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The Structure and Elements of the ‘Ideal’ Session-Record and the Role of ‘Editing’ “理想”会话记录的结构、要素与“编辑”的作用
The Acts of the Early Church Councils Pub Date : 2021-08-20 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198868170.003.0016
Thomas Graumann
{"title":"The Structure and Elements of the ‘Ideal’ Session-Record and the Role of ‘Editing’","authors":"Thomas Graumann","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198868170.003.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198868170.003.0016","url":null,"abstract":"Summarizing the findings of the previous chapters, this chapter sketches what might be considered an ideal type of a conciliar session protocol, as it starts with a conventional frame giving date and place and elucidation of the occasion, then progresses through the agenda and culminates in the recording of the oral verdicts of the bishops, concluding with the written formulization in a verdict signed by them. The protocol of the much-criticized Council of Ephesus (449) paradoxically comes very close to this ideal, when taken on its own terms. The seeming contradiction between this document’s smooth formality and the alleged tyrannical manipulations of the meeting it portrays alerts us to the role of a deeper editing, here and generally, by which the records were made to match the designs and self-image of both ecclesiastical and civil authorities, and which cannot be entirely captured by the attention to the textual processes required for their production alone.","PeriodicalId":137869,"journal":{"name":"The Acts of the Early Church Councils","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117349462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Stenographic Protocol 速记协议
The Acts of the Early Church Councils Pub Date : 2021-08-20 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198868170.003.0010
Thomas Graumann
{"title":"The Stenographic Protocol","authors":"Thomas Graumann","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198868170.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198868170.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter traces the external factors limiting the stenographers in their task, while underlining the competency and professionalism with which they executed their duties. Challenges of their work latch on to certain ‘conventions’ allegedly allowing misrepresentation, raising questions of the exactitude and comprehensiveness of a protocol and the possibilities of dictation by a superior rather than recording, and revealing the desire to have records changed. Statements attributed to the entire council, so claiming to represent a common mind, attract particular criticism. In defending their work, secretaries and notaries reveal the exercise of critical judgement as to the main direction of the meeting and the purposes of individual interventions, and the observations and mechanisms by which they sought to assure its appropriateness. Conversely, criticism usually results from a different understanding of these factors, sometimes reified in hindsight, and discontent with the material decisions presents itself as critique of allegedly flawed recording.","PeriodicalId":137869,"journal":{"name":"The Acts of the Early Church Councils","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115632701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Original Acts and Documents at Chalcedon (AD 451) 卡尔西顿的原始法令和文件(公元451年)
The Acts of the Early Church Councils Pub Date : 2021-08-20 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198868170.003.0006
Thomas Graumann
{"title":"Original Acts and Documents at Chalcedon (AD 451)","authors":"Thomas Graumann","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198868170.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198868170.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"The analysis of document-reading conducted at the first session of Chalcedon brings to light the deliberate use of different textual objects that is decisive for understanding the session. The imperial instructions for the earlier council of Ephesus (449 AD) were read from a codex, shown to be a government register of imperial correspondence and independent of the acts of the council that contain the same texts again. The acts of the Ephesine Council, by contrast, were recited from a different document, which can be identified as the unpublished draft-original of its record. It is called a schedarion and comes in the physical shape of a (sc)roll. The use of this format, shown as characteristic of original conciliar acts, is assessed for its practical utility, the reading strategies consequent upon it, and the symbolic charge the council-rolls gain as objects.","PeriodicalId":137869,"journal":{"name":"The Acts of the Early Church Councils","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129725264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Documents Incorporated–Incorporating Documents 合并文件-合并文件
The Acts of the Early Church Councils Pub Date : 2021-08-20 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198868170.003.0013
Thomas Graumann
{"title":"Documents Incorporated–Incorporating Documents","authors":"Thomas Graumann","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198868170.003.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198868170.003.0013","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter analyses the importance of including documents of originally distinct origin for the construction of a session’s record. It discusses the annotations affixed to documents in the process for their certain identification. It analyses the orders given by council leaders for the acceptance, reading, and filing of documents and their effects on the shape of the record. The council leadership also determines the exact order and placement of documents; our investigation can show that principles of social hierarchy govern such placing as much as the sequence of ‘recitation’ or use. Deliberate arrangement of documents serves to lay out an—often implicit—argument for the case made in the session. In later councils this practice increasingly dominates over ‘live’ speech-acts. The chapter can in this way also show the complex relationship between orality and writing, and the possibilities of editorial composition.","PeriodicalId":137869,"journal":{"name":"The Acts of the Early Church Councils","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128974200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Collecting and Appending Signatures 收集和附加签名
The Acts of the Early Church Councils Pub Date : 2021-08-20 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198868170.003.0015
Thomas Graumann
{"title":"Collecting and Appending Signatures","authors":"Thomas Graumann","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198868170.003.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198868170.003.0015","url":null,"abstract":"The collection of the bishops’ signatures marks the final step in the written formalization of the councils’ decisions. As performative statements, the formulae used to subscribe express and enact the bishops’ individual and collective verdicts. Collection of signatures can start at the end of the session already, and routinely continues over the course of several days or even weeks. The chapter demonstrates that sheets containing signatures were often originally physically separate from the session’s as yet unfinished protocol. Signatures, thus, must not be mistaken, the chapter demonstrates, for the verification of the record as a record. Separate collection of signatures and their later physical affixture to the roll containing the protocol can be illuminated from papyrological contexts as well as internal evidence. The practice in particular provides the background for evaluating the accusations of using ‘blank sheets’ wielded against Dioscorus at Ephesus II.","PeriodicalId":137869,"journal":{"name":"The Acts of the Early Church Councils","volume":"413 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126691791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Examining the Records 查阅纪录
The Acts of the Early Church Councils Pub Date : 2021-08-20 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198868170.003.0005
Thomas Graumann
{"title":"Examining the Records","authors":"Thomas Graumann","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198868170.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198868170.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"A synodical trial conducted in Constantinople in AD 448 against the archimandrite Eutyches produced protocols of eight sessions. Challenged by the condemned Eutyches for their alleged manipulation, two imperial commissions investigated these records and tested their reliability and veracity. The chapter analyses the inquiries’ investigation into the different types of documents coming before them and the resultant discussions between secretaries, bishops, and officials about the crucial relationship between ‘originals’ and ‘copies’ of such records and their respective standing and proper use in a legal altercation. The technical vocabulary used in these discussions for such documents is analysed. The disputes further show by what visual features the status of documents could be identified and evaluated. They allow inferences as to the production process and the keeping and storage of records.","PeriodicalId":137869,"journal":{"name":"The Acts of the Early Church Councils","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114250673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Council Acts Gathered and Organized 议会法案的收集和组织
The Acts of the Early Church Councils Pub Date : 2021-08-20 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198868170.003.0017
Thomas Graumann
{"title":"Council Acts Gathered and Organized","authors":"Thomas Graumann","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198868170.003.0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198868170.003.0017","url":null,"abstract":"The protocols of individual sessions are gathered into larger units by the council’s secretaries, bringing together the records of several sessions. A frequent (but not the only) form of textual organization is the gathering of case files. The case of Eutyches’ trial allows the reconstruction of the material shape of the relevant file and the cohesion of separate minutes in one physical document. Internal textual signals for cross-referencing and interlacing such units are uncovered that support and expand these observations. The case of Cyril of Alexandria at Ephesus I singularly shows directly the president’s own initiative to have a record combining physically the minutes of a number of sessions made.","PeriodicalId":137869,"journal":{"name":"The Acts of the Early Church Councils","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131560770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
‘Council Acts’ and the Variations of Conciliar Documentation and Recording Patterns “理事会法案”和会议文件和记录模式的变化
The Acts of the Early Church Councils Pub Date : 2021-08-20 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198868170.003.0003
Thomas Graumann
{"title":"‘Council Acts’ and the Variations of Conciliar Documentation and Recording Patterns","authors":"Thomas Graumann","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198868170.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198868170.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines the variations of types of conciliar records and underlying recording practices. The examination distinguishes different textual genres and styles employed for the reporting and recording of conciliar decisions and discussions, such as ‘canons’ holding on to (for the most part disciplinary) rulings; ‘anathemas’; ‘decrees’ (horoi); ‘expositions (ektheseis)’ and ‘creeds’ that formulate the summary judgement of the assembly, frequently on matters of orthodoxy; and the conventional reporting in the form of conciliar letters. Recording not just of decisions but also of discussion in direct speech is sporadic. Significant flexibility in the recording styles can be observed both between councils and even in the same council; it represents purposeful choices by council leaders and secretaries. The chapter argues that these cannot be fully aligned or explained by the need for quasi-legal scrutiny in some disciplinary cases as opposed to doctrinal deliberation on other occasions.","PeriodicalId":137869,"journal":{"name":"The Acts of the Early Church Councils","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132641340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
All the President’s Men 所有总统的人
The Acts of the Early Church Councils Pub Date : 2021-08-20 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198868170.003.0009
Thomas Graumann
{"title":"All the President’s Men","authors":"Thomas Graumann","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198868170.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198868170.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter identifies the administrative personnel responsible for the creation of a council record and their relationship to the bishops and officials in charge. It advocates the key distinction of an official secretariat tasked with the production of the ‘official’ record from other clergymen present and also skilled in the techniques of stenographic recording. It disproves the notion of alternative records created by such men and demonstrates the reliance instead on ‘memory’ by those challenging the official records. The examination further refutes hypotheses of part-records made for individual participants and only subsequently accumulated. The official secretariat instead creates a single official record in close collaboration with, and on the direct instructions of the council’s leadership.","PeriodicalId":137869,"journal":{"name":"The Acts of the Early Church Councils","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125044134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Preparation of ‘Editions’ and the Dissemination of Documentation “版本”的编制和文件的传播
The Acts of the Early Church Councils Pub Date : 2021-08-20 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198868170.003.0019
Thomas Graumann
{"title":"The Preparation of ‘Editions’ and the Dissemination of Documentation","authors":"Thomas Graumann","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198868170.003.0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198868170.003.0019","url":null,"abstract":"On the way to the subsequent manuscript tradition of conciliar acts, the early dissemination of these texts marks the first step. The making of official, centrally sponsored, and arranged ‘editions’ is not the norm; it can be identified in the cases of the council of Chalcedon and in subsequent imperial councils. The acts of many other occasions, by contrast, frequently remained archival and owed their selective distribution to private initiatives. The archival deposition of the documents allowed access in principle for those desiring to acquaint themselves with them and to equip themselves with copies. The chapter assesses evidence for the dissemination of council documents and its mechanisms in this horizon.","PeriodicalId":137869,"journal":{"name":"The Acts of the Early Church Councils","volume":"144 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123734219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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