Jurnal Teknik Kimia Indonesia最新文献

{"title":"Pembuatan geopolimer dari metakaolin dan abu terbang","authors":"T. W. Samadhi, Pambudi Pajar Pratama","doi":"10.5614/jtki.2013.12.2.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5614/jtki.2013.12.2.6","url":null,"abstract":"SYNTHESIS OF GEOPOLYMER FROM METAKAOLIN AND FLY ASH.Geopolymer is an inorganic polymer produced by reacting aluminosilicate solids with a strongly basic activator. Geopolymers can be applied as construction adhesives, replacing ordinary Portland cement. Geopolymerization reaction may occur near room temperatures, implying less energy consumption compared to Portland cement. A variety of inorganic wastes may be selected as the aluminosilicate reactant, which makes geopolymer useful in managing solid wastes. This study builds upon a previous preliminary study, which has proven the technical feasibility of using domestically available raw materials to produce geopolymers. This particular study evaluates the resistance of geopolymers to high temperature, which simulates fire in civil structures. A 24 full factorial design experiment has been undertaken to evaluate the impact of aluminosilicate type (metakaolin and fly ash), base activator type (NaOH and KOH), curing temperature (60 and 80 oC), and heating at 800oC for 2 hours on the compressive strength of the mortar. Combining fly ash, KOH, and higher curing temperature produces the highest compressive strength. Heating at 800 oC reduces the strength of metakaolin geopolymer by inducing crystallization which consumes the geopolymer gel phase, but improves the strength of the fly ash geopolymer mortar by increasing the cohesion of fly ash particles.Keywords: geopolymer, mortar, OPC, compressive strength, heat resistance AbstrakGeopolimer merupakan polimer anorganik yang tersusun oleh rantai-rantai atom Al, Si, dan O, dan dihasilkan melalui reaksi padatan aluminosilikat dengan aktivator basa kuat. Geopolimer dapat digunakan sebagai bahan perekat untuk konstruksi sebagai pengganti semen Portland. Reaksi geopolimerisasi dapat berlangsung di sekitar temperatur kamar, sehingga konsumsi energi produksi geopolimer lebih rendah daripada OPC. Berbagai limbah anorganik dapat digunakan sebagai reaktan aluminosilikat, sehingga geopolimer juga berguna dalam pengelolaan limbah padat. Kajian ini merupakan kelanjutan dari kajian awal yang membuktikan kelayakan teknis pemanfaatan bahan-bahan dalam negeri untuk sintesis geopolimer. Kajian ini mengevaluasi daya tahan geopolimer terhadap temperatur tinggi, yang mencerminkan kejadian kebakaran pada struktur bangunan sipil. Suatu percobaan faktorial 24 dijalankan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh jenis bahan aluminosilikat (metakaolin dan abu terbang), jenis aktivator basa (NaOH dan KOH), temperatur pematangan mortar geopolimer (60 dan 80 oC), serta pemanasan pada 800 oC selama 2 jam terhadap kuat tekan mortar geopolimer. Kombinasi abu terbang, aktivator KOH, serta temperatur pematangan 80 oC memberikan kuat tekan  tertinggi, yang bahkan lebih tinggi daripada mortar OPC. Pemanasan pada 800 oC merusak struktur jaringan geopolimer metakaolin dengan mendorong kristalisasi yang mengkonsumsi fasa gel geopolimer, sementara justru memperkuat geopolimer abu terbang dengan meningkatkan ","PeriodicalId":138501,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Teknik Kimia Indonesia","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125821401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Separation of oil-in-water emulsion using slotted pore membrane","authors":"P. Sutrisna, F. S. Lingganingrum, I. Wenten","doi":"10.5614/jtki.2012.11.1.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5614/jtki.2012.11.1.8","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays, oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion has become an important topic in many industries. Petroleum industry is one of these industries. O/W emulsion produced in crude oil recovery causes problems at different stages in petroleum industry. Produced water can not be injected again into the well, because it contains high concentrations of oil, grease and suspended particles. Recently, membrane technology has been applied in separation of O/W emulsion. One membrane that has been developed special for oil filtration is slotted true surface filter. This research investigated influences of pore size and initial concentration of feed emulsion during oil filtration using slotted pore membrane. From the experiment, oil rejection will be higher if we use membrane with smaller pore size, emulsion with high stability and small trans membrane pressure. Based on the slot width it can be concluded that 33 microns membrane gives better oil rejection than 80 microns membrane. Initial concentrations of challenge emulsion also influence value of flux and oil rejection, which will also influence our decision to choose suitable membrane in relation with hydrophilicity of the membrane. During microfiltration process, there was deformation of oil particle through slot of membrane, which can be analyzed by observing size of oil drops in feed and permeate sides. Keywords: emulsion, microfiltration, slotted pore membraneAbstrakSaat ini penanganan limbah emulsi minyak dalam air menjadi topik penting di berbagai industri. Salah satunya adalah industri perminyakan. Emulsi yang dihasilkan dalam proses penambangan minyak mentah menimbulkan masalah pada beberapa tahapan proses di industri. Air yang mengandung minyak tidak dapat digunakan kembali untuk meningkatkan perolehan minyak karena mengandung minyak, lemak dan partikel tersuspensi dalam konsentrasi tinggi. Sehingga dibutuhkan proses pemisahan emulsi minyak dalam air. Akhir–akhir ini teknologi membran telah digunakan untuk memisahkan emulsi tersebut. Salah satu membrane yang dikembangkan adalah membrane berslot seperti yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Penelitian ini telah berupaya mengamati pengaruh variasi ukuran pori dan konsentrasi umpan terhadap performa membrane berslot dalam memisahkan emulsi minyak dalam air. Dari percobaan, diperoleh hasil bahwa rejeksi membran terhadap minyak meningkat jika digunakan membrane dengan ukuran ori lebih kecil, emulsi dengan kestabilan yang tinggi, dan beda tekanan yang kecil. Disimpulkan bahwa membrane dengan ukuran pori 33 mikrometer memberikan rejeksi membrane lebih tinggi dibandingkan membrane dengan ukuran pori 80 mikrometer. Konsentrasi awal umpan mempengaruhi fluks dan rejeksi serta mempengaruhi pilihan kita dalam memilih jenis membran yang digunakan. Selama proses filtrasi, terjadi perubahan bentuk atau deformasi partikel minyak melewati slot atau pori membrane yang diamati melalui distribusi ukuran partikel.Kata kunci: emulsi, mikrofiltrasi, membran berslot","PeriodicalId":138501,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Teknik Kimia Indonesia","volume":"172 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125990062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kajian pemanfaatan arang sekam padi aktif sebagai pengolah air limbah gasifikasi","authors":"Frita Yuliati, H. Susanto","doi":"10.5614/JTKI.2011.10.1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5614/JTKI.2011.10.1.2","url":null,"abstract":"The study of rice husk charcoal utilization as gasification waste water treatment Our laboratory works showed that activated char with a specific surface area of 145 m2/g and adsorption capacity of 1.35 mg/g could be prepared by activating rice husk char using 0.5 M of NaOH solution, at 92 oC (boiling point at atmospheric pressure) for 3 hours. Using this simple process, a cheap activated char could be produced, so that the cost of wastewater treatment might be reduced. Base on common rice mill capacity of 6 tonnes/day in north part of West Java, a production of activated char with a daily capacity of 480 kg might be expected. With assumptions of a plant life time of 8 years, an activated char price is IDR 5,000/kg, and an investment of IDR 545 millions, a production unit of activated char based on rice husk was found to be economically attractive with estimated Net Present Value of IDR 1.22 billions and Return on Investment of 27%. Keywords: Rice Husk, Activated Char, Wastewater, Phenol Adsorption, Economic Feasibility AbstrakAdsorpsi dengan arang aktif merupakan salah satu cara pengolahan air limbah yang mengandung senyawa-senyawa turunan fenol. Pemanfaatan sekam padi diharapkan dapat menghasilkan arang aktif yang murah, sehingga penggunaannya dapat mengurangi biaya operasi di dalam pengolahan air limbah industri. Prosedur pembuatan arang aktif sederhana telah dikembangkan di laboratorium, yaitu aktivasi arang sekam padi dengan larutan NaOH 0,5 M, pada titik didih atmosferik dan selama 3 jam. Arang aktif yang diperoleh memiliki luas permukaan spesifik 145 m2/g dan kapasitas adsorpsi fenol sekitar 1,35 mg/g dari air limbah gasifikasi yang mengandung fenol antara 39-44 mg/L. Laju adsorpsi fenol sesuai dengan persamaan pseudo-orde 1 Lagergren, sehingga diduga proses adsorpsi yang dominan dalam percobaan ini adalah adsorpsi fisik. Atas dasar hasil percobaan ini, sebuah unit usaha kecil/menengah diusulkan untuk dikembangkan bersamaan dengan unit penggilingan gabah yang banyak terdapat di pantai utara Jawa Barat. Unit produksi ini dirancang untuk menghasilkan arang aktif dengan kapasitas 480 kg/hari atas dasar kapasitas penggilingan gabah 30 ton/hari. Dengan asumsi umur pabrik 8 tahun, harga arang sekam aktif sebesar Rp 5.000/kg, investasi sebesar Rp 545 juta menghasilkan NPV sebesar Rp 1,22 miliar dan ROI sebesar 27%. Kata Kunci: Sekam Padi, Arang Aktif, Air Limbah, Adsorpsi Fenol, Kelayakan Ekonomi","PeriodicalId":138501,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Teknik Kimia Indonesia","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123493974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aplikasi teknologi elektrolisis plasma pada proses produksi Klor-Alkali","authors":"Nelson Saksono, Fakhrian Abqari, Setijo Bismo","doi":"10.5614/jtki.2012.11.3.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5614/jtki.2012.11.3.3","url":null,"abstract":"Plasma electrolysis technology applications in Chlor-Alkali process productionChlor-alkali industry sector is one of the important industrial sectorsin chemical industry. However, the chlor-alkali industry is one of the industry sectors that consume the most electrical energy due to the production using the methodof electrolysis. Plasma electrolysis is an electrolysis process with high voltage so that produce the glow discharge plasma in electrolyte solution. This method can be applied in the production of chlor-alkali and can reduce energy consumption several times. This research is aimed to observe the plasma electrolysis method in producing chlorine gas and also to measure the electricity consumption needed in chlor-alkali production process. This study was conducted by using plasma electrolysis reactor equipped by electrodes and cooling system. Process variables observed are voltage, NaCl concntration, and anode depth. Result of this research shows that the increase of all variables will cause the increase of chlorine gas production. The highest chlorine gas production is 1.44 mmol for 15 minutes at 400 V and 0.15 M NaCl solution where the anode position is at the surface of solution. Energy consumption of the process reaches 284 kJ/mmol Cl2, which is 38 times lower than electrolysis process in the same reactor configuration.Keywords: electrolysis, plasma electrolysis, production of chlor-alkali AbstrakIndustri klor-alkali merupakan salah satu industri penting dalam industri kimia dengan konsumsi energi listrik yang tinggi karena proses produksinya menggunakan metode elektrolisis. Elektrolisis plasma merupakan proses elektrolisis dengan tegangan yang jauh lebih tinggi sehingga terbentuk lecutan api listrik pada larutan elektrolit. Metode ini dapat diterapkan dalam aplikasi produksi klor-alkali dan mampu mengurangi konsumsi energi listrik hingga beberapa kali lipat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji metode elektrolisis plasma dalam menghasilkan gas klor serta mengukur konsumsi energi listrik yang dibutuhkan dalam proses produksi klor-alkali. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan reaktor elektrolisis plasma yang telah dilengkapi elektroda dan sistem pendingin. Variabel proses yang diamati meliputi tegangan, konsentrasi NaCl, dan kedalaman anoda. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan kenaikan produksi gas klor dengan meningkatnya tegangan, konsentrasi NaCl dan kedalaman anoda. Produksi gas klor tertinggi adalah sebesar 1,44 mmol yang diperoleh selama 15 menit proses pada tegangan 400 V dan konsentrasi NaCl 0,15 M dimana posisi anoda pada permukaan larutan. Konsumsi energi listrik mencapai 284 kJ/mmol Cl2 yang berarti 38 kali lebih rendah dibanding proses elektrolisis dalam konfigurasi reaktor yang sama.Kata kunci: elektrolisis, elektrolisis plasma, produksi klor-alkali","PeriodicalId":138501,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Teknik Kimia Indonesia","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125637166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In situ trans-esterification of oil-containing Jatropha curcas seeds to produce biodiesel fuel","authors":"I. Kartika, Muhammad Yani, D. Ariono, P. Evon, L. Rigal","doi":"10.5614/JTKI.2012.11.1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5614/JTKI.2012.11.1.6","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study was to investigate in situ trans-esterification allowing direct production biodiesel from jatropha seed. The influences of amount of KOH catalyst, methanol to seed ratio, amount of n-hexane to methanol and seed ratio, stirring speed, temperature and reaction time were examined to define the best performance of biodiesel yield and quality. Generally, methanol to seed ratio, amount of KOH and n-hexane to methanol and seed ratio affected biodiesel yield. An increase of biodiesel yield was observed as methanol to seed ratio, amount of KOH and n-hexane to methanol and seed ratio were increased. Stirring speed, temperature and reaction time did not affected biodiesel yield. Highest biodiesel yield (89%) was obtained under 6:1 methanol to seed ratio, 0.075 mole/L KOH in methanol, 3:3:1 n-hexane to methanol and seed ratio, 600 rpm stirring speed, 40 °C temperature and 6 h reaction time. The effect of process parameters on biodiesel quality was less important. In all experiments tested, the biodiesel quality was very good (acid value < 0.3 mg of KOH/g, viscosity < 5.5 cSt, saponification value > 183 mg of KOH/g). The quality of biodiesel produced under optimum reaction condition was in accordance with the Indonesian Biodiesel Standard. Keywords: biodiesel, in situ, jatropha seed, transesterificationAbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk memproduksi biodiesel secara langsung dari biji jarak pagar melalui proses transesterifikasi in situ. Parameter proses yang dipelajari adalah pengaruh konsentrasi katalis KOH, rasio metanol terhadap bahan, rasio n-heksan terhadap metanol dan bahan, kecepatan pengadukan, suhu dan waktu reaksi terhadap rendemen biodiesel dan kualitasnya. Rasio metanol terhadap bahan, konsentrasi KOH dan rasio n-heksan terhadap metanol dan bahan berpengaruh nyata terhadap rendemen biodiesel. Semakin tinggi rasio metanol terhadap bahan, konsentrasi KOH dan rasio n-heksan terhadap metanol dan bahan, rendemen biodiesel semakin meningkat. Kecepatan pengadukan, suhu dan waktu reaksi tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap rendemen biodiesel. Rendemen biodiesel tertinggi (89%) diperoleh dari perlakuan rasio metanol terhadap bahan 6:1, 0.075 mol/L KOH dalam metanol, rasio n-heksan terhadap metanol dan bahan 3:3:1, kecepatan pengadukan 600 rpm, suhu 40 °C dan waktu reaksi 6 jam. Kualitas biodiesel yang dihasilkan dari proses transesterifikasi in situ biji jarak pagar pada seluruh perlakuan yang diuji sangat baik (bilangan asam < 0.3 mg KOH/g, viskositas < 5.5 cSt, bilangan penyabunan > 183 mg KOH/g), dan tidak dipengaruhi oleh parameter-parameter proses. Kualitas biodiesel yang dihasilkan dari kondisi proses optimum memenuhi Standar Biodiesel Indonesia.Kata kunci: biodiesel, in situ, biji jarak, transesterifikasi","PeriodicalId":138501,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Teknik Kimia Indonesia","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127470430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of Ni loading and operating conditions for carbon dioxide reforming of methane over NiO/CeO2 catalyst using response surface methodology","authors":"I. Istadi, N. Amin, Mohd. Sanusi","doi":"10.5614/jtki.2005.4.2.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5614/jtki.2005.4.2.8","url":null,"abstract":"Optimization of Ni loading and operating conditions for carbon dioxide reforming of methane over NiO/CeO2 catalyst using response surface methodologyModelling and optimization of Carbon Dioxide Reforming of Methane (CORM) reaction over NiO/CeO2 catalyst were developed using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Relationship between responses, i.e. CH, conversion, H2 and CO selectivities, and three independent variables, i.e. reactor temperature, CO2/CH4 ratio, and wt. % Ni in the CeO-supported catalyst, were presented as empirical mathematical models. The models showed a good fitting to the experimental data statistically. The NiO/CeO2 showed a potential catalyst for the CORM process, though some coking formations were found. The catalysts exhibited a promising catalytic performance with the unity H2/CO ratio in the product, high methane conversion, and low reverse water gas shift reaction. The reactor temperature, CO2/CH4 ratio, and wt. % Ni in the CeO2-supported catalyst being 840oC, 1, and 6.5%, respectively were suggested with respect to CH4 conversion, H2 and CO selectivity, and H2/CO ratio of 75.7%, 68.5%, 54.5%, and 1.03, respectively. Keywords: Carbon dioxide reforming of methane, NiO/CeO, catalyst, Response Surface Methodology AbstrakPermodelan dan optimisasi reaksi pembentukan kembali metana dengan karbondioksida (CORM) melalui katalis NiO/CeO2 telah dikembangkan dengan menggunakan Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Hubungan antara respon-respon (konversi CH, selektifitas H2 and CO) dengan tiga peubah tak bergantung (temperatur reaktor; rasio CO2/CH4, dan % berat Ni dalam katalis berpenyangga CeO) dinyatakan dalam model matematika empiris. Model empiris tersebut secara statistik menunjukkan korelasi yang baik terhadap data-data eksperimen.  NiO/CeO2 tersebut menunjukkan sebuah katalis yang berpotensi untuk proses CORM. Katalis tersebut menunjukkan kinerja katalitik yang menjanjikan dengan rasio H2/CO mendekati satu dalam produk, konversi metana yang tinggi, dan reaksi reverse water gas shift yang rendah. Temperatur reactor 840oC, rasio CO2/CH4, 1, dan 6.5 wt. % Ni adalah direkomendasikan dengan konversi CH4 75.7%, selektifitas H2 68.5%, selektifitas CO 54.5%, dan rasio H2/CO 1.03. Kata Kunci: Pembentukan kembali metana dengan karbondioksida, Katalis NiO/CeO2, Response Surface Methodology","PeriodicalId":138501,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Teknik Kimia Indonesia","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129440638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rekayasa mikrosfer Zeolit sebagai sebagai penyangga katalis FCC dengan bahan baku mineral Kaolin","authors":"T. W. Samadhi, Febrinaldo Eka Nugraha","doi":"10.5614/jtki.2012.11.3.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5614/jtki.2012.11.3.4","url":null,"abstract":"Develpment of Zeolite as FCC catalyst support using Kaolin as a raw materialThis study is a preliminary evaluation of the feasibility of manufacturing fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalysts using Indonesian kaolins. A Belitung kaolin sample was  spray-dried to form kaolin microspheres, and divided into two parts. One part is processed by low calcination (at 700-850 oC) and the other by high calcination (1000 oC). Metakaolins produced by these treatments were mixed, and reacted with concentrated NaOH solution hydrothermally at 100-110 oC. A reaction period of 18-24 hours produced faujasite phase growth on the microsphere surface, as identified by X-ray diffraction and SEM morphology characterization. Measurement of textural properties by nitrogen adsorption produced a specific surface area of 10.5-142.1 m2/g, pore volume of 0.007-0.097 cm3/g, and  median pore size of 13.1-15.6 Å. Except for the pore diameter, these properties were still substantially lower than FCC catalysts described in the literature. ANOVA data analysis identified calcination time and the interaction between calcination temperature and hydrothermal reaction period as significant effects. Based on this analysis, the specific surface area may be increased by setting the low calcination period at low level (approximately 2 hours) while simultaneously setting  calcination temperature and hydrothermal reaction period at high levels (approximately 850 oC and 24 hours, respectively).Keywords: kaolin microsphere, Belitung, metakaolin, faujasite, FC AbstrakKajian ini merupakan evaluasi awal kelayakan pembuatan katalis fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) dari kaolin Indonesia. Kaolin Belitung mula-mula diolah menjadi mikrosfer kaolin dengan pengeringan sembur. Mikrosfer kemudian dipilah menjadi dua bagian, satu bagian dikenai perlakuan kalsinasi rendah (pada temperatur 700-850 oC) dan sisanya dikenai kalsinasi tinggi (1000 oC). Metakaolin hasil kalsinasi pada kedua tingkat temperatur ini dicampurkan, dan direaksikan dengan larutan NaOH secara hidrotermal pada temperatur 100-110 oC. Reaksi hidrotermal selama 18-24 jam membentuk fasa faujasit pada permukaan mikrosfer kaolin, yang diidentifikasi dengan metode difraksi sinar-X dan dengan pengamatan morfologi menggunakan metode SEM. Karakterisasi tekstural produk dengan adsorpsi nitrogen menghasilkan luas permukaan spesifik sebesar 10,5-142,1 m2/g, volume pori 0,007-0,097 cm3/g, serta median diameter pori 13,1-15,6 Å. Selain diameter pori, sifat-sifat tekstural ini masih kurang dibandingkan dengan katalis-katalis FCC yang dipaparkan di literatur. Pengolahan data percobaan dengan metode ANOVA mengidentifikasi periode waktu kalsinasi rendah serta interaksi antara temperatur kalsinasi rendah dan periode reaksi hidrotermal sebagai faktor-faktor yang menentukan luas permukaan spesifik. Berdasarkan analisis ini, luas permukaan dapat ditingkatkan dengan memilih waktu kalsinasi rendah yang relatif singkat (sekitar 2 jam), dan mengatur temperatur kalsina","PeriodicalId":138501,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Teknik Kimia Indonesia","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126306490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metoda dekomposisi batubara berdasarkan neraca elemen dan teori devolatilisasi dari data analisa proksimat dan ultimat","authors":"Yazid Bindar, Abrar Riza, H. Susanto, Dwiwahju Sasongko","doi":"10.5614/jtki.2007.6.1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5614/jtki.2007.6.1.3","url":null,"abstract":"The coal gasification theoretical performance is usually estimated using a thermodynamic model. This model should produce idealistic performances of a gasifier. However, the thermodynamic approach reqitires a known chemical formula of the coal. Coal is known as a hydrocarbon solid fuel. Its chemical formula is very complex and unknown. The solution for this problem is solved by decomposing the coal into known chemical substances. The present decomposing method of the coal is developed by complying to mass balance of the coal using both ultimate and proximate analysis's. The coal is composed into light gases, tars and char. The components of these substances are determined from the established devolatization theory. The light gases are considered as a mixture of Hp, C01, HCN, CH4, H2S, CO, and H2. Tars can be represented by C16H10, C10H14O2, C9H7N, and C4H4S. The char remains carbon only (C). The ash is still as ash. This present method is more realistic method than a conventional one. The calculated gasification performances using decomposed coal from this method are also considered to be more realistic. With this method, effect of coal types on their gasification performances can be investigated.Keywords: Coal, Decomposition, Devolatilisation, Gasification AbstrakKajian kinerja gasifikasi batubara pada kondisi kesetimbangan kimia memerlukan infomasi rumus molekul bahan yang terlibat. Rumus molekul batubara sendiri belum didifinisikan secara pasti. Masalah ini diatasi dengan cara pendekomposian batubara ke komponen kimia yang diketahui rumus molekulnya. Makalah ini menyampaikan hasil penelitian dalam hal pengembangan metoda dekomposisi yang didasari oleh neraca unsur dengan menggunakan data analisa proksimat dan ultima!. Disamping ini, teori devolatilisasi digunakan dalam memperkirakan jenis bahan teruap yang dihasilkan oleh peristiwa dekomposisi batubara. Batubara terdekomposisi menjadi gas-gas ringan, tar-tar dan arang. Komponen dan fraksi massanya dipekirakan mengikuti kaidah neraca massa dan teori devolatilisasi. Gas-gas ringan yang dimaksud adalah gas-gas Hp, C01, HCN, CH4, H2S, CO, and H2. Tar yang dilibatkan dalam bentuk senyawa C16H10, C10H14O2, C9H7N, and C4H4S. Arang tetap diwakili oleh karbon (C) dan abu tetap dalam bentuk abu. Metoda dekomposisi yang dikembangkan sekarang  adalah metoda yang realistik berlandaskan teori devolatilisasi. Metoda ini disebut metoda dekomposisi realistik. Perkiraan kinerja gasifikasi untuk batubara  yang didekomposisi dengan metoda realistik memberikan hasil yang lebih realistik dimana gas-gas ringan dan tar dapat tercakup sebagai komponen-komponen yang terurai dari hasil devolatilisasi. Metoda inijuga membuka kajian-kajian lebih mendalam untuk gasifikasi batubara dengan melibatkan tipe batubara itu sendiri.Kata Kunci: Batubara, Dekomposisi, Devolatilisasi, Gasifikasi","PeriodicalId":138501,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Teknik Kimia Indonesia","volume":"421 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127602664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics of flow reversal in the kinetic regime","authors":"Y. Budhi","doi":"10.5614/jtki.2006.5.3.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5614/jtki.2006.5.3.4","url":null,"abstract":"In principle, reactor perturbation by flow reversal can be used for manipulation of catalyst surface coverage if a dedicated and proper operation procedure can be developed. A mathematical model and analysis of reverse flow reactor behaviour for the ammonia oxidation over platinum have been performed. Series of reverse flow experiments were carried out on a laboratory reactor scale. The influence of flow reversals on the conversion and selectivity at various switching times was observed and evaluated. Other process variables such as gas residence time, reaction temperature, and oxygen concentration in the feed were points of interest. Assessment of reactor dynamics in the kinetic regimes can be achieved most expediently by implementing a comparable switching time and gas residence time. Model and experimental results indicate that regular reverse flow operation for manipulation of catalyst surface coverage always induces a decrease of conversion. It was also found that the selectivity due to flow reversal was rather insensitive to changes in the switching frequency.Keywords: Ammonia oxidation, Kinetic regime, Reactor modeling, Residence time distribution, Reverse flow reactor operation, Transient operation AbstrakPada dasarnya pertubasi reaktor oleh aliran balik dapat digunakan untuk mengatasi penutupan permukaan katalis manakala suatu suatu prosedur operasi yang spesifik dan sesuai bisa dibangun. Analisa dan model matematika kelakuan reaktor batik untuk oksidasi amoniak pada pelat platina telah dilakukan. Serangkaian percobaan aliran balik telah dilangsungkan dalam skala laboratorium. Pengaruh aliran batik terhadap konversi dan selektivitas pada berbagaijumlah putaran aliran telah diamati dan dievaluasi. Variabel proses lainnya, seperti waktu tinggal gas, temperature reaksi, dan konsentrasi oksigen pada umpan telah menjadi perhatian pada penelitian ini. Perkiraan dinamika reaktor dalam rejim kinetika umumnya dapat diperoleh melalui penelusuran implementasi jumlah putaran aliran dan waktu tinggal gas dengan perbandingan tertentu. Hasil percobaan dan pemodelan mengindikasikan bahwa operasi aliran batik reguler untuk memanipulasi penutupan permukaan katalis selalu mengakibatkan penurunan konversi. Selain itu, ditemukan juga bahwa selectivitas terhadap pembalikan aliran kurang sensitif terhadap perubahan pada frekuensi putaran aliran.Keywords: Distribusi waktu tinggal, Operasi reaktor aliran batik, Operasi transient, Oksidasi amoniak, Pemodelan reaktor, Rejim kinetika","PeriodicalId":138501,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Teknik Kimia Indonesia","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115302021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uji potensi metana biokimia terhadap biolumpur dengan pengolahan awal ozonisasi dan sonikasi","authors":"D. Desiana, Tjandra Setiadi","doi":"10.5614/jtki.2006.5.1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5614/jtki.2006.5.1.7","url":null,"abstract":"The anaerobic digestion is a basic technique in reducing bio-sludge. The eficiency process anaerob doing based on value ratio COD and BOD. One simple test for knowing biochemical methane potential was developed in 1779 by Owen group. A study on BMP (Biochemical Methane Potential) and ATA (Anaerobic Toxicity Assay) on bio-sludge were carried out in this research. The effect of pretreatment to biodegradability and toxicity were also studied The results of experiments showed that toxicity of raw bio-sludge, ozonation, and sonication on bio-sludge have no toxic effect to the production rate of gas on low concentration (around  4%), but it has been toxic on higher concentration. The potential measurement of methane production that was developed by Owen et al., was not accurate enough to be applied on bio-sludge. The extended ATA measurements gave a better result especially on low concentration (around 4%) or on COD level around 1.500 mg/L. Based on extended ATA measurement, biochemical methane production was relatively high as biodegradability valued around 62%. Keywords: Anaerobic Digestion, ATA, BMP, BOD, COD AbstrakProses anaerob merupakan teknik yang paling fundamental untuk mengurangi biolumpur. Uji efisiensi proses anaerob selama ini dilakukan berdasarkan nilai rasio nilai COD dan BOD. Pada tahun 1979, kelompok Owen mengembangkan suatu uji sederhana untuk mengetahui potensi pembentukan metana biokimia yang relatif lebih mewakili kondisi anaerob sebenarnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan metoda uji potensi pembentukan metana terhadap biolumpur. yakni berdasarkan uji ATA (Anaerobic Toxicity Assay) lanjutan dan metoda BMP (Biochemical Methane Potential) yang dikembangkan oleh kelompok Owen. Selain itu, dalam penelitian ini juga dilakukan uji tingkat racun (ATA). Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa tingkat racun biolumpur segar, biolumpur hasil ozonasi, dan biolumpur hasil sonikasi cenderung tidak menghambat laju produksi gas pada konsentrasi rendah (4%), namun bersifat raczm pada konsentrasi lebih tinggi, untuk biolumpur, perhitungan potensi pembentukan metana dengan metoda BMP yang dikembangkan oleh kelompok Owen kurang tepat, namun uji ATA lanjutan memberikan hasil lebih baik, terutama pada konsentrasi uji yang rendah (sekitar 4 %) atau pada beban COD berkisar 1.500 mg/L. Potensi pembentukan metana biokimia berdasarkan uji ATA lanjutan ternyata relatif tinggi, dengan nilai biodegradabilitas yang mencapai sekitar 62%.Kata Kunci: ATA, BMP, BOD, COD, Proses Anaerob","PeriodicalId":138501,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Teknik Kimia Indonesia","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127497717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}