International Journal of Engineering Science最新文献

{"title":"A nonlinear framework for deformable ionic conductor fibers with variable cross-sections: Application to mechanically regulated ionic junctions","authors":"Yiming Fan ,&nbsp;Luke Zhao ,&nbsp;Feng Jin","doi":"10.1016/j.ijengsci.2026.104478","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijengsci.2026.104478","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Deformable ionic conductors combine mechanical stretchability with ionic conductivity, enabling broad applications in sensing, actuation, and energy harvesting. In this study, we propose an ionic junction with a variable cross-section, where the ion transport behavior can be regulated by applying tensile or compressive loads. This effect arises from the intrinsic electro-chemo-elastic coupling of these materials. To capture this mechanism, we developed a one-dimensional framework incorporating constitutive nonlinearity and solved it efficiently using the differential quadrature method. The results show that the ionic junction exhibits unidirectional conductivity, and its ionic current-voltage characteristics can be modulated by mechanical loading. Through variable cross-section design, the axial stress gradient within the fiber influences the distribution of electrochemical potential, thereby affecting ion transport behavior. We further analyzed the influence of different cross-sectional functions on the degree of regulation, and the analysis reveals that steeper changes in cross-sectional area along the axis lead to stronger mechanical modulation. The model and findings presented in this paper provide a foundation for the development of intelligent ionic devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14053,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Engineering Science","volume":"222 ","pages":"Article 104478"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146095896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Additive general integral equations in thermoelastic micromechanics of composites","authors":"Valeriy A. Buryachenko","doi":"10.1016/j.ijengsci.2026.104495","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijengsci.2026.104495","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work presents an enhanced Computational Analytical Micromechanics (CAM) framework for the analysis of linear thermoelastic composite materials (CMs) with random microstructure. The proposed approach is grounded in an exact Additive General Integral Equation (AGIE), specifically formulated for compactly supported loading, including both body forces and localized thermal changes (such as those from laser heating). New general integral equations (GIEs) for arbitrary mechanical and thermal loading are proposed. A unified iterative solution strategy is developed for the static AGIE, applicable to CMs with both perfectly and imperfectly bonded interfaces, where the compact support of loading is introduced as a new fundamental training parameter. Central to this methodology is a generalized Representative Volume Element (RVE) concept, which extends Hill’s classical definition. The resulting RVE is not predefined geometrically, but rather emerges from the characteristic scale of the localized loading, effectively reducing the analysis of an infinite, randomly heterogeneous medium to a finite, data-driven domain. This generalized RVE approach enables automatic exclusion of unrepresentative subsets of effective parameters, while inherently eliminating boundary effects, edge artifacts, and finite size limitations. Moreover, the AGIE-based CAM framework is naturally compatible with machine learning (ML) and neural network (NN) architectures, facilitating the construction of accurate and physically informed surrogate nonlocal operators.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14053,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Engineering Science","volume":"222 ","pages":"Article 104495"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146109817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical reproduction of physiological flow conditions in complex vessel system of cerebral arteries with a porosity based method","authors":"Michał Tomaszewski ,&nbsp;Michał Kucewicz ,&nbsp;Radosław Rzepliński ,&nbsp;Marcin Paturalski ,&nbsp;Jerzy Małachowski ,&nbsp;Bogdan Ciszek","doi":"10.1016/j.ijengsci.2025.104455","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijengsci.2025.104455","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper introduces an innovative approach to modelling boundary conditions for blood flow simulations in arteries with highly complex geometries and multiple outlets. In cases where the arterial cross-section varies significantly, employing analytical models like Windkessel to represent tissue resistance becomes particularly challenging. In this study, we propose a novel approach that combines a porosity model, which induces a pressure drop, with physiological outlet pressures to achieve realistic hemodynamic conditions in blood vessels. The total proportion of blood flow through the perforators was approximately 7.2 % for the BA and 11.6 % for the MCA, while maintaining physiological velocity values in the subsequent branches. The proposed method stands out for its relative simplicity in determining porous body parameters for outlets of varying diameters by quasi-iteratively adjusting two key values of the Power Law model. A major advantage of this approach is its accessibility to non-experts in fluid mechanics, as it does not require complex model reductions to 1D. The study also examines key parameters influencing artery remodelling processes, specifically wall shear stress divergence (WSSD). Furthermore, preliminary histopathological analyses confirm that regions with low WSSD exhibit structural changes in the vessel wall, leading changes similar to intimal hyperplasia. The original data such as DICOM images, artery geometry and domain mesh for the individual representations, together with UDF files for the initial boundary conditions, have been included in the Mendeley database: DOI: 10.17632/5vxtmcwr64.3 and basilar artery model in DOI: 10.17632/ng9mrrn2r7.3.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14053,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Engineering Science","volume":"221 ","pages":"Article 104455"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145883846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dispersive waves in microstructure-informed peridynamic continua","authors":"Vito Diana,&nbsp;Alessandro Fortunati,&nbsp;Andrea Bacigalupo","doi":"10.1016/j.ijengsci.2026.104475","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijengsci.2026.104475","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We examine the dispersion behavior and spatial attenuation of generalized oriented peridynamic continua with non-central pair-potential interactions. The free-wave propagation problem is analyzed analytically through integral transform methods, enabling the closed-form derivation of dispersion relations for real-valued wavenumbers. A complementary perturbation approach is proposed to investigate the spatial attenuation behavior, derive the full band structure, and systematically explore the dispersive response of the model for complex wavenumbers, achieving progressively higher accuracy with increasing order of the truncated expansions. The integro-differential nature of the governing equations, together with the enhanced kinematic description and pairwise interaction formalism, provides a natural framework to represent the dynamic behavior of mechanical metamaterials — such as beam- and block-lattice systems — traditionally modeled through discrete Lagrangian formulations. A central result of this study shows that the oriented peridynamic continuum with pairwise potentials — also referred to as a continuum–molecular model, to emphasize its blend of continuous mass distribution and discrete-like kinematics — successfully reproduces both the acoustic and optical branches of the architected material when the horizon approaches the characteristic microstructural lengths, a capability unattainable in conventional peridynamic continua. Furthermore, the microstructure-informed oriented model typically attains higher accuracy than a micropolar continuum derived via standard continualisation of the lattice-like material equations. The theoretical framework is validated, and its physical implications are further illustrated through a case study of forced wave propagation in architected block-lattice materials featuring a hexagonal topology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14053,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Engineering Science","volume":"221 ","pages":"Article 104475"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146014986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heaviside-free microsphere-based formulation to smoothly attenuate the compression response in arterial tissues","authors":"Rahul Kumar,&nbsp;K. Arvind,&nbsp;K. Kannan","doi":"10.1016/j.ijengsci.2026.104477","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijengsci.2026.104477","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A realistic description of the transverse strain in uniaxial tension remains a significant limitation of existing angular-integral models (AngI/AngIx) for distributed fibres. These models exhibit a premature <em>perversion point</em>, defined as the point at which the sign reversal of the out-of-plane transverse strain occurs, together with an overprediction of radial thickening. In the limit of unidirectional fibres, they yield identical shear responses in distinct shear modes, diminishing their predictive capability. Although incorporating both invariants, <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>I</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> and <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>I</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>5</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>, could mitigate these issues, the tension–compression switching criterion using the Heaviside function may ultimately counteract these improvements.</div><div>An alternative to handling the contribution of compressed fibres within a distribution is to smoothly attenuate it using a vanishing matched invariant constructed from both the <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>I</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> and <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>I</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>5</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> invariants. Although the resulting switchless constitutive relation (VanGOH (Arvind and Kannan, 2025)), based on the averaged matched invariant, mitigates several of the limitations associated with the switching criterion in generalised structure tensor frameworks, its non-integral structure restricts its ability to accurately reproduce both shear and normal stress responses under general in-plane biaxial loading. To overcome these shortcomings, we introduce <em>VanAngI</em>, an angular–integration–based, Heaviside-free model developed within the framework of vanishing matched invariants. VanAngI (1) achieves a 42% reduction in the uniaxial fitting error compared with the AngIx model while correctly capturing the sign of the experimental out-of-plane Poisson’s ratio, (2) accurately resolves the simple shear response, and (3) delivers consistently superior biaxial predictions—all while using at most two fibre families and a minimal set of material parameters.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14053,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Engineering Science","volume":"221 ","pages":"Article 104477"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146001124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cross-coupling permeabilities in two-phase flows through porous media: Spontaneous counter-current capillary imbibition","authors":"Youcef Amirat ,&nbsp;Vladimir Shelukhin ,&nbsp;Konstantin Trusov","doi":"10.1016/j.ijengsci.2026.104471","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijengsci.2026.104471","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To describe two-phase flows in porous media, a two-scale mathematical model is developed using the homogenization method applied to the coupled system of Navier–Stokes and Cahn–Hilliard equations. This system is based on the assumption that the fluid phases are separated by a diffusion layer. We prove that the macro-equations represent a generalized Darcy law with cross-coupling permeabilities. It implies that the seepage velocity of each phase depends on pressure gradients of both the phases. Micro-equations serve for determination both of the permeability tensors and the capillary diffusion energy. It is established that a formal sharp-interface limit justifies the empirical concept of relative phase permeabilities. To illustrate the capabilities of the new two-scale model, the problem of counter-current capillary imbibition is solved. We show that the imbibition rate is lower compared to that predicted by traditional equations based on the empirical concept of relative phase permeability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14053,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Engineering Science","volume":"221 ","pages":"Article 104471"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145956817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A thermodynamically consistent phase-field model of martensitic nano-twin evolution in NiTi alloys: effects of stress, temperature, and elastic anisotropy","authors":"Mojtaba Adaei-Khafri,&nbsp;Mohammad Javad Ashrafi,&nbsp;Fathollah Taheri-Behrooz","doi":"10.1016/j.ijengsci.2026.104470","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijengsci.2026.104470","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research presents a three-dimensional, thermodynamically consistent phase-field model for nanoscale martensitic transformation in NiTi (B2 → B19′) implemented in a finite-element COMSOL framework. The novelty of this work lies in its physics-based approach to modeling the martensitic transformation and nano-twin evolution in NiTi alloys. We incorporate elastic anisotropy and surface stress using 2-3-4-5 polynomial energy functions characterized by physically meaningful parameters for energy contributions. Furthermore, to enhance computational efficiency in solving these complex equations, we employ a reduced-order parameter approach where three order parameters represent six martensitic variants in two-dimensional simulations. In contrast to models calibrated against macroscopic data, our physical parameters are derived directly from NiTi's strain-energy landscape. This approach ensures an accurate representation of the transformation energy barriers and stresses, thereby enabling a thermodynamically consistent analysis of fundamental mechanisms such as nucleation barrier and variant interactions. This study successfully reproduces both the banded and herringbone morphologies frequently observed in experimental studies. Elastic anisotropy is identified as the dominance driver of variant selection and the formation of banded and herringbone patterns. Furthermore, the results indicate that a higher associated driving force promotes the growth of dominant, preferentially oriented variants. Specifically, higher stress increases the phase concentration and promotes the formation of wider martensitic variant bands, while a lower cooling temperature increases the nucleation rate, thereby resulting in thinner bands. This thermodynamically consistent model accurately predicts nano-scale NiTi martensite evolution, which is critical for designing microstructures with enhanced functional stability and performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14053,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Engineering Science","volume":"221 ","pages":"Article 104470"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145995676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of hemodynamics in bypass grafts for left anterior descending coronary artery revascularization: Biaxial tension tests and fluid-structure interaction simulation","authors":"Alireza Behrouz Jazi,&nbsp;Aisa Rassoli","doi":"10.1016/j.ijengsci.2025.104462","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijengsci.2025.104462","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Coronary artery occlusion is one of the most common cardiovascular diseases. In severe cases, bypass surgery is employed as a treatment, wherein a vessel is used as a bypass graft to restore blood flow by connecting the graft to the area beyond the coronary artery blockage. However, since these vessels are prone to reocclusion over time, investigating the hemodynamics of bypass flow is essential. In this study, samples of the three most common grafts, namely the saphenous vein, mammary artery, and radial artery, were obtained. Biaxial tension tests were performed on them to extract their anisotropic hyperelastic properties, which were then used in fluid-structure interaction (FSI) simulations. The results of the biaxial tension tests indicated that the saphenous vein exhibited significant stiffness compared to the other two grafts. The simulations also showed better wall shear stress distribution and higher blood flow velocities within the mammary artery. The saphenous vein exhibited large stresses and displacements at critical attachment points in both the fluid and solid domains, which may, over time, cause damage to the graft attachment and disrupt graft performance. The time average wall shear stress (TAWSS) in the toe region of the attachment area was 7.21 Pa for the saphenous vein, 5.99 Pa for the radial artery, and 3.05 Pa for the mammary artery. Additionally, the maximum displacement in the saphenous vein was 0.416 mm, 0.323 mm in the mammary artery, and 0.157 mm in the radial artery. The results of this research have potential applications in clinical cardiovascular studies and contribute to the development of practical treatment approaches.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14053,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Engineering Science","volume":"221 ","pages":"Article 104462"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145883847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic damage in active and passive skeletal muscle: A continuum mechanical model","authors":"J.D. Clayton,&nbsp;C.E. Hampton","doi":"10.1016/j.ijengsci.2026.104472","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijengsci.2026.104472","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The coupled mechanical, thermal, and active contractile responses of skeletal muscle tissue are described by a continuum framework. The tissue comprises a solid phase of muscle fibers aligned in a matrix of connective collagen and ground substance and an interstitial fluid phase. A constrained mixture theory is implemented for dynamic loading over time scales too brief for macroscopic diffusion, whereby free volume is saturated and locally occluded. Physics described by the model include the following: compressibility and thermoelastic coupling important for dynamic and shock loading, nonlinear anisotropic elasticity and viscoelasticity, degradation in fibers and matrix measured by order parameters, active cellular tension, and switching between active and passive states. The theory distinguishes among damage driven by tensile and shear mechanisms and injury that can have a lower threshold and also be affected by hydrostatic compression. Comparison of model results to existing 1-D tensile experiments describes effects of activation and over-stretching on stresses and damage. A 3-D implementation in finite-element software is exercised to study injuries resulting from high-rate dynamic loading by either distributed or concentrated forces to tissues in passive and active states. Different outcomes for damage and injury are possible depending on fiber orientation, isometric versus extendable active tension, degree of viscoelastic stiffening, and loading protocol. In some cases, fiber activation inhibits injury, while in others, activation exacerbates injury.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14053,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Engineering Science","volume":"221 ","pages":"Article 104472"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145962688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of microstructure in pin-loaded hole contact with clearance","authors":"E. Radi ,&nbsp;M.A. Güler","doi":"10.1016/j.ijengsci.2025.104454","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijengsci.2025.104454","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work, we present an analytical solution for the contact problem of a rigid, loaded pin interacting with a circular hole in an infinite plane with microstructure, modelled by the couple-stress elastic theory, assuming frictionless contact with clearance under plane-strain conditions. The solution is constructed by employing the most general trigonometric series representations in polar coordinates for the stress, couple-stress, displacement, and rotation fields admitted by the theory of couple-stress elasticity. Enforcing the contact conditions yields a system of dual series equations for the unknown coefficients, which is subsequently reduced to an infinite linear algebraic system and solved by truncation, following established approaches in related literature. The influence of the material microstructure on the contact angle, as well as on the stress and couple-stress distributions along the hole boundary, is then examined. The results show that increasing the intrinsic material length scale leads to a stiffer mechanical response, thereby clearly highlighting the size-dependent behavior predicted by couple-stress theory. The convergence properties of the trigonometric series solution are also discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14053,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Engineering Science","volume":"221 ","pages":"Article 104454"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146034870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}