International journal for parasitology最新文献

{"title":"Aims and scope and Editorial board","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/S0020-7519(26)00113-X","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0020-7519(26)00113-X","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13725,"journal":{"name":"International journal for parasitology","volume":"56 6","pages":"Article 104882"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148103864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ten simple rules for implementing deep amplicon sequencing in parasitology","authors":"Jan Šlapeta ,&nbsp;Jürgen Krücken ,&nbsp;Alicia Rojas ,&nbsp;Alex Chambers ,&nbsp;Lynsey A. Melville ,&nbsp;María Martínez-Valladares ,&nbsp;Candela Canton ,&nbsp;Emily K. Francis ,&nbsp;Osama Zahid ,&nbsp;Ana Cláudia A. Albuquerque ,&nbsp;Dave J. Bartley ,&nbsp;Cesar C. Bassetto ,&nbsp;Orla Byrne ,&nbsp;Vito Colella ,&nbsp;Livio M. Costa-Junior ,&nbsp;Stephen R. Doyle ,&nbsp;Mike Evans ,&nbsp;Abdul Ghafar ,&nbsp;Pablo Godoy ,&nbsp;Naoki Hayashi ,&nbsp;John S. Gilleard","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2025.11.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2025.11.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Deep amplicon sequencing is transforming parasitology by enabling high-throughput profiling of parasite communities and detection of resistance-associated genetic variants. Despite its growing adoption, many researchers face challenges in implementation, and its full potential is often hindered by challenges in experimental design, including marker selection, data analysis and reproducibility. This article presents ten simple rules for applying deep amplicon sequencing in parasitology, developed through expert consensus at a deep amplicon sequencing symposium during the 2025 World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology conference. These rules cover essential aspects from formulating research questions and choosing appropriate markers to managing data workflows and contributing to reference databases. We highlight the importance of integrating deep amplicon sequencing with traditional parasitological methods, ensuring transparent reporting and investing in capacity building. Whether you are new to deep amplicon sequencing or seeking to improve your current practices, these guidelines offer practical advice to enhance the robustness, reproducibility, and impact of your research. By adopting these principles, parasitologists can contribute to, and advance, a more reliable and collaborative scientific landscape.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13725,"journal":{"name":"International journal for parasitology","volume":"56 6","pages":"Article 104751"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145586917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parasites suffer too: Effects of host’s pollutant exposure on some life-history traits of acanthocephalan parasites","authors":"Léa Lorrain-Soligon ,&nbsp;Simon Agostini ,&nbsp;Alexandre Bauer ,&nbsp;Beatriz Decencière ,&nbsp;Côme Girard ,&nbsp;Alexis Golven ,&nbsp;Alexis Millot ,&nbsp;Thierry Rigaud ,&nbsp;Eliott Salles ,&nbsp;Aurélie Goutte","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2025.12.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2025.12.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Parasites are integral components of biodiversity, shaping host populations, food web dynamics, and ecosystem stability. However, they are influenced by environmental conditions and face growing threats. Despite growing evidence of global declines in parasite populations, the impacts of contaminants on their fitness in freshwater ecosystems remains poorly understood. In this study we investigated how environmental variability, host traits, and pollutant exposure affect the fitness and infection patterns of acanthocephalan parasites in chub (<em>Squalius cephalus</em>). Using a mesocosm approach, we assessed parasite infection intensity, size, and reproductive traits in relation to host size, body condition, site of capture, and seasonality, acknowledging that natural infections introduce variability. Moreover, we experimentally exposed chub to ubiquitous freshwater contaminants, including the pesticide imidacloprid, the pharmaceutical compounds paracetamol and diclofenac, and the herbicide S-metolachlor, at environmentally relevant concentrations. Our results indicate that host size was a key driver of parasite infection intensity. Parasite size increased over time but was independent of host condition and parasite density. While larger parasites produced more eggs, overall reproductive output declined in fish with better body condition and over time. Pollutant exposure yielded complex effects: chronic imidacloprid exposure (15 ng·g⁻¹) reduced parasite size, while acute paracetamol exposure (16 μg·g⁻¹) resulted in larger parasites but completely inhibited egg production. Other tested pollutants had no significant effects. These findings highlight the sensitivity of parasites to environmental stressors, the influence of host and environmental context, and the importance of accounting for natural variability and host-parasite interactions in ecotoxicological assessments of freshwater ecosystems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13725,"journal":{"name":"International journal for parasitology","volume":"56 6","pages":"Article 104761"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145793582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lessons on multicellular two- (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) culture in parasitology: Insights, challenges and future directions","authors":"David Smith ,&nbsp;Matias G. Perez ,&nbsp;Miriam E. Garner ,&nbsp;William M. Anderson ,&nbsp;Collette Britton ,&nbsp;Maria A. Duque-Correa ,&nbsp;Nichola E.D. Calvani","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2025.12.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2025.12.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Advances in multicellular two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) cell culture systems are providing parasitologists with new tools to investigate host–parasite interactions <em>in vitro</em>. These models offer tissue-specific and, increasingly, host-specific alternatives to traditional 2D monoculture and animal systems, with applications across protozoan and helminth biology. Spheroids, organoids, and emerging assembloid platforms capture key aspects of tissue architecture and function, enabling co-culture of parasites and their products, including dynamic analysis of interactions at defined host interfaces. In recent years, these systems have been adapted to model infection processes, parasite development, immune modulation and tissue remodelling across a range of parasite taxa and tissue types, particularly of the gastrointestinal tract.</div><div>This review outlines applications of multicellular 2D and 3D cell culture systems in parasitology, drawing on examples from both human and veterinary research. We highlight lessons learned from published works to date that have accelerated the uptake and refinement of these approaches. We also examine technical challenges, including issues of standardisation, scalability, model accessibility, and species representation, particularly for livestock hosts.</div><div>Looking ahead, the integration of immune, stromal, and microbial components into these models, as well as advances in imaging and omics technologies, and CRISPR-Cas9-mediated engineering of host organoids, promise increasingly sophisticated platforms for studying parasite biology, host tissue responses and pathogenesis. With continued investment and cross-disciplinary collaboration, multicellular culture systems are poised to play a central role in reducing animal use, improving model predictiveness, and supporting the development of next-generation antiparasitic therapies and interventions, including drugs and vaccines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13725,"journal":{"name":"International journal for parasitology","volume":"56 6","pages":"Article 104759"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145781305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic signatures of  Plasmodium vivax Circumsporozoite Surface Protein during malaria resurgence in Thailand","authors":"Parsakorn Tapaopong ,&nbsp;Aurel Holzschuh ,&nbsp;Gustavo da Silva ,&nbsp;Palakorn Chintanawiwat ,&nbsp;Sirasate Bantuchai ,&nbsp;Wasinee Rungsarityotin ,&nbsp;Liwang Cui ,&nbsp;Cristian Koepfli ,&nbsp;Jetsumon Sattabongkot ,&nbsp;Wang Nguitragool","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2025.12.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2025.12.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The <em>Plasmodium</em> circumsporozoite surface protein (CSP) is the best characterized pre-erythrocytic vaccine target for malaria. It is a multifunctional protein important for sporozoite mobility, mosquito salivary gland invasion, and hepatocyte invasion. We analyzed diversity of  <em>Plasmodium vivax</em> CSP gene (<em>pvcsp</em>) during the 2022–2023 malaria resurgence in northwestern Thailand and assessed how <em>pvcsp</em> haplotypes may affect parasite development in the mosquitoes. Amplicon sequencing of 69 <em>P. vivax</em> isolates revealed both canonical <em>pvcsp</em> variants: VK210 (<em>n</em> = 66) and VK247 (<em>n</em> = 3). The VK210 type exhibited high polymorphism within the central repeat region, with 21 haplotypes (H1–H21) composed of 13–20 repeat motifs. Haplotype H2 was the most common, accounting for half of all VK210 sequences, and in membrane feeding assays with <em>Anopheles dirus</em>, appeared to produce more salivary-gland sporozoites per oocyst than other haplotypes, suggesting that repeat-region variation may modulate vector competence. Together, these findings report contemporary <em>pvcsp</em> diversity in Thailand’s highest transmission area, provide functional evidence that repeat-region polymorphisms shape vector-parasite interactions, and highlight three globally prevalent motifs (GDRADGQPA, GDRAAGQPA, ANGAGNQPG) as prime targets for future PvCSP vaccines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13725,"journal":{"name":"International journal for parasitology","volume":"56 6","pages":"Article 104756"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145742446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Developing vaccines against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep – the model matters","authors":"Alasdair J. Nisbet ,&nbsp;Daniel R.G. Price ,&nbsp;Yvonne Bartley ,&nbsp;Margaret Oliver ,&nbsp;Philip Steele ,&nbsp;W. David Smith ,&nbsp;David Ewing ,&nbsp;Ian Hunt ,&nbsp;Tom N. McNeilly","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2025.12.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2025.12.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Different parasite challenge models have been used over many years in the development of novel vaccines against gastrointestinal nematodes of livestock. Typically, following vaccination with either native or recombinant proteins, the host animal is then given a bolus challenge of infective nematode larvae (iL3) or a trickle challenge where smaller numbers of iL3 are given at regular intervals over a period of time. The bolus method may be a robust test of whether high levels of vaccine-induced immunity translate to protection against a large pathogen insult, whereas the trickle infection method may be more appropriate to test the impacts of an exposure-induced anamnestic response. In the work presented here, three different models of testing gastrointestinal nematode vaccine efficacy were compared. Lambs (4–5 months old) were vaccinated with the excretory/secretory products collected from <em>ex-vivo Teladorsagia circumcincta</em> fourth stage larvae (L4ESP) and then challenged with a bolus of 5,000 iL3 or with a trickle infection where 2,000 iL3 were administered 3 times per week for 4 weeks (truncated trickle) or continuously challenged for 9 weeks (trickle) until post-mortem. Monitoring of faecal egg counts following challenge demonstrated that there was no significant impact of vaccination on cumulative faecal egg count (cFEC) following bolus challenge but, during the period of regular ingestion of iL3 in both trickle challenge models, statistically-significant reductions in the cFEC [(40–46 % reduction in mean cFEC (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05); 68–71 % reduction in median cFEC)] were observed. Shortly after cessation of the iL3 challenge in the truncated trickle challenge group, this protective effect of the vaccine on cFEC was lost whereas vaccine efficacy was maintained in the model with continued regular ingestion of iL3 (trickle challenge model, which most accurately reflect the parasite challenge in a field situation). In conclusion, the choice of challenge model had a profound impact on the ability to measure vaccine efficacy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13725,"journal":{"name":"International journal for parasitology","volume":"56 6","pages":"Article 104758"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145742422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent advances in omics and genetic tools in schistosome research and control.","authors":"Fang Luo, Qingxuan Liu, Wei Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2026.104880","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2026.104880","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease posing a persistent threat to global health, particularly in endemic areas. Mass drug administration with praziquantel has substantially reduced disease burden, yet its limited efficacy against juvenile worms, reinfection, and emerging resistance underscore the urgent need for innovative strategies. Recent advances in omics technologies including genomics, bulk and single-cell transcriptomics, non-coding RNA omics, and proteomics, together with functional genetic tools such as RNA interference, transgenesis and CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing, have provided system-level and mechanistic insights into parasite development, sex dimorphism, host-parasite interactions, disease pathogenesis and drug response. Collectively, these advances have also facilitated the discovery of diagnostic markers, candidate vaccine antigens, and promising therapeutic targets. Prospects involving in integrating multi-omics platforms with artificial intelligence and clinical translation holds great promise for deepening our understanding of schistosome biology and enhancing control strategies. Overall, this review summarizes recent progress in omics and genetic tools in schistosome research and discusses their implications for improved diagnosis, treatment, and sustainable control.</p>","PeriodicalId":13725,"journal":{"name":"International journal for parasitology","volume":" ","pages":"104880"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148015375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plasmodium falciparum Liver Stage Antigen 3 plays a role in completing the final stages of merozoite invasion of red blood cells","authors":"Masayuki Morita ,&nbsp;Charlie Jennison ,&nbsp;Matthew T. O’Neill ,&nbsp;Bernard N. Kanoi ,&nbsp;Tomoko Ishino ,&nbsp;Takafumi Tsuboi ,&nbsp;Justin A. Boddey ,&nbsp;Eizo Takashima","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2025.10.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2025.10.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the red blood cell (RBC) invasion mechanism by <em>Plasmodium falciparum</em>, the causative agent of human malaria, is critical for developing blood-stage vaccines. Most research on the roles of parasite molecules during invasion into the RBC has focused on the pre-invasion and invasion phases, particularly on merozoite proteins in these early steps. Consequently, well-established blood-stage vaccine candidates, such as MSP1, AMA1, EBA175, Rh5, CyRPA, and Ripr, have been discovered by research targeting the early invasion phases. Recently, we identified that Liver Stage Antigen 3 (LSA3) is a merozoite dense granule protein and a novel blood-stage vaccine candidate, given that antigen-specific antibodies inhibit parasite growth by 24%. However, the precise role of LSA3 in RBC invasion remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the function of LSA3 during merozoite invasion of RBCs. In the late-invasion phase, LSA3 localized to the posterior end of invading wild-type merozoites accessible to anti-LSA3 antibodies in the culture medium. <em>In vitro</em> cultured <em>lsa3</em> knockout parasites (Δ<em>LSA3</em>) exhibited slowed parasite growth. Time-lapse imaging revealed that knockout of <em>lsa3</em> resulted in a 65% reduction in normal invasion completion relative to the wild-type. Furthermore, Δ<em>LSA3</em> parasites displayed a high frequency of accolé-form: aberrant morphology, with a protruding convex-shaped ring-stage just beneath the RBC membrane, following successful internalization into RBCs. This study provides the first evidence that a merozoite dense granule protein potentially plays an important role in the late-invasion phase of the <em>P. falciparum</em> erythrocytic cycle.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13725,"journal":{"name":"International journal for parasitology","volume":"56 5","pages":"Article 104743"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145367894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular and morphological support for the synonymy of Nephrostomum and Patagifer: discovery of new species and broad geographic connections","authors":"María G. Díaz González ,&nbsp;Danimar López-Hernández ,&nbsp;Vasyl V. Tkach ,&nbsp;Fabiana Drago ,&nbsp;Fred D. Chibwana ,&nbsp;Martina R. Laidemitt ,&nbsp;Christopher A. Blanar ,&nbsp;Verónica Núñez ,&nbsp;Mariano Dueñas Díaz ,&nbsp;Luis A. Gomez-Puerta ,&nbsp;Sean A. Locke","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2025.10.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2025.10.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, DNA was sequenced from adults of <em>Patagifer</em> Dietz, 1909 and <em>Nephrostomum</em> Dietz, 1909 (Digenea: Echinostomatidae) collected from avian definitive hosts in Nearctic, Neotropic, Palearctic and Afrotropic regions. Phylogenetic analyses of entire mitochondrial genomes, nuclear rDNA operons, and partial 28S, ITS2, <em>cox1</em>, and <em>nad1</em> all indicate that <em>Nephrostomum</em> is synonymous with <em>Patagifer</em>, which is given priority, and that head-collar characters formerly used to separate these genera represent traits that vary among closely related congeneric species. Low interspecific divergence in partial 28S (0–0.41 %) in <em>Patagifer</em> has contributed to misidentifications, while mitochondrial markers provided greater resolution and revealed greater species diversity. Six species were included in the present study: <em>P. ramosum</em>, <em>P. bilobus</em>, <em>P. vioscai</em>, <em>P. limai</em>, an unidentified species known only from cercariae, and a new species with distinctive head collar morphology, from <em>Theristicus caerulescens</em> in Argentina. In both <em>P. ramosum</em> and <em>P. bilobus</em>, mitochondrial markers show intercontinental distributions that can be plausibly linked to historical transatlantic expansions of their Old-World avian hosts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13725,"journal":{"name":"International journal for parasitology","volume":"56 5","pages":"Article 104748"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145451932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of gregarine (Apicomplexa) colonisation on the functional response of the amphipod host","authors":"Heather J. Knight ,&nbsp;Kevin O. McKinley ,&nbsp;Anastasios D. Tsaousis ,&nbsp;Jennifer A. Dodd ,&nbsp;Sonja Rückert","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2025.10.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2025.10.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Gregarines are a notably understudied but widespread group of protists that colonise aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates. This limited understanding of gregarines and their interactions with their hosts results partly from the absence of established culturing techniques and our understanding therefore has heavily relied on field collections. This study utilised for the first time cultured <em>Gammarus pulex</em> populations and comparative functional response models to explore the effects of gregarine colonisation on the host’s consumption of Chironomid prey. This study shows that both positive and negative <em>G. pulex</em> displayed a Type II functional response. There were no statistical differences in the functional response parameters between the two groups. These results suggest that, under the study conditions, gregarines may function as commensal symbionts within their <em>G. pulex</em> host. This is consistent with growing evidence for gregarines acting across a range of symbiotic roles within their hosts. These findings provide insight into the role of gregarines in <em>G. pulex</em>, an invertebrate species frequently used for field- and lab-based experiments, contributing to the evidence of the complex and varied gregarine host-symbiont interactions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13725,"journal":{"name":"International journal for parasitology","volume":"56 5","pages":"Article 104742"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145312814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}