International Journal of Fertility最新文献_第9页

Oral contraceptives: an epidemiological perspective. 口服避孕药:流行病学观点。

International Journal of Fertility Pub Date : 1992-01-01

Y Tayob

{"title":"Oral contraceptives: an epidemiological perspective.","authors":"Y Tayob","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"Oral contraceptives (OCs) containing a fixed dose of estrogen and progestogen in a 21-day regimen initially were approved for unrestricted use in the 1960s in the United States. OCs have been used and studied extensively for more than 30 years. They have always been seen as providing excellent efficacy. However, estrogens were associated with major risks in the use of OCs. In the early 1960s, case reports of thromboembolism in women using OCs led to epidemiological studies suggesting a correlation between deep vein thrombosis and the estrogen content of the pill. Research focused on decreasing the estrogen dose. In the evolution process, the combination monophasics of the early 1960s gave way to the sequential pill and the \"mini pill\" of the 1970s. Sex steroids given in the form of OCs were shown to alter lipoprotein and carbohydrate metabolism. This, together with the increased risk of thromboembolism, led to increased risk of cardiovascular disease, e.g., myocardial infarction. Little consideration (in the early 1960s) was given to the effects of potent progestogens and their interaction with estrogens. Hence, the recent focus of clinical research is the development of new and improved progestational agents. These third-generation gonane types appear to have little impact on carbohydrate or lipoprotein metabolism while maintaining excellent efficacy and cycle control. They should reduce the risk of serious side effects. However, to understand how and why these agents evolved, tracing the history of OC development is valuable. It might allow us to determine the baseline dose where we will begin to lose some of the OCs' benefits.","PeriodicalId":13990,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Fertility","volume":"37 Suppl 4 ","pages":"199-203"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"12535833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Clinical experience with a new norgestimate-containing oral contraceptive. 一种新型含去甲孕酸口服避孕药的临床应用。

International Journal of Fertility Pub Date : 1992-01-01

J Huber

{"title":"Clinical experience with a new norgestimate-containing oral contraceptive.","authors":"J Huber","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"Research in the area of oral contraception currently focuses on the development of selective progestogens that combine targeted progestational and antiovulatory activity with a minimal potential for androgenicity. The present dual-center study was conducted to investigate the efficacy, tolerability, and safety of a new monophasic oral contraceptive (OC) containing 250 micrograms norgestimate in combination with 35 micrograms ethinyl estradiol (Ortho-Cyclen or Cilest). Ninety-seven healthy women of childbearing age participated in the study: 37 received the new norgestimate/ethinyl estradiol combination OC as primary therapy and 31 were switched over from other OCs. The norgestimate/ethinyl estradiol formulation was well tolerated and was associated with excellent cycle control. After six cycles of use, there were no statistically significant differences in the incidence of spotting or breakthrough bleeding compared with baseline, nor were there any significant changes in the incidence of headache, nausea, or mastalgia. Body weights remained constant for the duration of the study, as did systolic and diastolic blood pressures. Of particular note was the absence of any statistically significant alterations in metabolic parameters, including blood glucose or lipoprotein levels. These findings are consistent with the results of several other European studies and indicate that the norgestimate/ethinyl estradiol combination OC combines superior cycle control with minimal risk of androgenic side effects.","PeriodicalId":13990,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Fertility","volume":"37 Suppl 1 ","pages":"47-53"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"12519662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Comparison of various therapies for the luteinized unruptured follicle syndrome. 黄体化未破裂卵泡综合征各种治疗方法的比较。

International Journal of Fertility Pub Date : 1992-01-01

J H Check, C Dietterich, K Nowroozi, C H Wu

{"title":"Comparison of various therapies for the luteinized unruptured follicle syndrome.","authors":"J H Check, C Dietterich, K Nowroozi, C H Wu","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"A study was initiated to evaluate the prevalence of the luteinized unruptured follicle (LUF) syndrome in a group of 355 women with infertility. The diagnosis was established by carefully observing daily sonograms along with measuring estradiol, progesterone, and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels. Two distinct types of LUF syndrome were identified: mature follicle LUF, in which release of an ovum was not demonstrated after a follicle attained maturity (serum estradiol reached 200 pg/mL while serum progesterone remained less than 2.5 ng/mL), versus premature luteinization LUF, where the serum progesterone increased above 2.5 ng/mL before follicular maturation was attained. The use of either hCG alone or hCG in combination with hMG in a single injection at the time of follicular maturation successfully corrected mature follicle LUF in 21 of 46 patients (46%), whereas ovulation-inducing drugs plus hCG or hCG and hMG corrected LUF in 24 of 25 patients (96%). Clomiphene citrate proved inferior to hMG in that it corrected LUF in 3 of 25 patients (12%) versus 12 of 22 patients (95%) who had undergone hMG therapy. Thus, hMG-hCG therapy is the most efficacious for mature follicle LUF, but because release can occur spontaneously on occasion by an appropriately timed single gonadotropin injection, one could offer the less costly options first. For premature luteinization, speeding up follicular maturation with gonadotropin therapy is effective. Upon failure of this technique, the more costly endogenous gonadotropin suppression followed by hMG can be employed.","PeriodicalId":13990,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Fertility","volume":"37 1","pages":"33-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"12522351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Some characteristics of azoospermic human semen. 无精子人类精液的一些特征。

International Journal of Fertility Pub Date : 1992-01-01

R Singer, M Sagiv, E Segenreich, Z Zukerman, H Levinsky

引用次数: 0

A postpartum clinical trial with a new progestin, norgestimate. 一种新型黄体酮的产后临床试验。

International Journal of Fertility Pub Date : 1992-01-01

M Van Lierde

引用次数: 0

The androgenicity of oral contraceptives: the young patient's concerns. 口服避孕药的雄激素性:年轻患者的关注点。

International Journal of Fertility Pub Date : 1992-01-01

B Runnebaum

{"title":"The androgenicity of oral contraceptives: the young patient's concerns.","authors":"B Runnebaum","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"Sexual activity is quite common among women aged 14 to 20 in developed countries, averaging perhaps 10% at age 15 to about 70% at 19. Thus, the need for contraception may begin quite early in life and will continue for as long as 30 years. One of the best candidates for long-term contraception for young sexually active females is the oral contraceptive (OC), which provides health benefits besides contraception. Long-term benefits include lowered rates of ovarian and endometrial cancer, as well as of benign breast disease and ovarian cysts. Another benefit is protection against upper-tract sequelae of sexually transmitted diseases. Short-term benefits are correction of menstrual irregularity, reduction in menstrual flow, and diminished premenstrual syndrome and dysmenorrhea. Recent OC formulations contain only one-third the estrogenic potency of older OCs and therefore are associated with dramatic decreases in what were always the major side effects of OCs: heart attack, stroke, and pulmonary embolism. Other side effects of OCs have been most closely associated with the progestogenic component, and are related to the androgenic effects of progestins, particularly some synthetic progestins. However, some new synthetic progestins have been found to have minimal androgen receptor activity in preclinical testing and to cause minimal or no androgen-related side effects in clinical trials. One of these new progestins having a favorable androgenic profile is norgestimate. Its efficacy and safety in combination with low doses of ethinyl estradiol have been documented in the European and the American literature.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)","PeriodicalId":13990,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Fertility","volume":"37 Suppl 4 ","pages":"211-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"12535835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The European experience: an overview. 欧洲经验:概述。

International Journal of Fertility Pub Date : 1992-01-01

M D Gillmer

引用次数: 0

Common technical errors in hysterosalpingography. 宫腔输卵管造影常见技术错误。

International Journal of Fertility Pub Date : 1992-01-01

G E Hofmann, R T Scott, Z Rosenwaks

引用次数: 0

Hemoperitoneum from a tubal pregnancy mimicking abruptio placentae: an obstetrical enigma. 模拟胎盘早剥的输卵管妊娠的腹膜血:一个产科之谜。

International Journal of Fertility Pub Date : 1992-01-01

A C Mathelier, L Jurado, K Karachorlu