International journal of experimental diabetes research最新文献

{"title":"A diet high in saturated fat and sucrose alters glucoregulation and induces aortic fatty streaks in New Zealand White rabbits.","authors":"Weidong Yin,&nbsp;Zhonghua Yuan,&nbsp;Zongbao Wang,&nbsp;Baotang Yang,&nbsp;Yongzong Yang","doi":"10.1080/15604280214274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15604280214274","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A new and convenient animal model for studying peripheral vascular and coronary artery disease in diabetes was established in this study. Male New Zealand White rabbits weighing approximately 2 kg were divided into 2 groups: a normal control group fed standard laboratory chow and a diabetogenic diet-fed group received a high-fat/high-sucrose diet. The high-fat/high-sucrose diet (contained 10% lard and 37% sucrose) feeding was maintained for 6 months. Plasma total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglyceride, superoxide dismutase, nitric oxide, nitric oxide synthase, insulin, and glucose were quantitated at monthly or bimonthly intervals. The aortic fatty streak lesions were quantified following lipid staining with Sudan IV. The aortic samples were observed by electron microscopy. High plasma triglyceride and glucose concentrations were induced. At the end of 6 months, the aortic fatty streak lesions were present in the animals' vascular specimens. As far as we know, this is the first report that demonstrates that New Zealand White rabbits can develop obvious aortic fatty streaks by feeding a high-fat/high-sucrose diet. Our results suggest that New Zealand White rabbits fed a high-fat/high-sucrose diet would provide a convenient model for studying peripheral vascular-and coronary artery disease in diabetes.</p>","PeriodicalId":14040,"journal":{"name":"International journal of experimental diabetes research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15604280214274","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22135232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differential indicators of diabetes-induced oxidative stress in New Zealand White rabbits: role of dietary vitamin E supplementation.","authors":"Randall L Davis,&nbsp;Christy L Lavine,&nbsp;Melissa A Arredondo,&nbsp;Patrick McMahon,&nbsp;Thomas E Tenner","doi":"10.1080/15604280214279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15604280214279","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Determination of reliable bioindicators of diabetes-induced oxidative stress and the role of dietary vitamin E supplementation were investigated. Blood (plasma) chemistries, lipid peroxidation (LPO), and antioxidant enzyme activities were measured over 12 weeks in New Zealand White rabbits (control, diabetic, and diabetic + vitamin E). Cholesterol and triglyceride levels did not correlate with diabetic state. Plasma LPO was influenced by diabetes and positively correlated with glucose concentration only, not cholesterol or triglycerides. Liver glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity negatively correlated with glucose and triglyceride levels. Plasma and erythrocyte GPX activities positively correlated with glucose, cholesterol, and triglyceride concentrations. Liver superoxide dismutase activity positively correlated with glucose and cholesterol concentration. Vitamin E reduced plasma LPO, but did not affect the diabetic state. Thus, plasma LPO was the most reliable indicator of diabetes-induced oxidative stress. Antioxidant enzyme activities and types of reactive oxygen species generated were tissue dependent. Diabetes-induced oxidative stress is diminished by vitamin E supplementation.</p>","PeriodicalId":14040,"journal":{"name":"International journal of experimental diabetes research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15604280214279","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22134650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Defective chylomicron synthesis as a cause of delayed particle clearance in diabetes?","authors":"Catherine Phillips,&nbsp;Claire Madigan,&nbsp;Daphne Owens,&nbsp;Patrick Collins,&nbsp;Gerald H Tomkin","doi":"10.1080/15604280214277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15604280214277","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chylomicron metabolism is abnormal in diabetes and the chylomicron particle may play a very important role in atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of diabetes on the metabolism of chylomicrons in cholesterol-fed alloxan diabetic and nondiabetic rabbits. Five diabetic rabbits and 5 control rabbits were given [14C]linoleic acid and [3H]cholesterol by gavage. Lymph was collected following cannulation of the lymph duct and radiolabelled chylomicrons were isolated by ultracentrifugation. The chylomicrons from each animal were injected into paired control and diabetic recipients. Lymph apolipoprotein (apo) B48, apo B100, and apo E were measured using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis. Mean blood sugar of the diabetic donors and diabetic recipients were 19.7 +/- 2.3 and 17.2 +/- 3.2 mmol/L. Diabetic rabbits had significantly raised plasma triglyceride (10.8 +/- 13.9 versus 0.8 +/- 0.5 mmol/L, P < 0.02). There was a large increase in apo B48 in lymph chylomicrons in the diabetic donor animals (0.19 +/- 0.10 versus 0.04 +/- 0.02 mg/h, P < 0.01) and apo B100 (0.22 +/- 0.15 versus 0.07 +/- 0.07 mg/h, P < 0.05) and a reduction in apo E on the lymph chylomicron particle (0.27 +/- 0.01 versus 0.62 +/- 0.07 mg/mg apo B, P < 0.001). Diabetic recipients cleared both control and diabetic chylomicron triglyceride significantly more slowly than control recipients (P < 0.05). Clearance of control chylomicron cholesterol was delayed when injected into diabetic recipients compared to when these chylomicrons were injected into control recipients (P < 0.005). Clearance of diabetic chylomicron cholesterol was significantly slower when injected into control animals compared to control chylomicron injected into control animals (P < 0.02). In this animal model of atherosclerosis, we have demonstrated that diabetes leads to the production of an increased number of lipid and apo E-deficient chylomicron particles. Chylomicron particles from the control animals were cleared more slowly by the diabetic recipient (both triglyceride and cholesterol). The chylomicron particles obtained from the diabetic animals were cleared even more slowly when injected into the diabetic recipient. Although there was an initial delay in clearance of chylomicron triglyceride from the diabetic particle when injected into the control animals, the clearance over the first 15 minutes was not significantly different when compared to the control chylomicron injected into the control animal. On the other hand, the cholesterol clearance was significantly delayed. Thus, diabetes resulted in the production of an increased number of lipid- and apo E-deficient chylomicron particles. These alterations account, in part, for the delay in clearance of these particles.</p>","PeriodicalId":14040,"journal":{"name":"International journal of experimental diabetes research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15604280214277","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22134649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B is impaired in skeletal muscle of diabetic Psammomys obesus.","authors":"Yukio Ikeda,&nbsp;Ehud Ziv,&nbsp;Eleazar Shafrir,&nbsp;Luitgard Mosthaf-Seedorf","doi":"10.1080/15604280214275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15604280214275","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPases) have been suggested to modulate the insulin receptor signal transduction pathways. We studied PTPases in Psammomys obesus, an animal model of nutritionally induced insulin resistance. No changes in the protein expression level of src homology PTPase 2 (SHP-2) (muscle, liver) or leukocyte antigen receptor (LAR) (liver) were detected. In contrast, the expression level of PTPase 1B (PTP 1B) in the skeletal muscle, but not in liver, was increased by 83% in the diabetic animals, compared with a diabetes-resistant line. However, PTP 1B-specific activity (activity/protein) significantly decreased (50% to 56%) in skeletal muscle of diabetic animals, compared with both the diabetes-resistant line and diabetes-prone animals. In addition, PTP 1B activity was inversely correlated to serum glucose level (r = -.434, P < .02). These findings suggest that PTP 1B, though overexpressed, is not involved in the susceptibility to insulin resistance in Psammomys obesus and is secondarily attenuated by hyperglycemia or other factors in the diabetic milieu.</p>","PeriodicalId":14040,"journal":{"name":"International journal of experimental diabetes research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15604280214275","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22135234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Inhibition of Vasomotor Activity: Evaluation of Single and Combined Treatments With Vitamin A and Insulin in Streptozotocin-Diabetic Rats","authors":"Fulya Zobali, T. Besler, N. Arı, Ç. Karasu","doi":"10.1080/15604280214484","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15604280214484","url":null,"abstract":"A positive correlation has been established between increased oxidative stress and cardiovascular diseases in diabetes mellitus. We evaluated the effects of single or combined treatments with vitamin A (retinol acetate, 30 mg/kg/day, for 12-weeks) and insulin (8-10 IU/rat/day for the final 6-week) on vasomotor activity, oxidative stress and retinol metabolism in 12-week streptozotocin diabetic rats. The vasomotor activity was determined by measuring in vitro responsiveness of aorta rings to phenylephrine (PE) and acetylcholine (ACh) in the absence or in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Preincubation with H2O2 (10 μM) produced a significant decrease in PE (1 mM)-induced contraction in untreated-diabetic but not in control rats. Single treatment with insulin counteracted this effect of H2O2 and also reversed the increased contractile response of diabetic aorta to PE, while vitamin A was found to be ineffective. H2O2 (10 μM) also inhibited ACh (1 mM)-stimulated endothelium- dependent relaxation two fold more in diabetic than in control aorta. In the prevention of H2O2-induced inhibition of vascular relaxation to ACh, vitamin A alone was markedly effective while insulin alone was not. The combination of vitamin A plus insulin removed the inhibitory action of H2O2 in diabetic aorta. Diabetic animals displayed an increased level of aorta thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) in association with decreased levels of plasma retinol and retinol-binding protein (RBP). Single treatment with insulin, in spite of allowing recovery of normal growth rate and improved glucose and retinol metabolism in diabetic rats, was unable to control TBARS production to the same extent as vitamin A alone. Our findings suggest that the maintenance of ACh-stimulated endothelium-dependent vasorelaxant tone in normal physiological levels depends largely on the prevention and/or inhibition of peroxidative stress, which is achieved by combined treatment with vitamin A plus insulin. The use of vitamin A together with insulin provides a better metabolic control and more benefits than use of insulin alone in the reduction of diabetes-induced vascular complications.","PeriodicalId":14040,"journal":{"name":"International journal of experimental diabetes research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85081739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Independence of Signaling Pathways Mediating Increased Expression of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor Type 1 in HepG2 Cells Exposed to Free Fatty Acids or Triglycerides","authors":"Yabing Chen, D. Schneider","doi":"10.1080/15604280214488","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15604280214488","url":null,"abstract":"We have shown that both free fatty acids (FFA) and triglycerides (TG) increase expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) in vivo and in vitro. To determine signaling mechanisms responsible, HepG2 cells were exposed to FFA, emulsified TG, or the combination. The combination of FFA and TG increased PAI-1 to a greater extent than either agent alone (fold induction: 0.45mM FFA 1.7±0.2, 1000mg/dl TG 1.9±0.1, both 2.3±0.2, n=10, p<0.05 for comparison of combination with either alone). Cells transfected with PAI-1 5' flanking region containing the 4G or 5G polymorphism displayed similar activity in response to FFA, but modestly greater activity with the 4G polymorphism in response to TG (fold induction: 5G-1.28±0.14 and 4G- 1.46±0.13, n=6, p<0.05 for comparison). Deletion analyses demonstrated that FFA and TG induce PAI-1 expression through distinct regions of the promoter. Inhibition of protein kinase C inhibited the response to FFA but not TG. Accordingly, increased FFA and TG contribute to increased PAI- I through independent mechanisms.","PeriodicalId":14040,"journal":{"name":"International journal of experimental diabetes research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84849257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potentiation of Mitogenic Activity of Platelet-Derived Growth Factor by Physiological Concentrations of Insulin via the MAP Kinase Cascade in Rat A10 Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells","authors":"Hitomi Yamada, T. Tsushima, H. Murakami, Y. Uchigata, Y. Iwamoto","doi":"10.1080/15604280214489","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15604280214489","url":null,"abstract":"Hyperinsulinemia has been shown to be associated with diabetic angiopathy. Migration and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) are the processes required for the development of atherosclerosis. In this study, we attempted to determine whether insulin affects mitogenic signaling induced by plateletderived growth factor (PDGF) in a rat VSMC cell line (A10 cells). PDGF stimulated DNA synthesis which was totally dependent on Ras, because transfection of dominant negative Ras resulted in complete loss of PDGF-stimulated DNA synthesis. Initiation of DNA synthesis was preceded by activation of Raf-1, MEK and MAP kinases (Erk 1 and Erk2). Treatment of the cells with PD98059, an inhibitor of MAPK kinase (MEK) attenuated but did not abolish PDGF-stimulated DNA synthesis, suggesting that MAPK is required but not essential for DNA synthesis. PDGF also stimulated phosphorylation of protein kinase B (Akt/PKB) and p70 S6Kinase (p70S6K) in a wortmannin-sensitive manner. Rapamycin, an inhibitor of p70S6K, markedly suppressed DNA synthesis. Low concentrations of insulin (1-10 nmol/l) alone showed little mitogenic activity and no significant effect on MAPK activity. However, the presence of insulin enhanced both DNA synthesis and MAPK activation by PDGF. The enhancing effect of insulin was not seen in cells treated with PD98059. Insulin was without effect on PDGF-stimulated activations of protein kinase B (Akt/PKB) and p70S6K. We conclude that insulin, at pathophysiologically relevant concentrations, potentiates the PDGFstimulated DNA synthesis, at least in part, by potentiating activation of the MAPK cascade. These results are consistent with the notion that hyperinsulinemia is a risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis.","PeriodicalId":14040,"journal":{"name":"International journal of experimental diabetes research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84956267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Aminoguanidine on Lipid and Protein Oxidation in Diabetic Rat Kidneys","authors":"Dilek Gogas Yavuz, Belgin Küçükkaya, H. önder Ersöz, A. Yalçin, K. Emerk, S. Akalın","doi":"10.1080/15604280214487","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15604280214487","url":null,"abstract":"Nonenzymatic glycation of tissue and plasma proteins may stimulate the production of oxidant and carbonyl stress in diabetes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of aminoguanidine (AG) on lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation and nitric oxide (NO) release in diabetic rat kidneys. After induction of diabetes with streptozotocin, female Wistar rats were divided into 2 groups. Group DAG (n=9) rats were given AG hydrogen carbonate (1 g/L) in drinking water and group D (n=8) was diabetic control rats given only tap water. Group H (n=8) was followed as healthy controls. At the end of an 8 week period, NO release, lipid and protein oxidation were determined in kidney tissues. NO release was significantly lower in diabetic rats compared with healthy controls (p<0.05). Lipid peroxidation was significantly high in group D (3.9 ± 0.3 nmol MDA/g tissue) compared with the group DAG (2.6 ± 0.1 nmol MDA/g tissue, p<0.01) and group H (2.4 ± 0.2 nmol MDA/g tissue). Protein oxidation was significantly higher in diabetics than healthy controls (563.8 ± 23.9, 655.8 ± 7.2 , 431.5 ± 8.8 mmol carbonyl / g tissue for group DAG, D and H, respectively, p< 0.05). A positive correlation between albuminuria and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) levels (r= 0.54,p<0.005) and carbonyl content (r=0.70, p<0.0005) in kidney homogenate were observed. Although AG treatment had no effect on NO release, it significantly decreased lipid peroxidation in diabetic rat cortices. Consequently increased lipid peroxidation -as well as- protein oxidation could be involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic albuminuria.","PeriodicalId":14040,"journal":{"name":"International journal of experimental diabetes research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74706039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pancreatic β-Cell Death, Regeneration and Insulin Secretion: Roles of Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase and Cyclic ADP-Ribose","authors":"S. Takasawa, H. Okamoto","doi":"10.1080/15604280214485","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15604280214485","url":null,"abstract":"In the early 1980s, we proposed a unifying model for β-cell damage (The OKAMOTO model), in which poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase/ polymerase (PARP) activation plays an essential role in the consumption of NAD+, which leads to energy depletion and necrotic cell death. In 1984, we demonstrated that the administration of PARP inhibitors to 90% depancreatized rats induces islet regeneration. From the regenerating islet-derived cDNA library we isolated Reg (Regenerating Gene) and demonstrated that Reg protein induces βcell replication via the Reg receptor and ameliorates experimental diabetes. More recently, we showed that the combined addition of IL-6 and dexamethasone induces the Reg gene expression in β-cells and that PARP inhibitors enhance the expression. In 1993, we found that cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR), a product synthesized from NAD+, is a second messenger for intracellular Ca+ mobilization for insulin secretion by glucose, and proposed a novel mechanism of insulin secretion, the CD38-cADPR signal system. Therefore, PARP inhibitors prevent β-cell necrosis, induce β-cell replication and maintain insulin secretion. In this paper, we would like to present a perspective view based on our studies concerning cell death, cell regeneration, and cell function, especially on insulin-producing pancreatic βcells, in the processes of which poly(ADPribose) synthetase/polymerase (PARP) and cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) are functioning.","PeriodicalId":14040,"journal":{"name":"International journal of experimental diabetes research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74056331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes Decreases Mammary Gland Lipoprotein Lipase Activity and Messenger Ribonucleic Acid in Pregnant and Nonpregnant Rats","authors":"Laura. Blanco-Dolado, A. Martín-Hidalgo, E. Herrera","doi":"10.1080/15604280212524","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15604280212524","url":null,"abstract":"Diabetes mellitus is associated with a reduction of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity in adipose tissue and development of hypertriglyceridemia. To determine how a condition of severe insulin deficiency affects mammary gland LPL activity and mRNA expression during late pregnancy, streptozotocin (STZ) treated (40 mg/kg) and non-treated (control) virgin and 20 day pregnant rats were studied. In control rats, both LPL activity and mRNA were higher in pregnant than in virgin rats. When compared to control rats, STZ-treated rats, either pregnant or virgin, showed decreased LPL activity and mRNA content. Furthermore, mammary gland LPL activity was linearly correlated with mRNA content, and either variable was linearly correlated with plasma insulin levels. Thus, insulin deficiency impairs the expression of LPL in mammary glands, revealing the role of insulin as a modulator of the enzyme at the mRNA expression level.","PeriodicalId":14040,"journal":{"name":"International journal of experimental diabetes research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74469682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}