International Journal of Engineering Science最新文献

{"title":"Physically based elastic theory of hydrogel with application to shear accounting for the effect of hydrostatic modulus","authors":"Chengxiang Zheng ,&nbsp;Tao Wu ,&nbsp;Danming Zhong ,&nbsp;Zichen Deng ,&nbsp;Shaoxing Qu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijengsci.2026.104481","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijengsci.2026.104481","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, the chemically coupled elastic theory is proposed for hydrogel, based on statistical mechanics foundations, with particular emphasis on the critical yet overlooked role of hydrostatic modulus. We propose a comprehensive free energy density formulation that systematically integrates chemical interactions with both linear and nonlinear elastic moduli. Through analysis of isotropic swelling of hydrogel, a calibration protocol is developed for the chemically coupled elastic moduli, and the explicit relationship is derived between elastic moduli and environmental parameters. These analytical expressions facilitate direct determination and dynamic monitoring of instantaneous elastic moduli, including the hydrostatic modulus, linear constants, and second-order coefficients, under varying environmental conditions through measurable material properties.</div><div>Notably, our theoretical framework reveals the significant influence of hydrostatic modulus on hydrogel shear response, a previously unrecognized mechanism. As a demonstration, shear of a rectangular hydrogel block is investigated with the statistically-based phenomenological elastic theory, elucidating the impact of hydrostatic modulus and nonlinear properties through both linear and second-order nonlinear simulations. Under linear approximation, our model recovers the classical infinitesimal deformation theory, while second-order instantaneous elastic moduli prove essential for capturing finite deformation effects such as the negative Poynting effect, wherein shear induces axial contraction. Furthermore, the direct connection is established between internal micro-physical parameters and macroscopic deformation. The effects of chemical potential, Flory parameter, crosslinking degree, and related factors on shear deformation are analytically investigated and quantified for their contributions to material response.</div><div>Through systematic analysis, this work advances hydrogel mechanics understanding through a unified energy formulation that bridges statistical physics with continuum mechanics. And the results obtained here may provide a comprehensive guide for analysis of complex phenomena and design of soft materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14053,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Engineering Science","volume":"222 ","pages":"Article 104481"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146076848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bridging Scales in Smart Chiral Metamaterials: A Convergent Multiband Continualization Yielding Spectrally Consistent Continua","authors":"Paolo Badino ,&nbsp;Federico Bosi ,&nbsp;Andrea Bacigalupo","doi":"10.1016/j.ijengsci.2025.104433","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijengsci.2025.104433","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A high-fidelity continualization framework is introduced for the accurate modeling of smart chiral lattice metamaterials aimed at controlling elastic wave propagation. The proposed approach yields convergent, multiband continuum models that are spectrally consistent with the underlying discrete Lagrangian formulation. It is readily extendable to both block- and beam-type periodic lattices, and naturally accommodates the inclusion of shunted piezoelectric resonators for active band-gap tuning. Thermodynamic consistency is ensured by embedding nonlocal effects into the inertial terms of the field equations through a regularization kernel that accurately captures dispersive behavior in all propagation directions, thus overcoming the intrinsic limitations of classical continualization methods. The integral-form continuum model, spectrally equivalent to the discrete one at the band-structure level, is simplified via Taylor expansions of the kernel, leading to systematic higher-order gradient models. Within the same framework, a rigorous downscaling map is introduced that, by means of an inverse Z-transform and a relabeling of the degrees of freedom, reconstructs the discrete kinematics from the continuum fields, thereby establishing explicit bridging relations between discrete and continuous descriptions. In parallel, the discrete Lagrangian formulation is developed with special emphasis on the shunted piezoelectric inertial resonator, modeled through an equivalent stiffness matrix obtained from numerically identified strain localization tensors, ensuring compliance with the pseudo-macro-homogeneity condition. Parametric analyses and numerical simulations of wave propagation confirm the spectral and kinematic consistency between the two formulations and demonstrate the capability of the high-fidelity continuum model to support the design of adaptive acoustic metamaterials for intelligent wave-guiding applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14053,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Engineering Science","volume":"222 ","pages":"Article 104433"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146070910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical modeling and experimental validation of adhesive squeeze flow in confined geometries","authors":"PMS Almeida ,&nbsp;D Garcia ,&nbsp;AMP Afonso ,&nbsp;A Akhavan-Safar ,&nbsp;RJC Carbas ,&nbsp;EAS Marques ,&nbsp;J Hrachova ,&nbsp;H Leenders ,&nbsp;LFM da Silva","doi":"10.1016/j.ijengsci.2026.104496","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijengsci.2026.104496","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The flow behavior of structural adhesives under confined compression governs bondline formation and joint performance in engineering applications. Despite its importance, the relative influence of bulk rheology versus interfacial effects, such as surface energy and topography, remains poorly defined in existing literature. This work develops and validates a three-dimensional numerical model for transient adhesive squeeze flow, formulated in OpenFOAM using the volume-of-fluid method to track the evolving adhesive–air interface. Adhesives were represented as shear-thinning fluids via the Carreau–Yasuda constitutive equation, calibrated against rheological measurements. Model validation was performed with custom squeeze flow experiments in a Hele-Shaw cell integrated with a universal testing machine, providing simultaneous force–thickness curves and top-view spreading dynamics. Numerical predictions demonstrated excellent agreement with experimental data for both force response and adhesive shape evolution. Parametric studies further examined the influence of surface energy, surface roughness, and viscosity formulation, and were conducted to establish a scaling of effects of physical mechanisms. Results show that while surface energy and roughness contribute only marginally, adhesive rheology dominates the resistance to flow and spreading kinematics. Our findings emphasize the importance of accurate rheological representation, provide a theoretical justification for model reduction in adhesive flow simulations, and establish the presented framework as a predictive tool for analyzing and optimizing bondline formation in polymer–metal joints.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14053,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Engineering Science","volume":"222 ","pages":"Article 104496"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146109812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antiprism folding mechanisms for enhanced energy absorption","authors":"Bin Xu ,&nbsp;Cheng Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijengsci.2026.104490","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijengsci.2026.104490","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thin-walled structures are extensively utilized as lightweight energy absorbers in aerospace applications, including landing gear shock attenuation, fuselage crashworthy zones, and wing tip and leading-edge protection, owing to their superior energy dissipation efficiency. This study proposes a novel antiprism-patterned tube to enhance the crashworthiness of thin-walled structures under axial loading. The geometry is characterized by two parameters: the polygonal cross-section sides (<em>N</em>) and the number of axial modules (<em>M</em>). Quasi-static axial compression tests and validated finite element simulations were performed to investigate the crushing behavior and energy absorption characteristics. For benchmarking, the antiprism tubes were directly compared with square origami tubes of identical mass and wall thickness. The antiprism design introduces a distinct folding mechanism that generates multiple interacting fixed and traveling plastic hinges, leading to markedly improved energy absorption. Short antiprism tubes (<em>M</em> = 1, <em>N</em> = 3) achieved 54% higher average specific energy absorption (SEA) and 63% greater crushing force efficiency (CFE) compared to square origami tubes. For longer tubes (<em>M</em> = 2), incorporating foam fillers and bulkhead reinforcements further improved structural stability and crashworthiness, with the <em>N</em> = 4 configuration showing a 30% SEA increase over its origami counterpart. Microstructural examinations and repeated tests were conducted to identify printing-induced and material defects and clarify their influence on mechanical performance. From the material microstructure perspective, the enhanced SEA of the antiprism tubes is attributed to uniform plastic deformation zones and delayed local fracture initiation. Dynamic drop-weight impact tests confirmed that the antiprism design offers higher plateau force, longer force duration, and more stable progressive collapse compared with square origami tubes. These results highlight the effectiveness and tunability of the antiprism folding concept, demonstrating its strong potential for advanced energy-absorbing and crashworthy applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14053,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Engineering Science","volume":"222 ","pages":"Article 104490"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146109813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bridging scales in non-standard thermo-viscoelastic periodic materials via dynamic non-local homogenization","authors":"Rosaria Del Toro ,&nbsp;Francesca Fantoni ,&nbsp;Andrea Bacigalupo","doi":"10.1016/j.ijengsci.2026.104492","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijengsci.2026.104492","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aims to develop a new framework for analyzing the dynamic response of thermo-viscoelastic heterogeneous materials with periodic microstructure. To this end, a non-local asymptotic homogenization formulation designed to capture the influence of microstructural features on wave propagation is introduced. The approach is built upon a compact matrix-operator representation that facilitates the definition of the cell problems and the associated down-scaling relation, from which average field equations of infinite order are derived and structured according to increasing powers of the microstructural characteristic size. A central objective of the method is to obtain accurate dispersion relations in the frequency–wavenumber domain by evaluating these equations at different approximation orders. In doing so, the framework successfully reconstructs both the low-frequency acoustic branch and the onset of the first optical branch at higher frequencies, thus providing a precise description of the material’s complex spectrum. The validity of the formulation is demonstrated through direct comparison with the Floquet–Bloch spectrum of the heterogeneous medium, yielding excellent agreement. Furthermore, the method is conceived to be versatile and can be applied to a broad range of periodic microstructural configurations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14053,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Engineering Science","volume":"222 ","pages":"Article 104492"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146190241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heterogeneity-dominated discrete phase transitions in multistable systems: A unified bistable chain framework","authors":"P.Q. Li,&nbsp;K.F. Wang,&nbsp;B.L. Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijengsci.2026.104497","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijengsci.2026.104497","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Multistable systems, characterized by their ability to undergo discrete phase transitions, underpin a broad range of phenomena and applications from snapping metamaterials to protein unfolding. However, the foundational assumption of homogeneity in conventional bistable chain models restricts them to predicting only uniformly propagating phase transitions, thereby overlooking the sequential, path-dependent behaviors that are characteristic of real-world heterogeneous systems. To address this limitation, we develop a semi-analytical heterogeneous bistable chain model composed of dissimilar bistable elements. Each element is described by trilinear force-displacement relation with distinct phase transition thresholds. The two limiting pathways, the minimum energy (thermodynamic equilibrium) and maximum hysteresis (athermal) paths, are generalized to account for heterogeneity. They provide the theoretical envelope that contains all possible mechanical responses. Furthermore, through heterogeneous bistable chain model, we analytically reveal the mechanism of coupled phase transitions: a cooperative phenomenon unique to heterogeneous multistable systems where the phase transition of one element can induce phase transitions in others. The predictive capability of the proposed framework is validated through the design of gradient multistable metamaterials, where theoretical predictions show excellent agreement with finite element simulations and experimental measurements. This work provides both a fundamental understanding of discrete phase transitions in heterogeneous systems and an efficient reduced-order modeling tool for structural design with programmable phase transition pathways.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14053,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Engineering Science","volume":"222 ","pages":"Article 104497"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146146593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling an array of surface-piercing piezoelectric plate wave energy converters for wave power absorption","authors":"Biman Sarkar ,&nbsp;Soumen De ,&nbsp;Chia-Cheng Tsai ,&nbsp;Tai-Wen Hsu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijengsci.2026.104482","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijengsci.2026.104482","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, the pursuit of sustainable ocean energy has accelerated, with wave energy conversion technologies emerging as a promising avenue for low-power electricity generation. Among various approaches, extracting electrical energy from ocean waves through piezoelectric mechanisms offers an innovative and eco-friendly solution. Acting as flexible plate-type wave energy converters, these structures are designed to efficiently capture the hydrodynamic energy of surface waves. The primary motivation behind this work arises from the observation that surface-piercing, vertically oriented piezoelectric plate-type wave energy converters have not been reported in the existing literature, to the best of the authors’ knowledge. Despite their significant potential for practical marine energy applications, vertical piezoelectric configurations can provide advantages in achieving the optimum electrical load resistance, thereby maximizing harvested power, compared to horizontally oriented configurations (Kazemi et al., 2021). To overcome the mathematical complexities associated with the coupling between structural flexibility and piezoelectric interactions, a rigorous semi-analytical framework is developed. These complexities arise due to boundary conditions that involve higher-order derivatives with complex-valued coefficients. The governing problem is reformulated into a set of coupled integral equations by employing Green’s function solutions along with mixed Fourier transform techniques. These equations are subsequently solved through a Singularity-Respecting Galerkin approximation, yielding accurate evaluations of the hydrodynamic response, including the reflection characteristics, wave power absorption efficiency and hydrodynamic wave forces. Furthermore, a comprehensive parametric investigation is undertaken to elucidate the influences of wave and structural parameters on plate deflection, bending moments and shear forces. Deploying multiple piezoelectric plates in an array has been found to be a more promising approach for wave power absorption. Widening the spacing between adjacent plates greatly influences the deflection of the leeward plate, regardless of whether the edges are clamped–clamped or clamped–free. The outcomes offer valuable physical insights into the energy extraction capability and dynamic behavior of the proposed array of surface-piercing piezoelectric plate-type wave energy converters.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14053,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Engineering Science","volume":"222 ","pages":"Article 104482"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146191339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strain gradient crystal plasticity model with strengthening and kinematic hardening due to plastic slip gradient","authors":"Anjan Mukherjee ,&nbsp;Biswanath Banerjee","doi":"10.1016/j.ijengsci.2026.104480","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijengsci.2026.104480","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A strain-gradient single-crystal plasticity framework is developed to capture size-dependent strengthening and gradient-induced hardening effects. The constitutive equations are derived from a constrained minimization of a dual dissipative potential, with positive plastic dissipation imposed to ensure thermodynamic consistency. The plastic slip gradient is decomposed into recoverable and unrecoverable components, rather than decomposing the higher-order stresses. The constrained minimization results in the higher-order stress of each slip plane evolving nonlinearly, similar to the Armstrong-Frederick type backstress model. The evolution equation includes strain gradient hardening along with a relaxation term. In the absence of the relaxation term, the formulation produces purely gradient-induced linear kinematic hardening without additional plastic dissipation. The inclusion of the relaxation term enhances dissipation and gives rise to an higher-order isotropic-type hardening effect associated with the plastic slip gradient. As cumulative plastic flow progresses due to evolution, the higher-order stress attains saturation. Both size-dependent kinematic and isotropic hardening also reach saturation when the recoverable part of the slip gradient saturates. Conversely, the unrecoverable slip gradient continues to rise with the plastic flow. Numerical simulations are performed to assess the effect of the relaxation coefficient on a single-crystal infinite shear layer subjected to monotonic, cyclic, and non-proportional loading conditions, with responses compared to the dislocation dynamic study. Two-dimensional polycrystalline tension with a hard interface illustrates the effect of grain size on macroscopic yield stress. It is observed that size-dependent long-range interactions are active near the grain interface and exhibit a saturating behavior. Finally, the proposed methodology is assessed against recent experimental investigations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14053,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Engineering Science","volume":"222 ","pages":"Article 104480"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146070911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A symmetric hyperbolic non-isothermal model for viscoelastic solids and non-Newtonian fluids","authors":"Takashi Arima ,&nbsp;Tommaso Ruggeri","doi":"10.1016/j.ijengsci.2026.104491","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijengsci.2026.104491","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Viscoelastic materials and non-Newtonian fluids often exhibit a pronounced sensitivity to temperature, which significantly influences their mechanical response. Recently, Ruggeri proposed a nonlinear viscoelastic model within the framework of Rational Extended Thermodynamics and showed that, by a suitable modification of the production term, the same structure can also describe non-Newtonian fluids with a finite relaxation time in an isothermal setting. In this paper, we extend these models to non-isothermal processes in one spatial dimension in the absence of heat flux. By coupling the balance laws of momentum and energy with a balance law for an additional nonequilibrium stress variable and enforcing the entropy principle together with convexity, we derive a thermodynamically admissible system of nonlinear evolution equations. The resulting model is symmetric hyperbolic, which guarantees local well-posedness of the Cauchy problem and admits weak solutions, including shocks. For Newtonian production terms, we further verify the Shizuta–Kawashima condition, yielding global-in-time smooth solutions for sufficiently small initial data. A unified framework is thus obtained, capable of describing either nonlinear thermo-viscoelastic behavior or temperature-dependent non-Newtonian rheology in the parabolic (zero-relaxation) limit. The principal-subsystem viewpoint clarifies the nesting of reduced theories: in particular, the previously proposed isothermal model is recovered as a principal subsystem, and classical hyperelastic dynamics emerges as a common principal subsystem of the isothermal and Euler-type limits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14053,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Engineering Science","volume":"222 ","pages":"Article 104491"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146109818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chain structure for ceramic lattices with improved energy absorption and delayed failure","authors":"Xianfeng Yang ,&nbsp;Leyang Cheng ,&nbsp;Hua Liu ,&nbsp;Sicong Zhou ,&nbsp;Jialing Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijengsci.2026.104479","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijengsci.2026.104479","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ceramic lattices hold promise for structural and functional applications due to its lightweight and high specific strength. However, the brittle fracture of ceramic lattices under quasi-static or dynamic loading significantly limits the applications in energy absorption. To address this challenge, this study proposes a chain-lattice composite energy absorber inspired by the mortise and tenon joint. The chain structure operates as a generalizable mechanical principle by transforming tensile loads into confined axial compression within an internal energy-absorbing core, thereby suppressing the development of tensile strain in non-loading directions. This boundary confinement strategy effectively delayed global failure and enhanced energy absorption through controlled damage progression and stress redistribution. Quasi-static compression tests on various ceramic lattices revealed distinct deformation modes and failure mechanisms under unconstrained loading. Furthermore, quasi-static and dynamic tensile experiments on chain structure filled with lattices provided insights into constrained failure behavior and energy absorption characteristics under constrained loading. The results demonstrate that ceramic lattices within chain structure can absorb kinetic energy even after brittle fractures occur. Compared to unconstrained situations, the effective displacement of lattices under constraint can be increased by at least 19 times and the specific energy absorption can be increased by over 17 times. Notably, the BCC lattice-based chain absorber exhibits a stress plateau and large effective displacement, highlighting its ability to delay failure through progressive densification. This study provides a novel design strategy for enhancing the energy absorption capacity and delaying global failure in brittle materials, bridging core mechanical principles with practical applications in impact protection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14053,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Engineering Science","volume":"222 ","pages":"Article 104479"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146070912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}