Journal of Haitian Studies最新文献

{"title":"Research Articles Focusing on Haitians: A Review of Published Quantitative and Qualitative Research Data","authors":"Theresa Juanita Balkys Marie Magdaleina Thamy Guerda Judit Alphonse, J. Barnett, Balkys L. Bivins, Marie O. Etienne, Magdaleina Joseph, Thamy Junis, G. Nicolas, Judith Seme, Candice A Sternberg","doi":"10.1353/jhs.2020.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jhs.2020.0016","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Now more than ever, the Haitian Studies Association must have a clear sense of the available research regarding Haitians, identify the existing gaps, and develop an innovative research agenda aimed at addressing policies in Haiti and the United States. This research note is a call to action to do just that. We are aware that there are numerous documents written by and about Haitians on multiple topics. The focus of this work is not to review all contributions on Haitians or Haitian studies but rather published articles that involve data collection using quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods. This in no way should imply that these are the most important types of studies, nor that the work of countless authors conducting research through other methods is not meritorious. We hope that a similar review spanning the diverse fields and areas of research that constitute Haitian studies will be conducted. This research note is the result of the work of a group of Haitian professionals representing diverse fields dedicated to research about and in service of Haitians. These researchers have concluded that a more focused research agenda is needed to advance Haitian studies to the next level. We hope that this summary will spark discussions around the following questions and thus lead to more centered and strategic research, especially studies that will inform policies in Haitian communities in the United States and Haiti. What type of research is available focusing on Haitians? What are the research methods used to collect such research on Haitians? What are the research gaps? What is the research data that we need to help inform some of the major policies and established knowledge in the areas of health, education, economics, literature, religion, history, and art/culture, to name a few?","PeriodicalId":137704,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Haitian Studies","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126220432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Blood of a Pig Has No Power: Lame Selès and the Spirit-Filled History of the Haitian Revolution","authors":"Lenny J. Lowe","doi":"10.1353/jhs.2020.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jhs.2020.0010","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Since the 2010 earthquake, there has emerged in scholarship an image of Haiti's religious culture as divided between the poles of pro-Vodou nationalism and anti-Vodou evangelicals who lament Haiti's historical association with these African-derived traditions. The two sides of this religious-cultural debate, however, are but two points in a much more varied Haitian religious landscape. This article explores the terrain between them by examining a movement of independent Pentecostals in Haiti known locally as Lame Selès, whose recombinant practices are often the cause of their marginalization by other Haitian evangelicals. Lame Selès Pentecostals function within a spiritual economy based on efficacy and force rather than a more typical Protestant hierarchy privileging the spiritual over the material. As demonstrated in a spirit-filled narrative of Haiti's revolutionary history that appears in a handbook of \"combat spirituel\" (spiritual warfare) circulating among these communities, the same recombinant character that results in their marginalization is also the source of their cultural and political power.Abstract:Depi tranbleman tè 2010 la, gen yon gwo deba nan domèn rechèch sou Ayiti ki montre jan kilti relijye peyi a divize an de pôl. Yon pol kote ou jwenn nasyonalis yo ki di yo pou Vodou, yon lôt pôl kote ou jwenn gwoup kretyen evanjelik yo ki kont Vodou e ki pa dijere asosyasyon istorik Ayiti ak tradisyon sa yo ki soti ann Afrik. Men, deba relijye kiltilrèl sa a ki egziste ant de pôl/bô sa yo se sèlman de (2) pwen nan yon kontèks relijye ayisyen ki varye pi plis toujou. Atik sa a eksplore rapô ki genyen ant de (2) bô sa yo antan l ap egzaminen yon mouvman pannkotis endepandan ann Ayiti ki rele Lame Selès. Kôm mouvman sa a chita sou pratik melanje, sa lakôz lôt kretyen evanjelik ayisyen yo kanpe lwen li. Pannkotis Lame Selès yo fonksyone nan yon ekonomi espirityèl ki baze sou efikasite ak fôs plis pase yon yerachi tipik kote pwotestan yo privilejye espirityèl la sou materyèl la. Nan \"Konba espirityèl\" yon liv ki chita sou revolisyon ayisyen an pannkotis yo pibliye e yo fè sikile nan tout kominote yo, ou kab wè mak fabrik naratif yo sou revolisyon an. Menm rezon ki fè anpil moun kanpe lwen Pannkotis yo se la sous pouvwa kiltirèl ak politik yo chita tou.","PeriodicalId":137704,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Haitian Studies","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121590196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Celtic Origins of Bosou Twa Kòn: Creolization and Appropriation of the Three-Horned Bull in Haitian Vodou","authors":"Tom Berendt","doi":"10.1353/jhs.2020.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jhs.2020.0011","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This paper explores the possible Celtic roots of Bosou Twa Kòn, also sometimes referred to as Bosou Konblanmen, the three-horned bull lwa (spirit) of Haitian Vodou who is often associated with other bovine lwa such as Bosou Twa Grenn, Bosou Dlo, Manman Bosou, Bosou N'Towo, and Kadja Bosou. I argue that though bovine worship can be accredited to many antediluvian and animist religions, the deification of a three-horned bull is principally characteristic of Celtic traditions. I therefore offer an alternative interpretation of Bosou Twa Kòn's roots to that of Alfred Métraux, who argued that the lwa's origins were uniquely Dahomean. Rather, I suggest that in concurrence with the inherent syncretism and religious creolization of Haitian Vodou, it is hypothetically conceivable that such a Celtic religious tradition could have been appropriated during the French colonization of Saint-Domingue, from 1697 to 1804.","PeriodicalId":137704,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Haitian Studies","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131203440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kettly Mars's Saisons Sauvages: Perverse States, Racial Erotics","authors":"F. Sepúlveda","doi":"10.1353/jhs.2020.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jhs.2020.0014","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article provides a literary analysis of the novel Saisons sauvages/Savage Seasons (2015) by Haitian writer Kettly Mars. Using queer-of-color critique to explore how Haiti's history of race and heteropatriarchy color erotic desire as well as historical and critical studies on the place of the lwa (spirits) of Vodou in the \"phenomenology of eros\" within Haiti, as Colin (Joan) Dayan has argued, I elaborate on a \"homopoetics of relation\" to analyze the two central women's intimate relationship, a term I rework from queer theorist Rinaldo Walcott's adaption of Édouard Glissant's theoretical concept from Poetics of Relation. In so doing, I emphasize the importance of women's sexuality and eroticism to state power and, most importantly, as crucial axes of how women relate to each other in order to resist and survive under conditions of unfreedom. I illuminate how Mars's narrative explores the understudied relationship among gender, sexuality, and masculine power during the Duvalier dictatorship, which tends to go unnoticed in studies largely focused on the ideological and economic structures underpinning Duvalierism. Accordingly, I analyze the gendered and sexually transgressive forms Haitians used to mobilize a dissident praxis of relationality that was oppositional to Duvalierism and in the shadows of state power.Abstract:Cet article fournit une analyse littéraire du roman Saisons sauvages (2015) de l'écrivaine haïtienne Kettly Mars. Utilisant la critique queer-of-color pour explorer comment l'histoire de la race et l'hétéropatriarcat d'Haïti colorent le désir érotique ainsi que des études historiques et critiques sur la place des lwa (esprits) de Vodou dans la « phénomelogie de l'éros » en Haïti, comme l'a fait valoir Colin (Joan) Dayan, j'élabore sur une « homopoétique de la relation » pour analyser la relation intime des deux femmes centrales, un terme que j'ai retravaillé de l'adaptation du théoricien queer Rinaldo Walcott du concept théorique d'Édouard Glissant. Ce faisant, j'insiste sur l'importance de la sexualité et de l'érotisme des femmes pour le pouvoir de l'État et, plus important encore, comme des axes cruciaux de la façon dont les femmes se lient afin de résister et de survivre dans des conditions sans liberté. J'éclaire la façon dont le récit explore la relation sous-étudiée entre le genre, la sexualité, et le pouvoir masculin pendant la dictature de Duvalier, qui tend à passer inaperçue dans les études principalement concentrées sur l'idéologie politique et les structures économiques qui ont soutenu les Duvaliers. Par conséquent, j'analyse les formes genrées et sexuelles utilisées par des Haïtiens pour mobiliser une pratique dissidente de relation contre le duvaliérisme et dans l'ombre du pouvoir de l'État.","PeriodicalId":137704,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Haitian Studies","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134178097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deadly River: Cholera and Cover-Up in Post-earthquake Haiti by Ralph R. Frerichs (review)","authors":"N. Joseph","doi":"10.1353/jhs.2020.0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jhs.2020.0017","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":137704,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Haitian Studies","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114689236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"\"We Know How to Work Together\": Konbit, Protest, and the Rejection of INGO Bureaucratic Dominance","authors":"Darlène Dubuisson","doi":"10.1353/jhs.2020.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jhs.2020.0012","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Through an ethnographic case study of a community road-building initiative in a commune in Grand'Anse, Haiti, this article argues that konbit and protest, grounded in critical citizenship, can be used to (re)politicize people's participation in community development. While critical citizenship frameworks tend to center on the reciprocal or oppositional relationships between civil society and the state, this article considers how transnational actors alter such relationships. In Haiti, international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs) are parastate actors that assume the state's responsibilities, shifting civil society's orientation away from an absent state and toward INGOs. But unlike the state, INGOs maintain an apolitical posture that upholds their bureaucratic dominance. Christian Vannier suggests, however, that development practitioners can leverage konbit to facilitate participatory development in Haiti. Yet participatory development tends to misappropriate such systems of collaborative labor and treat the \"target population\" as \"objects of knowledge and management\" rather than as citizens. This article concludes that, unlike INGO-funded participatory development projects, the road-building initiative explicitly transformed power relations. Not only did commune members take ownership of the project; they also used protest and other democratic means to realize a community project grounded in konbit as collective public action.Abstract:À travers une étude ethnographique d'une initiative communautaire de construction de routes dans une commune de Grand'Anse, en Haïti, cet article atteste que le konbit et les protestations, fondés sur l'idée d'une citoyenneté critique et responsable, peuvent être utilisés pour (re) politiser la participation des gens au développement communautaire. Alors que les cadres de la participation citoyenne critiques ont tendance à se centrer sur les relations réciproques ou oppositionnelles entre la société civile et l'État, cet article examine comment les acteurs transnationaux modifient ces relations. En Haïti, les organisations internationales non gouvernementales (OING) sont des acteurs paraétatiques qui assument les responsabilités de l'État, faisant passer l'orientation de la société civile d'un État absent vers les OING. Contrairement à l'État, les OING maintiennent une posture apolitique qui confirme leur domination bureaucratique. Néanmoins, Christian Vannier suggère que les praticiens du développement peuvent profiter de la notion du konbit comme effet de levier pour faciliter le développement participatif en Haïti. Cependant, le développement participatif tend à détourner de tels systèmes de travail collaboratif et à traiter la « population cible » comme des « objets de connaissance et de gestion » plutôt que comme des citoyens à part entière. Cet article conclut que, contrairement aux projets de développement participatif financés par des OING, l'initiative de construction de routes a expliciteme","PeriodicalId":137704,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Haitian Studies","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129769546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Haiti's Paper War: Post-independence Writing, Civil War, and the Making of the Republic, 1804–1954 by Chelsea Stieber (review)","authors":"James J. Fisher","doi":"10.1353/jhs.2020.0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jhs.2020.0021","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":137704,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Haitian Studies","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122208370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rodney Saint-Éloi, Mémoire d'Encrier, and the Utopia of \"Living-Together\"","authors":"Bonnie Thomas","doi":"10.1353/jhs.2020.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jhs.2020.0013","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:In his introduction to The Social Work of Narrative: Human Rights and the Cultural Imaginary, Gareth Griffiths states that one of the underlying principles of the book \"is that imaginative narration, the telling of stories, the transformation of the world by the act of imagining it and speaking it forth, is one of the most powerful tools that people can employ in searching for justice or in confronting and overcoming oppression.\" This article explores Griffiths's claim through the work of Haitian writer Rodney Saint-Éloi. His dual roles as writer and publisher offer concrete examples of the transformative power of words and the way in which literature can inspire hope in those affected by oppression, draw people together, and imagine new worlds.Abstract:Dans l'introduction de son ouvrage The Social Work of Narrative: Human Rights and the Cultural Imaginary, Gareth Griffiths affirme que l'un des principes fondamentaux du livre est que « la narration imaginative, c'est-à-dire raconter des histoires, transformer le monde en l'imaginant et en le racontant, est l'un des outils les plus puissants qu'on puisse employer pour la quête de justice ou pour s'élever contre l'oppression et l'anéantir ». Cet article explorera la déclaration de Griffiths à travers l'exemple de l'écrivain haïtien Rodney Saint-Éloi. Ses rôles d'écrivain et d'éditeur offrent des exemples concrets du pouvoir transformatif des mots et de la façon dont la littérature peut inspirer de l'espoir chez les opprimés, unir les peuples et imaginer de nouveaux mondes.","PeriodicalId":137704,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Haitian Studies","volume":"82 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120883955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"L'Haïti métaphorique de Frankétienne : Un Écosystème engagé et spiraliste","authors":"Genevieve Waite","doi":"10.1353/jhs.2020.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jhs.2020.0015","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Dans une interview récente, l'écrivain haïtien Frankétienne admet que son but central comme écrivain est de communiquer une certaine image d'Haïti au lecteur. Mais quelle est cette image d'Haïti ? À travers une étude réfléchie de deux romans, Mûr à crever et Les Affres d'un défi, on constate que l'Haïti de Frankétienne est un pays précaire, fait de contrastes, qui émerge de son esthétique spiraliste, une esthétique qui est déchirée entre la réalité et la fiction. Dans ces deux textes, Frankétienne utilise une écriture poétique et fragmentaire pour créer une vision de l'écosystème haïtien qui reflète la politique turbulente du pays au 20e siècle. Qu'elles soient calmes ou frénétiques, les images d'Haïti dans ces deux textes portent des allusions au message politique de l'auteur. Tout au long de ces récits, Frankétienne utilise des figures de style, telles que la métonymie, la personnification, la juxtaposition, et l'anaphore pour transmettre, d'une manière subtile et ambigüe, un message anti-Duvaliériste aux lecteurs francophones. Ensemble, ces deux ouvrages peignent un tableau postmoderne et audacieux de la vie et de la culture du pays de Frankétienne dans les années 60 et 70.","PeriodicalId":137704,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Haitian Studies","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116444512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Haiti, Quebec, and the French Canadian Mission to Quisqueya (December 1937–January 1938): Perspectives from the Founder of the Montreal Botanical Garden, Brother Marie-Victorin","authors":"N. André, Liesl Picard, Arielle Jean-Louis, Geoffrey Hall, L. Brouillet, Chantalle F. Verna, William Cinea, B. Peguero, Brett Jestrow, Beatrice Jean Francois, J. Francisco‐Ortega","doi":"10.1353/jhs.2019.0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jhs.2019.0024","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":137704,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Haitian Studies","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128038554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}