{"title":"Changing Trends in China’s Inequality","authors":"T. Sicular, Shi Li, Ximing Yue, H. Sato","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190077938.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190077938.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines the major trends in Chinese household incomes and inequality from 2007 to 2013 and highlights key, cross-cutting findings from the book as a whole. It begins with an overview of economic and policy developments during the period and of data and measurement issues. It reports the central estimates of China’s national income inequality, with comparisons to other studies. The chapter then discusses six cross-cutting findings from the book: 1.) after 2007 national income inequality declined, a marked change from past trends; 2.) the urban/rural income gap declined, also a change from past trends; 3.) income gaps between the East, West, and Central regions were no longer a substantial source of inequality; 4.) household wealth grew markedly and unequally; 5.) the number of Chinese households with incomes comparable to middle-class households in the developed world grew rapidly; and 6.) absolute poverty in China continued to decline and by 2013 it was quite low.","PeriodicalId":141022,"journal":{"name":"Changing Trends in China's Inequality","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125115134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Overview","authors":"Chuliang Luo, T. Sicular, Shi Li","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190077938.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190077938.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter presents national estimates of incomes and inequality for 2007 and 2013. It begins with discussion of the CHIP datasets and measurement issues. It then reports core estimates of income and inequality, which indicate a modest decline in inequality during this period. Estimates are reported separately for formal urban residents, rural residents, and rural-to-urban migrants, with discussion of the effects of migration on inequality. Incomes and inequality are decomposed among the different sources of income; the urban/rural and regional income gaps are investigated. Alternative estimates of national inequality—using different income definitions, inequality indexes, and prices—are reported, as well as estimates that adjust for the underrepresentation of incomes in the top tail of the income distribution. The estimated decline in national inequality survives some but not all of these alternative calculations and thus raises questions about the magnitude and long-term sustainability of the inequality decline.","PeriodicalId":141022,"journal":{"name":"Changing Trends in China's Inequality","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122818540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Social Policy Reforms and Economic Distances in China","authors":"Q. Gao, Sui Yang, Fuhua Zhai, Yake Wang","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190077938.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190077938.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"Using CHIP data for 2002, 2007, and 2013, this chapter examines the effects of social policy reforms on the economic distance between rich and poor households in the urban, rural, and migrant sectors. In the urban sector, pensions consistently narrowed economic distances, whereas other social benefits—health insurance, social assistance, supplementary income, and in-kind benefits—had little redistributive impact. Social benefits in both the rural and migrant sectors changed from being regressive in 2002 to becoming progressive in 2013. In the rural areas, benefits in 2013 from agricultural and livelihood subsidies played the most significant redistributive role; private transfers also narrowed economic distances. Among migrants in 2013, health benefits and taxes and fees narrowed economic distances, although less so than among rural residents. Despite the expansion of social policies during this period, in both urban and rural China market forces trumped the redistributive effects of the social benefits.","PeriodicalId":141022,"journal":{"name":"Changing Trends in China's Inequality","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133347094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"China’s Urban Gender Wage Gap","authors":"Jin Song, T. Sicular, B. Gustafsson","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190077938.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190077938.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter uses data from the urban household CHIP surveys for the years 1995, 2002, 2007, and 2013 to provide consistent estimates of the gender wage gap in urban China and it investigate those factors that have contributed to this gap. The gender wage gap widened substantially and progressively from 1995 to 2007, but from 2007 to 2013 the gender wage gap narrowed. In 2013 the gender wage gap was between 19 and 25 percent. Oaxaca-Blinder decompositions reveal that the contributions of the differences in the characteristics of women and men to the wage gap declined over time; by 2013 the gap was largely unexplained. Key factors underlying the gender wage gap in recent years include individual characteristics, such as age, education, marriage, and children, as well as employment sector and occupation.","PeriodicalId":141022,"journal":{"name":"Changing Trends in China's Inequality","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129067663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"China’s Emerging Global Middle Class","authors":"B. Gustafsson, T. Sicular, Xiuna Yang","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190077938.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190077938.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines China’s middle class by using CHIP data for 2002, 2007, and 2013. “Middle class” is defined as having income high enough not to be regarded as poor but not so high as to be regarded as rich if living in a high-income country. Based on this definition, China’s middle class was extremely small in 2002; grew but was still less than 10 percent of the population in 2007; and by 2013 had expanded to one-fifth of China’s population, roughly 250 million people. Further analysis shows that China’s middle class is largely urban, lives in the East, and has other distinctive characteristics. Simulations reveal that past growth of China’s middle class was due to across-the-board, shared income growth rather than a redistribution of income. As of 2020 China’s middle class should double in size, constituting a majority of urban residents but still a small minority of rural residents.","PeriodicalId":141022,"journal":{"name":"Changing Trends in China's Inequality","volume":"118 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127972933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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