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Proceedings of 1996 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium最新文献

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Measurement of SAW velocity using impulse system and its application on NDE 脉冲声表面波速度的测量及其在无损检测中的应用
Proceedings of 1996 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium Pub Date : 1996-06-05 DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.1996.559870
T. Nomura, M. Wayashi, T. Yasuda
{"title":"Measurement of SAW velocity using impulse system and its application on NDE","authors":"T. Nomura, M. Wayashi, T. Yasuda","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.1996.559870","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.1996.559870","url":null,"abstract":"Surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices use the characteristics of SAW propagations directly. Therefore, the characteristic SAW propagation on a piezoelectric substrate is very important for such a device. In this paper, a new method for measuring SAW velocity is described. The method uses the spectrum of impulse response of the interdigital transducer (IDT), which depends on the SAW velocity and electrode period. The velocity of the SAW in an isotropic layer on a piezoelectric substrate and single crystal substrate were measured nondestructively using the pulse method.","PeriodicalId":140391,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1996 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115134114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Dependence of strain amplitude on loss mechanisms in plate resonators 平板谐振器中应变幅值与损耗机制的关系
Proceedings of 1996 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium Pub Date : 1996-06-05 DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.1996.559881
J. Klessina, A. Ballato
{"title":"Dependence of strain amplitude on loss mechanisms in plate resonators","authors":"J. Klessina, A. Ballato","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.1996.559881","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.1996.559881","url":null,"abstract":"Piezoelectric elements are used in a variety of applications such as optical modulators, microactuators, and certain types of transducers and resonant sensors, where it is necessary to know the maximum amplitude obtainable. Conduction, dielectric, and viscous losses all limit the amplitude. We consider high frequency crystal plates in the one-dimensional approximation. By the use of a complex piezoelectric coupling coefficient incorporating all three loss mechanisms, the limiting amplitude of the fundamental mode is found. Examples are given for AT, BT, and SC quartz cuts, along with lithium niobate and lead titanate ceramic. The influence of electrode mass loading on amplitude is also determined, along with the magnitude of the interfacial stress. The stress levels can attain significant levels.","PeriodicalId":140391,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1996 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123040768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A new approach to the growth of langasite crystals 一种生长langasite晶体的新方法
Proceedings of 1996 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium Pub Date : 1996-06-05 DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.1996.559832
O. Buzanov, A. Naumov, V. V. Nechaev, S. Knyazev
{"title":"A new approach to the growth of langasite crystals","authors":"O. Buzanov, A. Naumov, V. V. Nechaev, S. Knyazev","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.1996.559832","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.1996.559832","url":null,"abstract":"Preparation of the initial charge, crystal growth process and crystal quality assessment of langasite are described. The initial charge preparation is based on an original method named self-distribution high-temperature synthesis (SHS), which is applied for the first time to mixtures of lanthanum and silicon oxides and metallic gallium. Influence of the main growth conditions on the crystal quality is discussed. The advantages of using iridium as crucible material are shown. A value of the crystal size as big as 70 mm of diameter was reached. Crystal quality is evaluated to be high enough to produce monolithic 80 MHz filters.","PeriodicalId":140391,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1996 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117212392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 25
Reducing the light-shift in the diode laser pumped rubidium atomic clock 减少二极管激光泵浦铷原子钟的光移
Proceedings of 1996 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium Pub Date : 1996-06-05 DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.1996.560285
J. Camparo
{"title":"Reducing the light-shift in the diode laser pumped rubidium atomic clock","authors":"J. Camparo","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.1996.560285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.1996.560285","url":null,"abstract":"One impediment to achieving the promise of enhanced laser-pumped gas cell clock performance resides with the light-shift effect, a phenomenon whereby diode laser optical frequency fluctuations are mapped onto the atomic clock's output frequency. The alternative to tightly stabilizing the diode laser in order to overcome this problem is to develop means of reducing the actual magnitude of the light-shift. Here, we briefly review two strategies for accomplishing this, and introduce a new one based on optical pumping with laser-induced-fluorescence (LIF). The advantage of LIF optical pumping is that the clock's output frequency is insensitive to laser frequency fluctuations. Though LIF optical pumping creates a dependence of clock frequency on laser intensity variations, it is to be noted that diode lasers have very low intensity noise. Consequently, with regards to the light-shift effect the LIF strategy takes advantage of an inherent diode laser strength.","PeriodicalId":140391,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1996 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126952404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 7
Quartz microresonator sensors for monitoring thin film thickness 用于监测薄膜厚度的石英微谐振器传感器
Proceedings of 1996 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium Pub Date : 1996-06-05 DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.1996.559932
H. Kawashima, K. Sunaga
{"title":"Quartz microresonator sensors for monitoring thin film thickness","authors":"H. Kawashima, K. Sunaga","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.1996.559932","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.1996.559932","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes a quartz microresonator sensor for monitoring thin film thickness. A microresonator of tuning fork-type with stepped vibration bars vibrating in torsion which can be approximately regarded as \"clamped-free bar\" is very available for monitoring thin film thickness because it has excellent frequency temperature behavior over a wide temperature range of room temperature to high one of about 200/spl deg/C. In this paper, a relationship of resonant frequency to thin film thickness of Ak and Al is theoretically and experimentally clarified for the microresonator, so that the frequency deviation is proportional to the film thickness deposited on the top of the tuning arms, and the calculated values are in good agreement with the measured ones. This microresonator is, therefore, very available for monitoring thin film thickness.","PeriodicalId":140391,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1996 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115220462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
The complication of helium desorption in the helium leak method 氦漏法中氦解吸的复杂性
Proceedings of 1996 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium Pub Date : 1996-06-05 DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.1996.559902
T. Wickard, W. Hanson
{"title":"The complication of helium desorption in the helium leak method","authors":"T. Wickard, W. Hanson","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.1996.559902","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.1996.559902","url":null,"abstract":"The phenomenon of helium adsorption on the glass and metal surfaces of the standard HC-37/U cold weld base is investigated. Testing laboratories implement the interpretation of MIL-STD-202 method 112 in various ways. These methods are compared. A comparison of the leak rate of bombed units (units subjected to high pressure of known tracer gas) is made against units which are back filled with the same tracer gas, helium. The difference in the leak rate due to helium adsorption in the base is shown and the decay curve for the helium desorption of the HC-37/u base is given. Techniques for purging helium from the glass surface are also investigated and the results given.","PeriodicalId":140391,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1996 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122457499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Statistical modeling for the optimal deposition of sputtered piezoelectric films 溅射压电薄膜最佳沉积的统计建模
Proceedings of 1996 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium Pub Date : 1996-06-05 DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.1996.559834
F. J. Hickernell, R. Yue, F. Hickernell
{"title":"Statistical modeling for the optimal deposition of sputtered piezoelectric films","authors":"F. J. Hickernell, R. Yue, F. Hickernell","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.1996.559834","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.1996.559834","url":null,"abstract":"The quality of sputtered-deposited piezoelectric films used for integrating bulk acoustic wave (BAW) and surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices with semiconductor circuitry depends on several deposition parameters including substrate temperature, background pressure, gas composition, gas flow rate, and deposition rate. It is desirable to establish the fabrication process based on a a selection of the controllable parameter values that optimizes the film quality. It is common practice to perform a number of deposition experiments by varying the controllable parameters to determine the optimal film growth conditions. The films are grown under a number of different conditions within this space and a response parameter related to film performance is measured. Then a multiple linear regression model is fit to the data. By optimizing the fitted response the best growth conditions can be obtained. This approach is illustrated with data from recent work on the development of very high quality magnetron sputtered aluminum nitride (AlN) films whose acoustic characteristics are like those of epitaxial films grown at considerably higher substrate temperatures. Because the resource cost involved can be high depending upon the number of deposition runs made, it is desirable to minimize the number of experiments and maximize the amount of information gained from them. A discussion is given on how the statistical theory of experimental design can be used to obtain this goal.","PeriodicalId":140391,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1996 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116592785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Manufacturing optimization for improved AT crystal aging: preliminary results 改进AT晶体时效的制造优化:初步结果
Proceedings of 1996 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium Pub Date : 1996-06-05 DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.1996.559874
L. Vittorini
{"title":"Manufacturing optimization for improved AT crystal aging: preliminary results","authors":"L. Vittorini","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.1996.559874","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.1996.559874","url":null,"abstract":"The military's focus on affordable \"smart weapons\" using GPS has put new emphasis on an age old problem: Is it possible to control or bound the aging of oscillators? These new weapons are expected to be in storage for up to 20 years with minimal performance degradation regarding initial acquisition of the GPS signal used for primary navigation. Advances in signal processing are just beginning to help address the frequency drift problem, but jamming and other considerations still make it advantageous to minimize long term aging of the GPS frequency standard. The focus of this study is intended to investigate tailored manufacturing processes to optimise long term storage of any product using GPS such as PGM weapons, at an affordable cost. An equally important consideration is to evaluate how excursions to cold temperatures affect the preaging process and if possible characterize these effects for one distinct manufacturing process.","PeriodicalId":140391,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1996 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129946681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
A historical review of atomic frequency standards used in space systems 空间系统中原子频率标准的历史回顾
Proceedings of 1996 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium Pub Date : 1996-06-05 DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.1996.559816
N. Bhaskar, J. White, L. Mallette, T. Mcclelland, J. Hardy
{"title":"A historical review of atomic frequency standards used in space systems","authors":"N. Bhaskar, J. White, L. Mallette, T. Mcclelland, J. Hardy","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.1996.559816","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.1996.559816","url":null,"abstract":"The remarkable navigational accuracy currently enjoyed by the users of satellite navigation systems is in major part due to the excellent performance of the on-board atomic frequency standards (AFSs). Since the laboratory demonstration of a Cesium AFS in the 50's the performance and reliability of AFSs have significantly improved. Currently Cesium (Cs) and Rubidium (Rb) AFSs are on-board many satellite systems-Navigational Satellites GPS (Global Positioning System-USE) and GLONASS (Global Navigation Satellite System-Russia) and the Communication Satellite MILSTAR (Military Strategic and Tactical Relay-USA). To test the predictions of General Theory of Relativity a hydrogen maser clock was flown in space. In all, we estimate that the total number of space-borne AFSs is no more than several hundred-by all accounts a relatively small sample size for any accurate reliability studies. The manufacturing technology of space qualified AFSs has vastly improved in the last three decades and the significant improvement in performance is primarily due to the maturity of the electronics industry. In this paper we present a historical review of the AFSs used in space systems. We will briefly review the unique requirements for space qualification for frequency standards and outline the performance characteristics of different AFSs which are presently on-board various satellite systems. We also present a brief discussion of the advanced AFSs for potential future space applications.","PeriodicalId":140391,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1996 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium","volume":"290 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124612562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 20
Compressional waves generated by thickness shear resonators in a surrounding gas 由周围气体中的厚度剪切谐振器产生的纵波
Proceedings of 1996 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium Pub Date : 1996-06-05 DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.1996.559924
G. Portnoff, V. Mecea, L. Lindberg
{"title":"Compressional waves generated by thickness shear resonators in a surrounding gas","authors":"G. Portnoff, V. Mecea, L. Lindberg","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.1996.559924","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.1996.559924","url":null,"abstract":"Compressional waves are generated by thickness shear mode resonators in a surrounding gas. They are not generated by a longitudinal movement of the quartz resonator, but originate in the shear velocity gradient on the surface of the resonator. Compressional waves are revealed by producing standing waves in a gap between the surface of the quartz resonator and a linearly moved parallel reflector. Whenever the gap length is an integer of half-wavelengths of the compressional waves, at the shear frequency of the resonator, periodic perturbations in motional resistance and frequency are recorded. The effect is important for precision resonators.","PeriodicalId":140391,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1996 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129439403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
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