International journal for parasitology最新文献

{"title":"\"Old hosts die hard\": the return of the grey wolf (Canis lupus) and the re-emerging threat of cardiopulmonary dirofilariosis in northern Italy.","authors":"Filippo M Dini, Carmela Musto, Rudy Brogi, Barbara Moroni, Laura Fiorentini, Patrizia Bassi, Alessandro Bianchi, Giovanni Pupillo, Perla Tedesco, Alessandra Di Donato, Simona Perulli, Serena Robetto, Marco Apollonio, Marco Gobbi, Mauro Delogu, Roberta Galuppi","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2025.06.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2025.06.005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Over the past decades, the grey wolf (Canis lupus) has expanded its range across Italy, reclaiming historical habitats, including anthropized landscapes. This resurgence raises concerns regarding its potential role in maintaining and spreading pathogens. In this study, we focused on Dirofilaria immitis, the causative agent of canine heartworm disease, investigating its prevalence in wolves and exploring the environmental factors influencing infection risk. A total of 488 wolf carcasses collected from northern and central Italy between 2021 and 2024 were analysed. Morphological identification of adult nematodes was conducted using light and scanning electron microscopy, while molecular analyses of mitochondrial COI and 12S rRNA genes were performed to assess genetic variation. Spatial modelling was applied to evaluate infection risk based on environmental factors. D. immitis was detected in 3.5% of the sampled wolves, with prevalence varying among regions, reaching 5.2% in Emilia-Romagna. Microfilariae were identified in two cases, confirming the wolves' potential role as competent hosts. Phylogenetic analysis revealed no significant genetic divergence between D. immitis from wolves and those previously recorded in dogs and other hosts. Spatial analysis indicated that infection risk was highest in low-altitude areas of the Po Valley, a historically endemic region for dirofilariosis. These findings suggest that the expanding wolf population may serve as a competent host for D. immitis, potentially influencing local epidemiology and complicating control efforts in domestic dogs. Continued surveillance is necessary to assess the impact of wildlife reservoirs on heartworm transmission and public health.</p>","PeriodicalId":13725,"journal":{"name":"International journal for parasitology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144336411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Positive correlation of prevalence of Angiostongylis cantonensis in Parmarion martensi (semi-slug) with higher human neuroangiostrongyliasis (rat lungworm disease) caseloads in east Hawai'i Island.","authors":"S I Jarvi, L M Kaluna, K Howe, K D Fiedler, C T Vlautin, M G Severino, J Botticelli, R McHugh","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2025.06.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2025.06.004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Toward a better understanding of Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection within intermediate gastropod hosts, we evaluated prevalence of A. cantonensis in gastropods from east Hawai'i Island and Kaua'i, and used this data to begin to explore how gastropod infection may relate to human neuroangiostrongyliasis patterns in these regions. An overall infection prevalence of 43.3% was found among four of the eight species tested. Of the seven species tested from Kaua'i (n = 170) 12.9% were positive among three species, and of the two slug species tested from east Hawai'i island (n = 320) 59.4% tested positive. In east Hawai'i Island, parasite prevalence was significantly greater in Parmarion martensi (84.4%) than in Veronicella cubensis (10.2%) (P < 0.001), however, infection rates in V. cubensis on east Hawai'i Island did not significantly differ than in V. cubensis tested on Kaua'i (11.6%) (P = 0.878). Comparing parasite loads among regions within east Hawai'i Island, parasite loads were significantly greater in P. martensi from Pāhoa than in those from Hilo (P < 0.001) and in those from Kea'au than Hilo (P = 0.004), and significantly differed among these districts (P < 0.001). Based on zip code tabulation areas (ZCTA) in east Hawai'i Island, prevalence of infection of slugs collected from ZCTA's with 1-5 human cases of neuroangiostrongyliasis was 9.5%, in ZCTA's with 11-15 human cases averaged 65.7%, and in ZCTA's with 16-31 cases was 67.3%. Slug infection prevalence appears higher in ZCTA's with higher human neuroangiostrongyliasis caseloads, at least in these regions in east Hawai'i Island (P < 0.001).</p>","PeriodicalId":13725,"journal":{"name":"International journal for parasitology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144336414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative genomic analysis of necrophagous and parasitic subspecies of Lucilia cuprina (Diptera: Calliphoridae) provides important insight into their divergent biologies.","authors":"Shilpa Kapoor, Paul V Hickner, Allison N Dickey, Ezra Bailey, Leticia Chiara Baldassio de Paula, Esther J Belikoff, Rebecca J Davis, Sophie Tandonnet, Carolina K Canettieri, Matthew A Bertone, Krzysztof Szpila, Ross S Hall, Neil D Young, Pasi K Korhonen, Robin B Gasser, Trent Perry, Aaron R Jex, Vernon M Bowles, Brian M Wiegmann, Tatiana T Torres, Clare A Anstead, Maxwell J Scott","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2025.06.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2025.06.001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lucilia cuprina, a species of blowfly, consists of two recognized subspecies: L. cuprina cuprina and L. cuprina dorsalis. Although they are morphologically and molecularly similar to each other, they have very different ecological roles. In Australia, L. c. dorsalis is predominantly found in rural areas and is the primary causative agent of sheep myiasis (flystrike), while L. c. cuprina is necrophagous and not a significant pest of livestock in the Americas or elsewhere. Here, we present a chromosome-scale genome assembly for L. c. cuprina and an improved assembly for L. c. dorsalis, enabling comparative genomic analysis between these subspecies. While both genomes share a similar gene content, subspecies-specific genes were identified, which may contribute to their divergent ecological roles -necrophagy in L. c. cuprina and parasitism in L. c. dorsalis. Phylogenetic analyses across target genomic regions reaffirm the close relationship between L. c. cuprina and L. c. dorsalis and position L. sericata as their sister species. Gene mutations linked to diazinon resistance were exclusively observed in L. c. dorsalis, whereas malathion resistance was detected in both subspecies. Additionally, we identified genes with accelerated evolutionary rates in each subspecies, which may underlie their distinct feeding behaviours. We also conducted a detailed analysis of chemosensory genes, revealing that L. c. dorsalis possesses slightly larger repertoires of all four chemosensory gene families studied. In comparison to Drosophila melanogaster, both subspecies exhibit an expanded gustatory receptor clade. Our findings provide valuable insights into the genetic factors underpinning parasitism and insecticide resistance and provide a valuable genetic resource for future research endeavours, including the development of engineered strains aimed at genetic biocontrol strategies. This work enhances our understanding of the evolutionary adaptations for this important blowfly species.</p>","PeriodicalId":13725,"journal":{"name":"International journal for parasitology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144336413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Variability among taxonomists in helminth species discrimination decisions: a noise audit.","authors":"Robert Poulin, Jerusha Bennett, Bronwen Presswell","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2025.06.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2025.06.003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Determining whether or not superficially similar helminth specimens belong to the same species can be challenging, even for expert taxonomists. The possibility of cryptic species and host-induced morphological variation, combined with the lack of universally accepted thresholds for what can be considered intraspecific genetic variation, are largely to blame. In the end, decisions come down to the judgment of taxonomists. As with other domains of human judgment, however, taxonomic decisions are subject to noise, i.e., differences of opinions among taxonomists when presented with the same evidence. Here, we quantify this noise and test the role of past experience in taxonomic decision-making. We presented morphological, genetic and host data on 15 sets of hypothetical but realistic trematode specimens, each split into two groups, and asked many of the world's top trematode taxonomists to decide whether the two groups belonged to the same species, to different species, or they were not sure. Working independently on the exact same information, the taxonomists rendered species delimitation decisions that were largely inconsistent with each other, and unrelated to their past experience (measured as years of experience or numbers of published species descriptions). The inevitable conclusion is that whether two sets of trematode specimens are considered to represent the same species or two different species depends entirely on the particular taxonomist who examines them. We propose three strategies to reduce noise and achieve greater consistency and repeatability in species delimitation among different taxonomists: establishment of clear species discrimination guidelines, decomposition of the evidence into its separate components prior to a final decision, and aggregation of independent judgements from two or more experienced taxonomists. Limiting subjectivity in species delimitation decisions is essential if taxonomy is to continue underpinning other disciplines, from biodiversity and ecological research to conservation biology and wildlife management.</p>","PeriodicalId":13725,"journal":{"name":"International journal for parasitology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144336415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protection against anuran lungworm infection may be mediated by innate defenses rather than their microbiome","authors":"Chava L. Weitzman ,&nbsp;Gregory P. Brown ,&nbsp;Kimberley Day ,&nbsp;Catherine M. Shilton ,&nbsp;Karen Gibb ,&nbsp;Keith Christian","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2025.01.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2025.01.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Host-associated microbiomes provide protection against disease in diverse systems, through both direct and indirect interactions with invaders, although these interactions are less understood in the context of non-gut helminth infections in wildlife. Here, we used a widespread, invasive host–parasite system to better understand helminth–amphibian–microbiome dynamics. We focus on cane toads and their lungworm parasites, which invade the host through the skin, to study the interactions between lungworm infection abundance and skin and gut (colon) bacterial microbiomes. Through two experiments, first reducing skin bacterial loads, and second reducing bacterial diversity, we found no evidence of protection by skin bacteria against infection. We also did not find divergent gut communities dependent on lungworm infection, signifying little to no immune modulation from infection causing changes to gut communities, at least in the first month after initial parasite exposure. In light of previous work in the system, these results underscore the contribution of toads’ innate susceptibility (including possible protection provided by skin secretions) rather than skin microbes in determining the chance of infection by these macroparasites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13725,"journal":{"name":"International journal for parasitology","volume":"55 7","pages":"Pages 365-371"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143255637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a novel assay for extensive characterization of the germination conditions of Spraguea americanus: a microsporidian parasite of the American anglerfish (Lophius americanus)","authors":"Noah P. Rogozynski,&nbsp;Sophie A.R. Dyke,&nbsp;Brian Dixon","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2025.02.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2025.02.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The microsporidia are a widespread group of intracellular parasites which infect a broad range of hosts across the animal kingdom. In particular, the microsporidian <em>Spraguea americanus</em> has received considerable attention in recent years due to its role as an endemic pathogen in American anglerfish (<em>Lophius americanus</em>), a species of highly valued finfish currently at risk due to overfishing. However, like many species of microsporidia, the germination responses of <em>S. americanus</em> remain poorly described. This study outlines a novel in vitro germination assay for microsporidians, which is then used to comprehensively survey the germination responses of <em>S. americanus</em> under a variety of conditions. The results of this investigation indicate that <em>S. americanus</em> is responsive to mechanical pressure, hydrogen peroxide, sodium carbonate/bicarbonate and divalent cations, but not to mucus or mucin proteins as seen in closely related species. These observations provide evidence to refute the predominant hypothesis that members of <em>Spraguea</em> enter their hosts via the subcutaneous mucosal glands. In addition to providing much needed insight into the transmission of <em>Spraguea</em> spp., this study is among the first to extensively assess the germination responses of a single species of microsporidia; data which may lend itself to a more complete understanding of the mechanisms underlying the initiation of germination in microsporidia or support the establishment of new in vitro models for economically relevant species.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13725,"journal":{"name":"International journal for parasitology","volume":"55 7","pages":"Pages 373-385"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143566625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of five volatile organic compounds that trigger hygienic and recapping behaviours in the honey bee (Apis mellifera)","authors":"Amélie Noël ,&nbsp;Charlène Dumas ,&nbsp;Emilien Rottier ,&nbsp;Dominique Beslay ,&nbsp;Guy Costagliola ,&nbsp;Christian Ginies ,&nbsp;Florence Nicolè ,&nbsp;Yves Le Conte ,&nbsp;Fanny Mondet","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2025.01.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2025.01.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Varroa destructor</em>, the main parasite of the honey bee (<em>Apis mellifera</em>), is having a devastating effect on beekeeping worldwide. The development of resistance traits in some colonies, linked with <em>Varroa</em>-sensitive hygiene (VSH) and recapping (REC) behaviours, provide an ideal avenue for long-term sustainable control of the parasite. The most important step in these behaviours is the detection of parasitized brood cells. Several semiochemicals released from <em>Varroa</em>-infested brood cells, targeted by VSH behaviour, trigger this behaviour. Most of these compounds are not very volatile. In the current work, we focus on the study of volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from <em>Varroa</em>-infested cells. This study describes the emission of nine VOCs characteristic of <em>Varroa</em> parasitism, of which five could be identified and triggered hygienic and recapping behaviours. These five compounds were also tested with compounds already described in the literature, in relation to the volatile nature of the compounds. Using solutions containing 1–15 compounds, we looked at the cleaning and recapping behaviours of the workers. Behavioural results highlight the importance of the VOCs found in this study in the detection, opening and recapping of brood cells, while low volatile compounds seem to play a particularly key role in the sacrifice of pupae. Similar to the <em>Varroa</em> parasitization-specific (VPS) compounds, including the tetracosyl acetate alone, the cleaning of brood cells triggered by one of the compounds identified in this study, <em>n</em>-tetradecane, appears to be linked to the colony’s ability to carry out VSH behaviour. This study opens new perspectives in the understanding of resistance behaviour of honey bees against their main parasite <em>Varroa destructor</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13725,"journal":{"name":"International journal for parasitology","volume":"55 7","pages":"Pages 351-363"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143122077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intrinsic multiplication rate variation of Plasmodium falciparum in clinical isolates prior to elimination in Malaysia","authors":"Lindsay B. Stewart ,&nbsp;Elena Lantero Escolar ,&nbsp;James Philpott ,&nbsp;Janet Cox-Singh ,&nbsp;Balbir Singh ,&nbsp;David J. Conway","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2025.02.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2025.02.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Replication rates and virulence of pathogens are hypothesised to evolve in response to varying intensity of transmission and competition among genotypes. Under exponential growth conditions in culture, clinical isolates of the malaria parasite <em>Plasmodium falciparum</em> have variable intrinsic multiplication rates, but comparisons of samples from different areas are needed. To analyse parasites from an area of low endemicity, Malaysian clinical isolates cryopreserved prior to malaria elimination were studied. The mean and range of <em>P. falciparum</em> multiplication rates in Malaysian isolates were no less than that seen among isolates from more highly endemic populations in Africa, which does not support a hypothesis of adaptation to prevailing levels of infection endemicity. Moreover, the distribution of multiplication rates was similar between isolates with single parasite genotypes and those containing multiple genotypes, which does not support a hypothesis of facultative adjustment to competing parasites. Based solely on clinical isolates, the findings indicate that parasites may not evolve lower multiplication rates under conditions of reduced transmission, and that the virulence potential is likely to be undiminished in pre-elimination settings. This encourages efforts to eliminate endemic infection completely, as has been achieved at the national level in Malaysia.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13725,"journal":{"name":"International journal for parasitology","volume":"55 7","pages":"Pages 387-393"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143566744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolutionary history as the main driver of cohesive groups’ hierarchical organization in flea-mammal interaction networks","authors":"Boris R. Krasnov ,&nbsp;Irina S. Khokhlova ,&nbsp;Vasily I. Grabovsky","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2025.03.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2025.03.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cohesive species groups (components, sectors, modules, and subgraphs) represent parts of an ecological network with a substantially higher density of interactions than the surrounding parts. We investigated cohesive groups in 108 flea-mammal networks from all over the world and tested whether these groups are hierarchically organized, that is, whether groups at the higher level are composed of groups at the lower level, thus representing a network structure. We measured congruence between groups, using congruence coefficients, and asked whether the extent of hierarchical organization differs between biogeographic realms, different biomes, and different climatic zones. We also tested whether coefficients of congruence between cohesive groups are affected by environmental variables (amount of green vegetation, precipitation, and air temperature). We found that (i) cohesive groups of species in these networks are hierarchically organized and (ii) the strength of this organization differs significantly between networks from different biogeographic realms but is not generally affected by surrounding environmental conditions such as vegetation type and climate. In other words, the structure of flea-mammal networks, in terms of the hierarchical organization of cohesive groups, seems to be determined, first and foremost, by the evolutionary history of flea-mammal interactions, that is, by processes and events of the past. We conclude that the impact of evolutionary history on the network structure appeared to be stronger than that of the contemporary environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13725,"journal":{"name":"International journal for parasitology","volume":"55 7","pages":"Pages 395-403"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143639715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isolation, culture, and optimal growth conditions for the shellfish protozoan parasite, Perkinsus olseni","authors":"Lizenn Delisle ,&nbsp;Tony Bui ,&nbsp;Joanna Copedo ,&nbsp;Olivier Laroche ,&nbsp;Ulla von Ammon ,&nbsp;Henry S. Lane ,&nbsp;Kate S. Hutson","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2025.04.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2025.04.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aquatic parasite cultures are a significant asset to improve our understanding of organism biology, transmission and disease progression, and evaluation of preventative and treatment measures. We adapted and optimized international standard methods for the isolation and culture of <em>Perkinsus</em> spp. for <em>Perkinsus olseni</em>. <em>Perkinsus olseni</em> cells were isolated from green-lipped mussels, <em>Perna canaliculus</em>, in Ray’s fluid thioglycollate medium with incorporated antibiotics and grown in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium-Ham’s F-12 culture medium. Sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region confirmed the culture was consistent with that previously reported for <em>P. olseni</em> (100% homology). Parasite morphology and life cycle stages were described and consistent with known stages of trophozoites, hypnospore, and zoosporangia and zoospores. A suspected additional reproductive mode which commonly occurred under poor nutritional conditions was comprised of trophozoite-like cells which developed into small motile zoospore-like cells. Mussel hemolymph supplement resulted in the rapid development of pre-zoosporangia into zoosporangia and the release of motile zoospores. Temperature had a significant effect on parasite propagation, which increased significantly above 20 °C and reached an optimum at 22 °C. At 35 °C <em>Perkinsus</em> proliferation was strongly reduced, suggesting that the upper thermal limit of <em>P. olseni</em> is 30 °C &lt; T ≤ 35 °C. Cryopreserved cells recovered well under normal culture conditions. The optimised methods for the isolation and culture of <em>P. olseni</em> provide the foundation for subsequent in vivo and in vitro experimentation, and can advance our knowledge and management of this globally significant shellfish disease.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13725,"journal":{"name":"International journal for parasitology","volume":"55 7","pages":"Pages 339-350"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144009523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}