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77824222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimal Conditions for the Expression of Glycoprotein E2 of Classical Swine Fever Virus using Baculovirus in Insect Cells","authors":"S. Bae, Seung Hee Lee, W. S. Kwak, Y. Ahn, T. Shin, S. Woo","doi":"10.7852/IJIE.2014.29.2.207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7852/IJIE.2014.29.2.207","url":null,"abstract":"The structural proteins of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) consist of nucleocapsid protein C and envelope glycoprotein E rns (E0), E1 and E2. Among them, E2, the most immunogenic of the CSFV glycoproteins, induces a protective immune response in swine. In this study, to determine the optimal expression conditions of glycoprotein E2 using baculovirus system, we investigated the influence of insect cells and media to the expression of recombinant E2. Recombinant virus containing glycoprotein E2 coding gene was constructed with bApGOZA DNA. Expression of the glycoprotein E2 was analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis using anti-CSFV E2 monoclonal antibodies. Expression of glycoprotein E2 in Sf21 cells was first observed after 3 days and reached a maximum on the 5th day after infection. Furthermore, the highest levels of glycoprotein E2 expression were observed at multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 5. When three different insect cell lines (Sf21, High-Five and Se301) were tested, High-Five cells showed the highest production. In addition, four different serum-free and serum-supplemented media, respectively, were tested for the expression of glycoprotein E2 and the budded virus (BV) titers. As a result, serum-supplemented medium provided the best conditions for protein production and the BV yield.","PeriodicalId":14140,"journal":{"name":"International journal of industrial entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82944460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic Diversity and Phylogenetic Relationships among Microsporidian Isolates from the Indian Tasar Silkworm, Antheraea mylitta, as Revealed by RAPD Fingerprinting Technique","authors":"W. Hassan, B. S. Nath","doi":"10.7852/IJIE.2014.29.2.169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7852/IJIE.2014.29.2.169","url":null,"abstract":"Wazid Hassan and B. Surendra Nath Genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships among microsporidians isolates from the Indian tasar silkworm...... 170 171 Materials and Methods Origin of microsporidian isolates. Twenty two microsporidians were collected from individual infected tasar silkmoths of A. mylitta during the survey conducted from 2010 to 2013 in different geographic reserved forests areas (districts of Giridih, Deoghar, Dumka, Dhanbad, Kharshawan, Chaibasha, WestSinghbhum, East-Singhbhum and Ranchi in Jharkhand State, India (Fig. 1 and Table 1). Microsporidian spores were isolated from infected tasar silkmoths by maceration and suspended them in 0.85% NaCl followed by filtration through cheese cloth and centrifugation at 3500 r/min for 10 min. The spore pellet was Percoll purified by gradient centrifugation as described by Undeen and Alger (1971). Each of the purified microsporidian isolates were maintained in vivo in isolation, through per oral inoculation and designated as MIJ-1sG, MIJ-2bG, MIJ-3gG, MIJ-4mG, MIJ-1jD, MIJ-2pD, MIJ-3sD, MIJ-4cD, MIJ-5mD, MIJ-1kDm, MIJ-1gDn, MIJ-1bR, MIJ-2pR, MIJ-3rR, MIJ-1kK, MIJ-1gC, MIJ-1cWS, MIJ-2mWS, MIJ-3gWS, MIJ-4nWS, MIJ-1cES and MIJ-2dES along with type species NIK-1s_mys. The details of microsporidian isolates, places of collection, host, shape and size are presented in Table 1. Measurement of spore length and width. The morphology of purified spores was observed under phase contrast microscope. The length and width of spores were measured according to the method of Undeen and Vavra (1997). Fresh spores were spread in water agar on glass micro-slides and measured using an At present, tasar silk production has increased considerably; but even after there is huge gap in the production and demand. The important reasons for the low production are attributed to traditional rearing on trees in a natural habitat, which exposes the larvae to a number of diseases caused by microbial pathogens apart from the natural calamities. As tasar silkworm rearing is outdoor in nature, it is affected by several diseases viz., microsporidiosis, virosis, bacteriosis and muscardine. The crop loss in tasar culture due to silkworm diseases varies from 40 50% (Sing et al. 2011). The disease caused by the microsporidian, Nosema bombycis is the most devastating in tasar silkworms and inflicts severe cocoon crop loss and passed onto the next generation transovarially. Microsporidia are a diverse group of spore-forming obligate intracellular parasites including more than 1300 formally described species in 160 genera (Wittner and Weiss 1999, Keeling 2009). Microsporidia are unique eukaryotes, which do not possess centrioles, and mitochondrial apparatus, although nuclei are present in distinct number (Vossbrinck and Woese 1986, Vossbrinck et al. 1987). These parasites infect a wide range of invertebrates and vertebrates including insects, fishes, mammals and protists (Wittner and Weiss 1999, Wasson and Peper 2000, Weiss 20","PeriodicalId":14140,"journal":{"name":"International journal of industrial entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79155130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Analysis of Likability of Insects in Korea","authors":"S. Bae, Young-Soon Jun, T. Shin, S. Woo","doi":"10.7852/IJIE.2014.29.2.193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7852/IJIE.2014.29.2.193","url":null,"abstract":"Sung Min Bae et al. Likability of Insects 194 195 classified into several groups according to participants’ gender, age, residence, and previous experience in insect-related events.","PeriodicalId":14140,"journal":{"name":"International journal of industrial entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78515066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantitative Analysis of 1-Deoxynojirimycin Content Using Silkworm Genetic Resources","authors":"Wan-Taek Ju, Kee-Young Kim, Gyoo-Byung Sung, Yong‐Soon Kim","doi":"10.7852/IJIE.2014.29.2.162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7852/IJIE.2014.29.2.162","url":null,"abstract":"1-Deoxynojirimycin(1-DNJ or DNJ), a component in silkworm powder, prevents glucose from being absorbed into the bloodstream from the small intestine by inhibiting -glucosidase activity. This study compared the functional components of 1-DNJ from various silkworm species using a gene database with those of 1-DNJ produced by silkworms bred through cross-combinations. We utilized comparisons of geographical origins and species of silkworms using a gene database and discovered that 1-DNJ activity was ranked in the following order by species, Japanese (SK-1) > Chinese (C48) > European (Rock191). 1-DNJ constituted varying percentages of silkworm organs in the following order, blood > epithelial tissue > body fat > silk glands. With regard to sex, 1-DNJ, levels were higher in males than females. However, 1-DNJ levels with respect to various genetic traits (blood color, silk color, and egg color) were consistent. In order to study 1-DNJ changes that occurred during cross breeding of the silkworm gene, we bred cross-combinations utilizing SK-1 and C48 silkworms. In conclusion, in order to provide information about the constituents of functional materials contained in silkworm powder, it is imperative that silkworm cross breeding occurs so that the database of functional materials extracted from silkworms will expand.","PeriodicalId":14140,"journal":{"name":"International journal of industrial entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90142733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temperature-Dependent Development of the Swallowtail Butterfly, Sericinus montela Gray","authors":"Seong‐Jin Hong, Sunyoung Kim, Nergui Ravzanaadii, Kyoungha Han, Seonghyun Kim, N. Kim","doi":"10.7852/IJIE.2014.29.2.153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7852/IJIE.2014.29.2.153","url":null,"abstract":"Seong-Jin Hong et al. Characteristics of the swallowtail butterfly 154 155 sequestration in the body (Omura et al., 2006). For instance, larvae secrete odoriferous fluid from their defensive glands (osmeteria), which contain five of the eight aristolochic acid compounds found in the host, A. debilis (Nishida, 1995). S. montela is dimorphic at the adult stage, which is characteristic of primitive insects. In the wild, it is simple to distinguish males and females by the color of their wings. Male wings are bright beige, whereas females have dark brown wings that are described as a melanized pattern (Nam et al., 1998), which has not yet been proven. Like most other butterflies, S. montela adults are solitary in behavior. Females lay clutches containing dozens to a hundred eggs on the stems or leaves of the host plant (Shin, 1974). After 5–8 d, larvae hatch from the eggs in a group and pass through five instars with a total developmental time of 16–21 d, depending on the ambient thermal environment and availability of host plants in Korea. Adults survive for about two weeks after pupae metamorphogenesis, which takes 10–12 d unless they enter diapause for overwintering. Taken together, adult emergence takes approximately one month, and completion of the full life cycle lasts up to about 50 d in the field. However, Russian subspecies take 16–19 d for the adult to develop at 20–25°C in the laboratory (Monastyrskiy and Kotlobay, 1995). Therefore, S. montela is multivoltine, emerging two or three times a year on average in Korea (Shin, 1974; Kim and Lee, 1992; Nam et al., 1998). The habitat of S. montela in the Gwangneung area, one of the most important sites for insect conservation in Korea, was investigated for a long period of time from 1932 to 2004 (Shin, 1974; Byun et al., 2005). Swallowtail emergence was observed three times a year from 1960 to 1962 (Shin, 1974). Since then, the population has decreased rapidly until only a single male was observed in April 2004, despite the presence of 148 species (67.0% of the S. Korea butterfly fauna) listed in Gwangneung Forest (Byun et al., 2005). As a part of the ecosystem, the world’s human population has continuously increased, and it predominantly occupies most of the earth while simultaneously destroying or fragmenting natural habitats, which threatens worldwide biodiversity (Fahrig, 2003; Kim, 2010). Global warming caused by the greenhouse effect is a pernicious threat to swallowtails (Collins and Morris, 1985; Collins, 1991), and many species, including S. montela, are facing environmental challenges or further threats. Particularly, because S. montela habitats are intimately associated with human-occupied areas, the species is exposed to additional variety of butterfly specimens, especially swallowtails, have been on display all over the world, and live butterflies are exhibited in indoor gardens and museums for educational and aesthetic purposes. A representative flight mode of butterflies is flutteri","PeriodicalId":14140,"journal":{"name":"International journal of industrial entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73483606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differential Level of Host Gene Expression Associated with Nucleopolyhedrovirus Infection in Silkworm Races of Bombyx mori","authors":"G. Lekha, Esvaran Vijayagowri, Sasibhushan Sirigineedi, V. Sivaprasad, K. Ponnuvel","doi":"10.7852/IJIE.2014.29.2.145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7852/IJIE.2014.29.2.145","url":null,"abstract":"The variation in the level of immune response related gene expression in silkworm, Bombyx mori following infection with Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) was analyzed at different time intervals. The occlusion bodies of BmNPV orally inoculated to the two most divergent silkworm races viz., Sarupat (resistant to BmNPV infection) and CSR2 (susceptible to BmNPV infection) were subjected to oral BmNPV inoculation. The expression profile of gp41 gene of BmNPV in the Sarupat and CSR2 races revealed that the virus could invade the midguts of both susceptible and resistant races. However, its multiplication was significantly less in the midgut of resistant race, while, in the susceptible race, the viral multiplication reached maximum level within 12 h. These findings indicate that potential host genes are involved in the inhibition of viral multiplication within larval midgut. The immune response genes arylphorin, cathepsin B, gloverin, lebocin, serpin, Hsp 19.9, Hsp 20.1, Hsp 20.4, Hsp 20.8, Hsp 21.4, Hsp 23.7, Hsp 40, Hsp 70, Hsp90 revealed differential level of expression on NPV infection. The gloverin, serpin, Hsp 23.7 and Hsp 40 genes are significantly up-regulated in the resistant race after NPV infection. The early up-regulation of these genes suggests that these genes could play an important role in baculovirus resistance in the silkworm, B. mori. 29(2), 145-152","PeriodicalId":14140,"journal":{"name":"International journal of industrial entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80175289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}