The Rise of EnglishPub Date : 2022-01-12DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190625610.003.0014
R. Salomone
{"title":"Looking Back, Moving Forward","authors":"R. Salomone","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190625610.003.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190625610.003.0014","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter ties together the book’s themes and arguments with a view toward a shared vision for the future. It concludes that as English weaves its power through the global politics of language, it is creating winners and losers in both expected and unexpected ways. Deciding who falls on either side of that divide demands weighing the gains and losses within and across countries with social class being a constant factor. It suggests that language as an expression of self-realization and a source of material profit can exist side by side. The social, developmental, and economic benefits are not mutually exclusive but rather mutually supportive. In the end, it calls on policymakers at all levels to realize the opportunities and mitigate the damages of a common language, English for now, in all its complexities, while preserving national, regional, and local languages and identities.","PeriodicalId":140962,"journal":{"name":"The Rise of English","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121757550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Rise of EnglishPub Date : 2022-01-12DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190625610.003.0009
R. Salomone
{"title":"Confronting the Raj","authors":"R. Salomone","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190625610.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190625610.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter looks at English in India throughout wavering national policies shaped by a lingering caste mindset, a growing class system tied to language, a vast multilingual landscape, and a nationalist government seeking to unite the country through Hindi. It considers the compromise in the 1949 constitution naming Hindi as the official though not the national language, while English has continued as a “subsidiary official language” under the Official Languages Act of 1963. Focusing on education, the chapter examines the preference among parents for their children to learn through English. It delves into the proliferation of private schools, including low-fee schools where the quality of English teaching is especially poor. It discusses the 2009 Right to Education Act and its failed attempt to impose standards and equalize access. It further addresses longstanding disagreements between Hindi and non-Hindi states on using Hindi or English as the country’s “link” language and recent reforms in the Three Language Formula that make only fleeting reference to English despite the vital role of English in the economy.","PeriodicalId":140962,"journal":{"name":"The Rise of English","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130103357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Rise of EnglishPub Date : 2022-01-12DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190625610.003.0003
R. Salomone
{"title":"A High-Stakes Movement","authors":"R. Salomone","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190625610.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190625610.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"Are English-taught courses a trend that western European countries should embrace? Is it time for rethinking and moderation? This chapter examines the movement toward English medium instruction (EMI) and the ways in which it is tied to internationalization, including student and faculty recruitment, scholarly work, and academic conferences. It examines the incentives and challenges for institutions, particularly the connection between EMI placement in international university rankings. It lays bare the benefits and burdens of EMI to faculty members and students and the divide in teaching and professional advancement opportunities between those who are proficient in English and those who are not. It addresses the concerns raised by scholars regarding “domain loss,” especially in the hard sciences, and the production and dissemination of knowledge. It examines steps that the Nordic countries have taken, particularly in “parallel instruction,” to internationalize their faculty and student body while preserving their national language.","PeriodicalId":140962,"journal":{"name":"The Rise of English","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115870800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Rise of EnglishPub Date : 2022-01-12DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190625610.003.0007
R. Salomone
{"title":"Adieu to French","authors":"R. Salomone","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190625610.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190625610.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores the move toward English within French-speaking countries in Africa. It focuses primarily on Rwanda and Morocco, countries with distinct histories and political tensions that have shaped language policies, particularly in education. It considers Rwanda’s tense relationship with France following accusations of French responsibility in the 1994 genocide, the country’s official switch from French to English, and the negative impact on educational outcomes. It explores Morocco’s multilingual landscape shaped by Modern Standard Arabic, Tamazight, and French, the growing influence of English, the failures of Arabization as measured by low student performance, and the current debate over language in the schools where all four languages have coalesced in a dizzying combination of support from competing political factions and interests. It assesses the benefits and burdens of English and suggests key factors that may determine whether and how quickly Morocco will follow Rwanda’s lead with English dominating government and education.","PeriodicalId":140962,"journal":{"name":"The Rise of English","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116622599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Rise of EnglishPub Date : 2022-01-12DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190625610.003.0004
R. Salomone
{"title":"Shakespeare in the Crossfire","authors":"R. Salomone","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190625610.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190625610.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines controversies in France and Italy that underscored the political tensions and legal consequences for universities moving toward English-taught courses and programs. Each case, in a distinct way, mined the depths of cultural pride and academic governance as universities came under pressure to promote internationalization through English. In France, the debate focused on a proposal to ease legislative restrictions on teaching in languages other than French in the nation’s universities. In Italy, it centered on a legal challenge to a plan adopted by the prestigious Polytechnic Institute in Milan to offer all graduate courses and programs in English. The chapter fleshes out the competing arguments on remaining competitive in the global economy versus preserving academic quality, national identity, and the national language. In doing so, it presents a diverse and interesting cast of stakeholders sparring over the role of English in academia and beyond.","PeriodicalId":140962,"journal":{"name":"The Rise of English","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127608633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Rise of EnglishPub Date : 2022-01-12DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190625610.003.0008
R. Salomone
{"title":"Redress and Transformation","authors":"R. Salomone","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190625610.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190625610.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"To what extent has South Africa achieved redress and transformation as envisioned in its post-apartheid constitution? What racial and class inequities related to language remain, and how can they be remedied? Addressing these questions, this chapter examines the role of English versus Afrikaans and indigenous languages, particularly in education. It discusses the Black population’s identifying Afrikaans with apartheid oppression while viewing English as the language of resistance and upward mobility. It looks at three decisions of the Constitutional Court, one of which laid the groundwork for addressing the right to “receive education in the official language of one’s choice.” The other two decisions upheld university policies that eliminated or minimized instruction in Afrikaans in favor of English. The chapter questions whether the Court’s most recent “multilingual turn” looking beyond the past, in the case against Stellenbosch University, can effectively reshape public discourse and language policies across education.","PeriodicalId":140962,"journal":{"name":"The Rise of English","volume":"136 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128536283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Rise of EnglishPub Date : 2022-01-12DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190625610.003.0010
R. Salomone
{"title":"Defining the Deficit","authors":"R. Salomone","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190625610.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190625610.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines the “foreign language deficit” in the United States. It begins with the failure of the government to address the problem beyond isolated programs and intermittent “calls to action” in response to crises. It considers the country’s history as a “settler nation” and its conflicted views on language in attempting to preserve a national identity in the face of successive waves of newcomers. It looks at declining numbers in foreign language programs and enrollments from elementary school through university while recognizing the rising popularity of Korean as a culturally driven phenomenon and the growing interest in streaming foreign language media. It uncovers concerns that affect access and opportunity tied to social capital and systemic exclusion. The chapter notes the potential of students from immigrant families who could meet the demand for bilingual service providers in immigrant communities. It further underscores the risks of monolingualism to foreign diplomacy.","PeriodicalId":140962,"journal":{"name":"The Rise of English","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133872682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Rise of EnglishPub Date : 2022-01-12DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190625610.003.0006
R. Salomone
{"title":"The “New Scramble” for Africa","authors":"R. Salomone","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190625610.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190625610.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines France’s efforts using the “soft power” of language to maintain a presence particularly in French-speaking Africa, and similar efforts by China in its Belt and Road Initiative to gain an economic foothold in the continent. It discusses the ways in which French president Emmanuel Macron has cultivated France’s relationship with the nations of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, the critical responses of African intellectuals to his strained attempts at navigating the colonial narrative, and his repeated calls promoting linguistic pluralism over a common language in English. It explores China’s “charm initiative” in spreading its language and culture through its Confucius Institutes and Confucius Classrooms and the mounting opposition to those programs for their lack of transparency and limits on academic freedom. It suggests that France and China may be facing renewed competition from the United Kingdom and the United States in the “new scramble” for Africa.","PeriodicalId":140962,"journal":{"name":"The Rise of English","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125439470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Rise of EnglishPub Date : 2022-01-12DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190625610.003.0011
R. Salomone
{"title":"Reframing the Narrative","authors":"R. Salomone","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190625610.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190625610.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores the efforts of educators, government officials, and civil society to develop a workforce that meets the needs of the global economy. It begins with research findings on the cognitive advantages of bilingualism, which have resonated especially among educated parents, policymakers, and school officials. It delves further into critiques of those findings and looks at more recent fine-grained studies that yield hopeful though not definitive conclusions. It examines several federal initiatives in recent years promoting language study, including the Language Flagship Program focusing on critical languages. It discusses the 2017 report of the Commission on Language Learning, as well as several initiatives that have grown out of the report’s recommendations. The chapter sets the spotlight on the states in discussing the State Seal of Biliteracy, adopted in forty-three states plus Washington, DC, which officially recognizes multilingual proficiency in secondary school students, including heritage language speakers.","PeriodicalId":140962,"journal":{"name":"The Rise of English","volume":"58 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120883985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Rise of EnglishPub Date : 2022-01-12DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190625610.003.0005
R. Salomone
{"title":"Headwinds from the North","authors":"R. Salomone","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190625610.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190625610.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter looks at English-taught university courses and programs in the Netherlands, a country where English proficiency is high and the internationalization of higher education through English is longstanding and widespread. It begins with the1992 Higher Education and Research Act, which laid out parameters for using other languages and preserving Dutch in the universities. Addressing the pros and cons of English in internationalization, it continues up to the present with repeated manifestos posted by professors and students, a series of reports and public meetings, and a failed court challenge, all informing the debate. It weighs the arguments on each side, focusing on the benefits of English to student diversity and employability versus the harms to academic quality and access and to the Dutch language as a vehicle for intellectual engagement and knowledge production. It ends with pending legislative proposals to find a better balance and a national consensus among the competing interests.","PeriodicalId":140962,"journal":{"name":"The Rise of English","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116593295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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