Frontiers in Space Technologies最新文献

{"title":"Palladium-coated kapton for use on dust detectors in low earth orbit: Performance under hypervelocity impact and atomic oxygen exposure","authors":"A. Dignam, P. Wozniakiewicz, M. Burchell, L. Alesbrook, A. Tighe, Agnieszka Suliga, J. Wessing, A. Kearsley, J. Bridges, J. Holt, Stuart Howie, Libby Peatman, Dennis Fitzpatrick","doi":"10.3389/frspt.2022.933664","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frspt.2022.933664","url":null,"abstract":"Observation of dust and debris in the near Earth environment is a field of great commercial and scientific interest, vital to maximising the operational and commercial life-cycle of satellites and reducing risk to increasing numbers of astronauts in Low Earth Orbit (LEO). To this end, monitoring and assessment of the flux of particles is of paramount importance to the space industry and wider socio-economic interests that depend upon data products/services from orbital infrastructure. We have designed a passive space dust detector to investigate the dust environment in LEO—the Orbital Dust Impact Experiment (ODIE). ODIE is designed for deployment in LEO for ∼1 year, whereupon it would be returned to Earth for analysis of impact features generated by dust particles. The design emphasises the ability to distinguish between the orbital debris (OD) relating to human space activity and the naturally occurring micrometeoroid (MM) population at millimetre to submillimetre scales. ODIE is comprised of multiple Kapton foils, which have shown great potential to effectively preserve details of the impacting particles’ size and chemistry, with residue chemistry being used to interpret an origin (OD vs. MM). LEO is a harsh environment—the highly erosive effects of atomic oxygen damage Kapton foil—requiring the use of a protective coating. Common coatings available for Kapton (e.g., Al, SiO2, etc.) are problematic for subsequent analysis and interpretation of OD vs. MM origin, being a common elemental component of MM or OD, or having X-ray emission peaks overlapping with those of elements used to distinguish MM from OD. We thus propose palladium coatings as an alternative for this application. Here we report on the performance of palladium as a protective coating for a Kapton-based passive dust detector when exposed to atomic oxygen and impact. When subjected to impact, we observe that thicker coatings suffer delamination such that a coating of <50 nm is recommended. Analysis of atomic oxygen exposed samples shows a thin 10 nm coating of palladium significantly reduces the mass loss of Kapton, while coatings of 25 nm and over perform as well as or better than other commonly used coatings.","PeriodicalId":137674,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Space Technologies","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127913581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-quality facial-expression image generation for UAV pedestrian detection","authors":"Yumin Tang, Jing Fan, J. Qu","doi":"10.3389/frspt.2022.1014183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frspt.2022.1014183","url":null,"abstract":"For UAV pedestrian detection in the wild with perturbed parameters, such as lighting, distance, poor pixel and uneven distribution, traditional methods of image generation cannot accurately generate facial-expression images for UAV pedestrian detection. In this study, we propose an improved PR-SGAN (perceptual-remix-star generative adversarial network) method, which combines the improved interpolation method, perceptual loss function, and StarGAN to achieve high-quality facial-expression image generation. Experimental results show that the proposed method for discriminator-parameter update improves the generated facial-expression images in terms of image-generation evaluation indexes (5.80 dB in PSNR and 24% in SSIM); the generated images for generator-parameter update have high robustness against color. Compared to the traditional StarGAN method, the generated images are significantly improved in high frequency details and textures.","PeriodicalId":137674,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Space Technologies","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127293610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Double Tisserand graphs for low-energy lunar transfer design","authors":"W. Martens, Lorenzo Bucci","doi":"10.3389/frspt.2022.920456","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frspt.2022.920456","url":null,"abstract":"Tisserand graphs are a widespread tool for interplanetary trajectory and Moon tour design. They are based on the Jacobi constant being an integral of motion in the Circular Restricted Three Body Problem (CR3BP); as such, the classical Tisserand graph does not include the perturbation of bodies other than the flyby bodies. Low-energy transfers in the Earth-Moon system make use of the combined Earth, Moon, and Sun gravities, exploiting the third body perturbations to reach the Moon with a reduced transfer Δv. The paper, therefore, proposes a novel double Tisserand graph, where the level lines of both the Earth-Moon and the Sun-Earth CR3BPs are superimposed, portraying the complex 4-body dynamics into a single plot. Paths along such level lines correspond to trajectories utilizing the dynamical effect of the Moon or the Sun or a combination of both. We show how such a graph can be efficiently used for preliminary design of Weak Stability Boundary transfers, lunar resonance transfers, lunar flybys, weak lunar captures or any combination of them.","PeriodicalId":137674,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Space Technologies","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121952668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial: Technologies for handling, preparation, and liquid-based analysis of fluidic samples in space","authors":"F. Kehl, K. Bywaters, A. Fairén, T. Granata, A. Ricco, L. Zea","doi":"10.3389/frspt.2022.989416","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frspt.2022.989416","url":null,"abstract":"NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States, Innovation Cluster Space and Aviation (UZH Space Hub), Air Force Center, University of Zurich, Dübendorf, Switzerland, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, Institute of Medical Engineering, Space Biology Group, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Hergiswil, Switzerland, Honeybee Robotics Spacecraft Mechanisms Corp., Altadena, CA, United States, Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), Madrid, Spain, Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, United States, BioServe Space Technologies, Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States","PeriodicalId":137674,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Space Technologies","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121328528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does heart rate variability reflect brain plasticity as a likely mechanism of adaptation to space mission?","authors":"V. Rusanov, E. Fomina, O. I. Orlov","doi":"10.3389/frspt.2022.998610","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frspt.2022.998610","url":null,"abstract":"In space medicine, the definition of “health” is considered as the ability of a crew member to carry out a high-quality space mission program and at the same time retain enough functional reserves for readaptation to earth conditions after it is completed (Baevsky et al., 2013). Professional space crews are formed from specially selected, practically healthy people trained to work in changed conditions and under constant stress (Kovacs and Shadden, 2017). Monitoring of their functional state is based on the assessment of changes within the physiological norm, where the main ones are shifts (reorganizations) occurring in the mechanisms of regulation and developing at the information-temporal or informationenergy levels of the body (Baevsky et al., 2011). In this sense, the individual approach of space medicine to health assessment can be seen as a prerequisite for modern personalized medicine (Dietrich et al., 2018; Pavez Loriè et al., 2021). On the one hand, the structural elements of the human body are a system of independent components, on the other hand, they are characterized by complex interactions (Burggren and Monticino, 2005; Grenfell et al., 2006), therefore, the creation of a unified concept of health in space medicine is an integrative task that can be solved from the standpoint of systems biology. The totality of space flight factors requires the human body to exert constant tension on its regulatory systems to maintain homeostasis (Baevsky et al., 2014). The complex impact of stress factors leads to the fact that ever-higher levels of control over the physiological functions of the body are involved in the adaptation process (Baevsky et al., 2007; Baevsky et al., 2009). This ensures the necessary coordination of various systems and processes within the framework of a single goal—balancing the body with the environment (Baevsky and Chernikova, 2016). One of the characteristics of a system that ensures the quality of its functioning is plasticity, which allows it to quickly cope with the challenges of a changing environment (Goldberger, 1991; Beckers et al., 2006; McCraty et al., 2009; Smith et al., 2017). First of all, this is due to the ability of neurons, neural structures, and neural networks of the brain to dynamically change structural and functional characteristics and modify response patterns in response to changes in external conditions and afferent stimuli (Slenzka, 2003; Pearson-Fuhrhop and Crame, 2006). OPEN ACCESS","PeriodicalId":137674,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Space Technologies","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128702601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A long trip into the universe: Psychedelics and space travel","authors":"L. Lerer, J. Varia","doi":"10.3389/frspt.2022.899159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frspt.2022.899159","url":null,"abstract":"Prolonged periods in space have potentially deleterious physiological and psychological effects. Ensuring the physical health and mental well-being of astronauts will inevitably supersede the need for technological innovation, as the major challenge in long-duration space travel. We propose a role for psychedelics (psychoactive fungal, plant, and animal molecules that cause alterations in perception, mood, behavior, and consciousness) and in particular psychedelic mushrooms to facilitate extended sojourns in space. Psychedelics research is in the midst of a renaissance and psychedelics are being explored not only for their therapeutic potential in psychiatry but also for their ability to promote neuroplasticity, modulate the immune system and reduce inflammation. Psychedelics may be to long-duration space travel in the 21st century, what citrus fruits were to long-distance sea travel in the 18th century—breakthrough and facilitatory. The human intergalactic experience is just beginning and it would be wise to consider the benefits of ensuring that astronauts undertaking potentially perilous space voyages benefit from our planet’s rich psychedelic heritage. There is also some justification for considering the application of psychedelics in the processing and integration of the profound and spiritual experience of deep space travel.","PeriodicalId":137674,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Space Technologies","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116135819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human travels in space and time from ethological perspectives","authors":"C. Tafforin","doi":"10.3389/frspt.2022.984851","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frspt.2022.984851","url":null,"abstract":"Regarding space exploration by human travelers, our viewpoint is to consider the core concept of adaptation, in which strengths overtake weaknesses. The interpretation of findings, whether it be in physiology, in psychology, in anthropology, in ergonomics, or in robotics should properly converge in a positive direction that gives men and women their place at the heart of the spatial and temporal system. This has many facets. One facet is a self-organized system where heterogeneity of the components and autonomy of the whole are characteristic features that contribute to its proper functioning and to the success of exploration missions. Would it be the operating rule for crewmembers of future missions to the Moon and Mars? Isolated and confined crews in synergy with extended periods of time are actually facets to highlight as impacting factors. Ethological research is used to draw up these scientific hypotheses by applying its methods in various space simulation settings, analogous environments and experimental campaigns. Focusing on the recent data over the last 3 years, we found modern contributions in different research areas from multidisciplinary approaches. A comprehensive account of how crews self-organized their schedules with regard to work routine and social activities during three Mars analog missions of 4-month duration, 8-month duration and 12-month duration outline group-living habits that evolved similarly with high autonomy (Heinicke et al., 2019). The authors describe common features that developed in a similar direction when each crew was faced with isolation and confinement in the same setting with increasing mission time. They emphasize sociopsychological, group coordination and team performance challenges of long-duration space travels along with technical and operational challenges. In new science frameworks on the behavioral biology of teams, other investigators described key components of these extreme environmental systems that can interact with neurobiological systems as individual-level inputs influencing dynamics over the crew life cycle (Landon et al., 2019). Their emphasis is on food and nutrition, exercise and physical activity, sleep-wakework rhythms and habitat design. What we know about social group dynamics for longdistance space missions is found in analog research (Bell et al., 2019), in which space crews are expected to cope with psychologically, cognitively, physically and operationally demanding conditions that they have never encountered. The researchers revealed specific outcomes regarding conflict, cohesion, efficiency, mood or communication with the Mission Control Crew (MCC). For instance, the nature of conflict was examined under a new concept mapping based on a more nuanced typology, i.e., noted discords, work disagreements, interpersonal tensions and interpersonal OPEN ACCESS","PeriodicalId":137674,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Space Technologies","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124073507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Direct Robotic Extrusion of Photopolymers (DREPP): Influence of microgravity on an in-space manufacturing method","authors":"Michael Kringer, Christoph Böhrer, M. Frey, Jannik Pimpi, M. Pietras","doi":"10.3389/frspt.2022.899242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frspt.2022.899242","url":null,"abstract":"A method using Direct Robotic Extrusion of Photopolymers (DREPP) to manufacture structures in space in a cost- and power-efficient way is presented in this article. The DREPP technology has the potential to outperform conventional deployable structures, which generally suffer from severe limitations: long and high-cost development phases, dimensioning driven by launch loads instead of operational loads, mechanical complexity as well as constraints to the maximum structure size due to volume limitations on the spacecraft. In-Space Manufacturing (ISM) and especially AM offer a solution to circumvent these limitations. Fundamental investigations on AM in space have already been carried out on the International Space Station (ISS). Numerous test prints have shown that Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) provide satisfactory results under microgravity and controlled environmental conditions. With the investigated manufacturing process, a photoreactive resin is robotically extruded through a nozzle and directly cured by UV-light. Unlike most conventional Additive Manufacturing (AM) methods, which manufacture layer-by-layer, the DREPP technology is able to create three-dimensional structural elements in one continuous movement. To investigate the feasibility under microgravity conditions, multiple experiments were performed on parabolic flights, where it was shown that different geometries can be successfully manufactured under microgravity conditions. When examining the printing process at zero-gravity and under 1 g conditions, differences in the printing behaviour can be observed, which are investigated in detail. In addition, the evaluation shows that a large curing zone – the transition area between the liquid and cured state of the extruded resin – is easier to handle in zero-gravity than under 1 g conditions. This contributes to an increased overall process stability and enables new ways for controlling the process. This article provides details on the ground, zero and altered gravity testing, process quality evaluation and gives an outlook on future investigations of the DREPP approach and preparations for experiments in microgravity and vacuum on a sounding rocket.","PeriodicalId":137674,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Space Technologies","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124955604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Formation flying along libration point orbits using chattering attenuation sliding mode control","authors":"M. Bando, Hamidreza Namati, Yuki Akiyama, S. Hokamoto","doi":"10.3389/frspt.2022.919932","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frspt.2022.919932","url":null,"abstract":"This paper studies a control law to achieve formation flying in cislunar space. Utilizing the eigenstructure of the linearized flow around a libration point of the Earth-Moon circular restricted three-body problem, the fuel efficient formation flying controller based on the chattering attenuation sliding mode controller is designed and analyzed. Numerical studies are conducted for the Earth-Moon L 2 point and a halo orbit around it. The total velocity change required to achieve formation as well as to maintain the orbit is calculated. Simulation results show that the chattering attenuation sliding mode controller has good performance and robustness in the presence of unmodeled nonlinearity along the halo orbit with moderate fuel consumption.","PeriodicalId":137674,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Space Technologies","volume":"333 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116352141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Algorithms for Large Scale Additive Manufacturing in a Free-Flying Environment","authors":"O. Tauscher, Declan Jonckers, Aditya Thakur","doi":"10.3389/frspt.2022.900549","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frspt.2022.900549","url":null,"abstract":"Large scale additive manufacturing (LSAM) refers to the fabrication of structures that exceed the build volume of conventional additive manufacturing setups. This can be used for in-space manufacturing (ISM), facilitating the production of large functional structures in space which cannot fit within the payload fairing of a launcher system. In this paper, a new approach for a continuous fabrication process of structural elements is presented, combining the reach of a free-flying satellite and a robotic arm, utilizing a fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D-printing setup. A motion planning algorithm was developed which calculates energy-efficient movement trajectories based on a truss design input combined with the movement constraints of the satellite and robotic arm. Using this printing paradigm, a long support-free truss was manufactured. This approach was further elevated by extending the truss structure along the second planar axis, thus facilitating the manufacture of structures larger than generally possible through a layer-by-layer approach. Subsequently, combining the segmented and continuous printing approach, a planar truss structure was produced.","PeriodicalId":137674,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Space Technologies","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116157934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}