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Wear patterns of radular teeth in Loligo vulgaris (Cephalopoda; Mollusca) are related to their structure and mechanical properties Loligo vulgaris（头足纲；软体动物）辐射齿的磨损模式与其结构和机械性能有关

IF 4.4 3区生物学

Interface Focus Pub Date : 2024-04-12 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2023.0082

Svenja Hackethal, Ellen Schulz-Kornas, Stanislav N. Gorb, Wencke Krings

引用次数: 0

Mandible elemental composition and mechanical properties from distinct castes of the leafcutter ant Atta laevigata (Attini; Formicidae) 不同种群的食叶蚁（Atta laevigata）的下颚元素组成和机械性能（Attini; Formicidae

IF 4.4 3区生物学

Interface Focus Pub Date : 2024-04-12 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2023.0048

Valentin Birkenfeld, Stanislav N. Gorb, Wencke Krings

{"title":"Mandible elemental composition and mechanical properties from distinct castes of the leafcutter ant Atta laevigata (Attini; Formicidae)","authors":"Valentin Birkenfeld, Stanislav N. Gorb, Wencke Krings","doi":"10.1098/rsfs.2023.0048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2023.0048","url":null,"abstract":"Leafcutter ant colonies are divided into castes with the individuals performing different tasks, based mostly on size. With the mandibles, the small minims care for the brood or the fungus, whereas the larger minors and mediae cut and transport plant material, with the ant size positively related to the material size. The mechanical properties and composition of the mandible cuticle have been previously tested in the soldiers as the largest caste, revealing that the cutting edges contained high contents of the cross-linking transition metal zinc (Zn). With regard to the smaller castes, no data are present. To study how the mandible size and function relates to its mechanical properties, we here tested the mandibles of minims, minors and mediae by nanoindentation. We found that the hardness (H) and Young's modulus (E) values increased with increasing ant size and that the mandible cutting edges in each caste have the highest H- and E-values. To gain insight into the origins of these properties, we characterized the elemental composition by energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, revealing that minors and mediae possessed higher content of Zn in the cutting edges in contrast to the minims containing significantly less Zn. This shows, that Zn content relates to higher mechanical property values. Additionally, it shows that all of these parameters can differ within a single species.","PeriodicalId":13795,"journal":{"name":"Interface Focus","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140575487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Tanning of the tarsal and mandibular cuticle in adult Anax imperator (Insecta: Odonata) during the emergence sequence 成虫 Anax imperator（昆虫纲：鸟纲）跗骨和下颌角质层在萌发过程中的鞣制过程

IF 4.4 3区生物学

Interface Focus Pub Date : 2024-04-12 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2023.0076

Anika Preuss, Esther Appel, Stanislav N. Gorb, Sebastian Büsse

{"title":"Tanning of the tarsal and mandibular cuticle in adult Anax imperator (Insecta: Odonata) during the emergence sequence","authors":"Anika Preuss, Esther Appel, Stanislav N. Gorb, Sebastian Büsse","doi":"10.1098/rsfs.2023.0076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2023.0076","url":null,"abstract":"The arthropod cuticle offers strength, protection, and lightweight. Due to its limit in expandability, arthropods have to moult periodically to grow. While moulting is beneficial in terms of parasite or toxin control, growth and adaptation to environmental conditions, it costs energy and leaves the soft animal's body vulnerable to injuries and desiccation directly after ecdysis. To investigate the temporal change in sclerotization and pigmentation during and after ecdysis, we combined macrophotography, confocal laser scanning microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and histological sectioning. We analysed the tarsal and mandibular cuticle of the blue emperor dragonfly to compare the progress of tanning for structures that are functionally involved during emergence (tarsus/tarsal claws) with structures whose functionality is required much later (mandibles). Our results show that: (i) the tanning of the tarsal and mandibular cuticle increases during emergence; (ii) the tarsal cuticle tans faster than the mandibular cuticle; (iii) the mandibles tan faster on the aboral than on the oral side; and (iv) both the exo- and the endocuticle are tanned. The change in the cuticle composition of the tarsal and mandibular cuticle reflects the demand for higher mechanical stability of these body parts when holding on to the substrate during emergence and during first walking or hunting attempts.","PeriodicalId":13795,"journal":{"name":"Interface Focus","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140589863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Desert locusts (Schistocerca gregaria) feed with self-sharpening, scissor-like mandibles 沙漠蝗虫（Schistocerca gregaria）用自锐的剪刀状下颚进食

IF 4.4 3区生物学

Interface Focus Pub Date : 2024-04-12 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2023.0069

Ulrike G. K. Wegst, Peter Cloetens, Oliver Betz

{"title":"Desert locusts (Schistocerca gregaria) feed with self-sharpening, scissor-like mandibles","authors":"Ulrike G. K. Wegst, Peter Cloetens, Oliver Betz","doi":"10.1098/rsfs.2023.0069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2023.0069","url":null,"abstract":"The mandibles of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria (Forsskål, 1775) are digger-shovel-shaped mouthparts that are part of the locust's exoskeleton formed by the insect cuticle. The cuticle is a polymer–fibre composite, which supports, encases and protects the entire body. Mandibles experience heavy loading and wear due to direct contact with hard and abrasive food, just like teeth, their mineralized analogues in vertebrates. With dual-energy X-ray tomography, we image well-defined regions of zinc (Zn)-enriched cuticle at the mandible cutting edges and quantify the Zn concentrations in these regions. Zn is known to increase stiffness, hardness and wear resistance of the otherwise purely polymeric insect cuticle. In S. gregaria, the position of the Zn-enriched cutting-edge regions relative to one another suggests that the mandibles form a scissor-like cutting tool, which sharpens itself as the mouthparts shear past one another during feeding. Comparing the architecture of these purely polymeric mandibles with the mineralized incisors of rodents, we find fundamental design differences in cutting-tool structure and performance. Locusts' scissors and rodents’ carving knives perform different functions, because they act on food that differs significantly in properties and shape: softer, sheet-like material in the case of locusts and harder bulk material in the case of rodents.","PeriodicalId":13795,"journal":{"name":"Interface Focus","volume":"72 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140602609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The mechanical properties of different cross-veins in the hind wing of locust Locusta migratoria under uniaxial tensile and stress relaxation tests 单轴拉伸和应力松弛试验下蝗虫后翅不同横脉的力学特性

IF 4.4 3区生物学

Interface Focus Pub Date : 2024-04-12 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2023.0068

Yizun Zhou, Linxin Bai, Chao Wan

{"title":"The mechanical properties of different cross-veins in the hind wing of locust Locusta migratoria under uniaxial tensile and stress relaxation tests","authors":"Yizun Zhou, Linxin Bai, Chao Wan","doi":"10.1098/rsfs.2023.0068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2023.0068","url":null,"abstract":"Locust Locusta migratoria exhibits remarkable aerial performances, relying predominantly on its hind wings that generate most of lift and thrust for flight. The mechanical properties of the cross-veins determine the deformation of the hind wing, which greatly affect the aerodynamic performance of flapping flight. However, whether the mechanical behaviours of the locust cross-veins change with loading rate is still unknown. In this study, cross-veins in four physiological regions (anterior–medial, anterior–lateral, posterior–medial and posterior–lateral) of the hind wing from adult locusts were investigated using uniaxial tensile test, stress relaxation test and fluorescence microscopy. It was found that the cross-veins were a type of viscoelastic material (including rate-independent elastic modulus and obvious stress relaxation). The cross-veins in the two anterior regions of the hind wing had significantly higher elastic moduli and higher ultimate tensile stress than those of its two posterior regions. This difference might be attributed to different resilin distribution patterns in the cross-veins. These findings furnish new insights into the mechanical characteristics of the locust cross-veins, which might deepen our understanding of the aerodynamic mechanisms of locust flapping flight.","PeriodicalId":13795,"journal":{"name":"Interface Focus","volume":"70 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140575630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Mandible microwear texture analysis of crickets raised on diets of different abrasiveness reveals universality of diet-induced wear 用不同磨蚀性的日粮饲养蟋蟀的下颚微磨损纹理分析揭示了日粮引起磨损的普遍性

IF 4.4 3区生物学

Interface Focus Pub Date : 2024-04-12 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2023.0065

Daniela E. Winkler, Hitomi Seike, Shinji Nagata, Mugino O. Kubo

{"title":"Mandible microwear texture analysis of crickets raised on diets of different abrasiveness reveals universality of diet-induced wear","authors":"Daniela E. Winkler, Hitomi Seike, Shinji Nagata, Mugino O. Kubo","doi":"10.1098/rsfs.2023.0065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2023.0065","url":null,"abstract":"Animals have evolved diverse comminuting tools. While vertebrates possess mineralized teeth, insect mandibles often bear metal-inclusion-hardened serrated cusps. Microscopic dental enamel wear (microwear) is known to be caused by contact with ingesta. To test if insect mandible microwear is also diet-dependent, we kept newly moulted adult two-spotted crickets (Gryllus bimaculatus) for four weeks on alfalfa-based rodent pellets with and without added mineral abrasives (loess, quartz, volcanic ash). Six crickets per diet were examined after 1, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. All diets induced progressive mandible wear, affecting specific locations along the distal tooth cusps differently. The depth of furrows increased on most abrasive-containing diets until day 21, while wear mark complexity increased from day 1 to 3 and 14 to 21. After 28 days, these parameter values for large volcanic ash and large quartz diets significantly exceeded those for the control diet. These results are comparable to observations from guinea pig feeding experiments with the same diets. Cricket mandible wear was affected by all abrasives. Notably, large volcanic ash and large quartz induced the deepest, most complex lesions, akin to observations in guinea pigs. This suggests a universal wear process, supporting that microwear analyses are suitable for inferring invertebrate diets.","PeriodicalId":13795,"journal":{"name":"Interface Focus","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140575631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Mechanical and elemental characterization of ant mandibles: consequences for bite mechanics 蚂蚁下颌骨的机械和元素特征：对咬合力学的影响

IF 4.4 3区生物学

Interface Focus Pub Date : 2024-04-12 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2023.0056

Cristian L. Klunk, Michael Heethoff, Jörg U. Hammel, Stanislav N. Gorb, Wencke Krings

{"title":"Mechanical and elemental characterization of ant mandibles: consequences for bite mechanics","authors":"Cristian L. Klunk, Michael Heethoff, Jörg U. Hammel, Stanislav N. Gorb, Wencke Krings","doi":"10.1098/rsfs.2023.0056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2023.0056","url":null,"abstract":"Mandible morphology has an essential role in biting performance, but the mandible cuticle can have regional differences in its mechanical properties. The effects of such a heterogeneous distribution of cuticle material properties in the mandible responses to biting loading are still poorly explored in chewing insects. Here, we tested the mechanical properties of mandibles of the ant species Formica cunicularia by nanoindentation and investigated the effects of the cuticular variation in Young's modulus (E) under bite loading with finite-element analysis (FEA). The masticatory margin of the mandible, which interacts with the food, was the hardest and stiffest region. To unravel the origins of the mechanical property gradients, we characterized the elemental composition by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The masticatory margin possessed high proportions of Cu and Zn. When incorporated into the FEA, variation in E effectively changed mandible stress patterns, leading to a relatively higher concentration of stresses in the stiffer mandibular regions and leaving the softer mandible blade with relatively lower stress. Our results demonstrated the relevance of cuticle E heterogeneity in mandibles under bite loading, suggesting that the accumulation of transition metals such as Cu and Zn has a relevant correlation with the mechanical characteristics in F. cunicularia mandibles.","PeriodicalId":13795,"journal":{"name":"Interface Focus","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140575632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Structural diversity of crustacean exoskeletons and its implications for biomimetics 甲壳动物外骨骼的结构多样性及其对生物仿生学的影响

IF 4.4 3区生物学

Interface Focus Pub Date : 2024-04-12 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2023.0075

Miloš Vittori

{"title":"Structural diversity of crustacean exoskeletons and its implications for biomimetics","authors":"Miloš Vittori","doi":"10.1098/rsfs.2023.0075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2023.0075","url":null,"abstract":"The crustacean cuticle is a biological composite material consisting of chitin–protein fibres in a mineralized matrix. Recent research has revealed a surprising range of fibre architectures and mineral compositions of crustacean skeletal structures adapted to various mechanical demands. It is becoming increasingly clear that the organic fibres in the cuticle may be organized in patterns differing from the standard twisted plywood model. Observed fibre architectures in protruding skeletal structures include longitudinal and circular parallel fibre arrays. Skeletal minerals often include calcium phosphates in addition to calcium carbonates. Furthermore, skeletal properties are affected by protein cross-linking, which replaces mineralization as a stiffening mechanism in some structures. Several common structural motifs, such as the stiffening of the outer skeletal layers, the incorporation of non-mineralized cuticle in exposed structures, and interchanging layers of parallel fibres and the twisted plywood structure, can be identified in skeletal elements with similar functions. These evolutionary solutions have the potential for biomimetic applications, particularly as manufacturing technologies advance. To make use of this potential, we need to understand the processes behind the formation of the crustacean exoskeleton and determine which features are truly adaptive and worth mimicking.","PeriodicalId":13795,"journal":{"name":"Interface Focus","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140590003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

First-order ultrasensitivity in phosphorylation cycles. 磷酸化循环中的一阶超灵敏度

IF 3.6 3区生物学

Interface Focus Pub Date : 2024-02-09 eCollection Date: 2024-02-15 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2023.0045

Michael A Kochen, Joseph L Hellerstein, Herbert M Sauro

{"title":"First-order ultrasensitivity in phosphorylation cycles.","authors":"Michael A Kochen, Joseph L Hellerstein, Herbert M Sauro","doi":"10.1098/rsfs.2023.0045","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsfs.2023.0045","url":null,"abstract":"Cellular signal transduction takes place through a network of phosphorylation cycles. These pathways take the form of a multi-layered cascade of cycles. This work focuses on the sensitivity of single, double and n length cycles. Cycles that operate in the zero-order regime can become sensitive to changes in signal, resulting in zero-order ultrasensitivity (ZOU). Using frequency analysis, we confirm previous efforts that cascades can act as noise filters by computing the bandwidth. We show that n length cycles display what we term first-order ultrasensitivity which occurs even when the cycles are not operating in the zero-order regime. The magnitude of the sensitivity, however, has an upper bound equal to the number of cycles. It is known that ZOU can be significantly reduced in the presence of retroactivity. We show that the first-order ultrasensitivity is immune to retroactivity and that the ZOU and first-order ultrasensitivity can be blended to create systems with constant sensitivity over a wider range of signal. We show that the ZOU in a double cycle is only modestly higher compared with a single cycle. We therefore speculate that the double cycle has evolved to enable amplification even in the face of retroactivity.","PeriodicalId":13795,"journal":{"name":"Interface Focus","volume":"14 1","pages":"20230045"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10853695/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139722423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Optimal enzyme profiles in unbranched metabolic pathways. 无分支代谢途径中的最佳酶谱。

IF 4.4 3区生物学

Interface Focus Pub Date : 2024-02-09 eCollection Date: 2024-02-15 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2023.0029

Elad Noor, Wolfram Liebermeister

引用次数: 0