{"title":"‘Transferring’ Shorthand Notes to Longhand Transcript","authors":"Thomas Graumann","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198868170.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198868170.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses the scant evidence for the effects of the process of transcribing shorthand notes taken down during council sessions into a longhand record. It identifies a unique case where the original notes may still be reconstructed and can demonstrate their transcription as an act of interpretative ‘translation’ into the final wording. Analogous practices and their effects may be expected on other occasions. Additionally, paratextual notes surviving in some manuscripts of the Chalcedonian acts are decoded and discussed as potentially pertaining to the processes of transcription, control, and copying, and in this way opening a window into the usually hidden practical execution of these steps.","PeriodicalId":137869,"journal":{"name":"The Acts of the Early Church Councils","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115313629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Abstracting and Summary Records","authors":"Thomas Graumann","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198868170.003.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198868170.003.0014","url":null,"abstract":"Different from the purportedly full records giving the interventions of named participants in direct speech, councils can use other types of protocols that deliberately obscure some of these elements, for instance by neglecting to identify individuals by name, and even by recording only the statements of the presidents and their chief aides, or by omitting pertaining documentation. Papyrological records of civil proceedings from the same period reveal these texts to be conforming to conventional bureaucratic practice and so disprove suspicions of manipulation and unreliability of such protocols. By paying attention to the materiality of conciliar records, a case of missed documentation can be attributed to the effects of unsafe storage, not wilful suppression.","PeriodicalId":137869,"journal":{"name":"The Acts of the Early Church Councils","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125791436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Assessing and Performing Authenticity","authors":"Thomas Graumann","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198868170.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198868170.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"The desire to assure the authenticity of documents and conciliar acts observed in the councils of the fifth century finds exaggerated expression in the two later ecumenical councils of Constantinople (680–1) and Nicaea II (787). In dramatic style, the necessity to be dealing with ‘correct’ and authentic acts is performed through almost theatrical acting in the council(s). Under the personal supervision of the emperor and based on observations of differently numbered and written quires, at Constantinople the ‘falsifications’ of the acts of the previous ecumenical council are in this way detected, and expunged. At Nicaea, the patriarch and council demonstratively act out the probity of their own procedures—and thus of their theological judgement—by means of philological and codicological scrutiny, described in detail in the acts.","PeriodicalId":137869,"journal":{"name":"The Acts of the Early Church Councils","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116759769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"‘Authentic’ Documents","authors":"Thomas Graumann","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198868170.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198868170.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter demonstrates that the documents used on various occasions can for the most part be identified as originals, and sometimes as authenticated copies. The secretaries acting in the councils regularly point out relevant document features they can observe that allow them to determine this status. Chief among such features is the identification of signatures or of distinct annotations made in a person’s ‘own hand’. Such features, originally visible to practitioners in the councils and discernible on the original documents, are replaced in subsequent manuscript copying by the identification of ‘a different hand’ in the exemplar, which the copyist observed and noted. Annotations in the hand of the emperor are especially significant; they serve as authoritative instructions and prompt the councils into corresponding action.","PeriodicalId":137869,"journal":{"name":"The Acts of the Early Church Councils","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116941146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Ancillary Documentation and the Beginnings of Dossierization","authors":"Thomas Graumann","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198868170.003.0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198868170.003.0018","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines the creation and collection of further documentation in and by the councils, such as letters, reports, memoranda, and petitions, directed to the imperial authorities, to bishops absent or to monastic leaders and often especially to the pope. They in turn elicited further texts, for instance of government responses. The assemblage of such texts into dossiers, in which the session-records are only one, albeit decisive, component, can be shown to begin occasionally with the council secretariats and during the conciliar period already, but regularly continues after the formal termination of the councils and in different locations. The sending, in particular, of select conciliar documentation together with pertaining cover letters results in collections of materials differently shaped in the archives of different senders and recipients.","PeriodicalId":137869,"journal":{"name":"The Acts of the Early Church Councils","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121862317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Conclusion","authors":"Thomas Graumann","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198868170.003.0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198868170.003.0020","url":null,"abstract":"The ivory diptych of Rufius Probianus (Berlin, Staatsbibliothek, Ms. theol. lat. fol. 323) celebrates his installation as vicarius urbis Romae, the position of chief administrator of the southern Italian provinces. It can be dated to around AD 400 (with scholarly suggestions ranging from 396 to 416),...","PeriodicalId":137869,"journal":{"name":"The Acts of the Early Church Councils","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128079554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Earliest Church Councils","authors":"Thomas Graumann","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198868170.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198868170.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter offers a historical survey of conciliar documentation in its varied forms, starting from the earliest gatherings in councils or synods in the second century, and leading up to the sixth century; some particularly illuminating later examples are also included. After a discussion of the mostly indirect and piecemeal transmission of relevant documents from the earlier centuries, the examination identifies the key sources for the present study: the sets of acts containing records that present the interactions of participants during the sessions in purported direct speech. Such records survive mainly from a period beginning in the early fifth century.","PeriodicalId":137869,"journal":{"name":"The Acts of the Early Church Councils","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130746327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Conference of Carthage (AD 411)","authors":"Thomas Graumann","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198868170.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198868170.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"The so-called Conference of Carthage in 411 AD, a religious trial overseen by imperial authorities, about the standing of the Donatist and Catholic churches in North Africa provides a model case for the examination of textual practices and bureaucratic conventions obtaining in such meetings. They constitute a point of reference for the subsequent discussion of such practices more specifically at the councils of the following decades. The scrupulous attention paid by the imperial authorities as well as by the conflicting parties to the propriety of recording practices reveals the technical measures and steps undertaken in the production of a record unusually clearly; at the same time, the frequent challenges highlight the areas of contention and the competing purposes of participants that inform the making and eventual shape of the resultant protocols.","PeriodicalId":137869,"journal":{"name":"The Acts of the Early Church Councils","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134240938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Hypomnēmata","authors":"Thomas Graumann","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198868170.003.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198868170.003.0012","url":null,"abstract":"Council leaders and administrative staff are shown to employ technical terminology for the council records they use and produce. Of special interest are a number of expressions and phrases that reveal these men’s expectations and aspirations for the qualities defining these records. The linguistic habits have their closest equivalents in legal texts and can be documented in particular in the constitutions issued by the emperor Justinian. The use of these terms in the earlier acts of the councils of the fifth century already is noteworthy. The terminology emphasizes the making of proper paperwork as a task fundamental to the work and ‘success’ of councils, and present on the minds of their leaders and administrators throughout. It shows, furthermore, that council acts are expected, and desired, especially to command trust with envisaged future users and claim validity equivalent to official public records.","PeriodicalId":137869,"journal":{"name":"The Acts of the Early Church Councils","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114954218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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