Interdisciplinary Toxicology最新文献

{"title":"Organochlorine pesticides, their toxic effects on living organisms and their fate in the environment.","authors":"Ravindran Jayaraj,&nbsp;Pankajshan Megha,&nbsp;Puthur Sreedev","doi":"10.1515/intox-2016-0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/intox-2016-0012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Organochlorine (OC) pesticides are synthetic pesticides widely used all over the world. They belong to the group of chlorinated hydrocarbon derivatives, which have vast application in the chemical industry and in agriculture. These compounds are known for their high toxicity, slow degradation and bioaccumulation. Even though many of the compounds which belong to OC were banned in developed countries, the use of these agents has been rising. This concerns particularly abuse of these chemicals which is in practice across the continents. Though pesticides have been developed with the concept of target organism toxicity, often non-target species are affected badly by their application. The purpose of this review is to list the major classes of pesticides, to understand organochlorine pesticides based on their activity and persistence, and also to understand their biochemical toxicity.</p>","PeriodicalId":13715,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Toxicology","volume":"9 3-4","pages":"90-100"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/intox-2016-0012","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35120539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of the cytotoxic/toxic potential of the novel anticancer selenodiazoloquinolone on fibroblast cells and 3D skin model.","authors":"Soňa Jantová,&nbsp;Dominika Topoľská,&nbsp;Michaela Janošková,&nbsp;Miroslav Pánik,&nbsp;Viktor Milata","doi":"10.1515/intox-2016-0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/intox-2016-0014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The new synthetically prepared quinolone derivative 7-ethyl 9-ethyl-6-oxo-6,9-dihydro[1,2,5]selenadiazolo [3,4-<i>h</i>]quinoline-7-carboxylate (E2<i>h</i>) showed in our previous study cytotoxic effects towards tumor cells and immunomodulatory activities on RAW 264.7 cell line murine macrophages. E2<i>h</i> may have a potential use as a novel chemotherapeutic agent with immunomodulatory properties and the ability to induce apoptotic death of cancer cells. The aim of the present study was to examine the antiproliferative/cytotoxic activities of E2<i>h</i> on human non-cancer fibroblast BHNF-1 cells and reconstructed human epidermis EpiDerm™. Further the effects of E2<i>h</i> on tissue structure and morphology were examined. Cytotoxic/toxic studies showed that selenadiazoloquinolone is not toxic on normal human fibroblast cells BHNF-1 and dimensional skin constructs EpiDerm™. Evaluation of morphological changes in EpiDerm™ showed no change in the construction and morphology of skin tissue treated by E2h compared to control.</p>","PeriodicalId":13715,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Toxicology","volume":"9 3-4","pages":"106-112"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/intox-2016-0014","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35121477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Questionable information on poisonings by alcohol surrogates.","authors":"Sergei Jargin","doi":"10.1515/intox-2016-0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/intox-2016-0010","url":null,"abstract":"Correspondence address: Dr. Sergei Jargin Peoples' Friendship University of Russia Clementovski per 6-82, 115184 Moscow, Russia. TEL/FAX: 7-495-9516788 • E-MAIL: sjargin@mail.ru manufacturing are accompanied by a generation of new by-products, adaptation to which has not developed yet. Diluted technical alcohol has been sold in vodka bottles through legally operating shops and eateries, added to beer, wine and other beverages. Following abolition of the state alcohol monopoly in 1992, the country was flooded by low-quality alcoholic beverages. The quality of sold alcohol seems to have improved since approximately the last decade. For more details and references see Jargin, 2010, 2016. Some publications create the impression that consumers deliberately purchase surrogates for drinking (Khaltourina & Korotayev, 2016). According to our observations and generally known facts, drinking of technical liquids and lotions has decreased abruptly after the end of the anti-alcohol campaign in 1989, when vodka, beer and other beverages have become easily available and were relatively cheap. The only major exceptions are alcoholcontaining liquids from the drug store. Some people go to the pharmacy not because of the lower price but as they hope to obtain quality alcohol, i.e. better purified than vodka from the bottle store. Converted to absolute alcohol, the tinctures from pharmacies are currently more expensive than cheap vodka. Recently 77 lethal cases were reported from a mass poisoning in Irkutsk (December 2016). According to available information, the poisoning was caused by the bath lotion Boyaryshnik (Hawthorn) containing 93% ethyl alcohol, hawthorn extract, lemon oil, diethyl phthalate and glycerol, yet the chemical analysis has reportedly shown that the lotion contained methyl alcohol (RT News, 2016; Wikipedia, 2016). The poisoning has however been suspected to have been caused by hawthorn (Crataegus) tincture containing according to the label 70% ethanol. The hawthorn tincture is the most common form of medicinal alcohol D the anti-alcohol campaign in the former Soviet Union (1985-1988), many distilleries producing alcoholic beverages of standard quality were closed and dismantled. Due to restricted sales, many people were drinking industrial liquid preparations, as window cleansing, lotions, etc. The alcohol consumption increased after the campaign (Jargin, 2010, 2016). At the same time, technical alcohol (synthetic and cellulosic) met no demand from the stagnating industry. Official permissions to use alcohol from non-edible raw materials for the production of beverages were issued during the 1990s (Nemtsov, 2010; Nuzhnyi et al., 2016). The permissions have later been revoked but, on the background of disregard for some laws and regulations, the use of technical alcohol has continued by some manufacturers. It was repeatedly demonstrated in animal experiments that synthetic and cellulosic alcohol are more toxic than alcohol from edible raw material","PeriodicalId":13715,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Toxicology","volume":"9 3-4","pages":"83-84"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/intox-2016-0010","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35120537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Technical aspects of oxygen level regulation in primary cell cultures: A review.","authors":"Mazyar Yazdani","doi":"10.1515/intox-2016-0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/intox-2016-0011","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Oxygen (O2) is an essential element for aerobic respiration. Atmospheric concentration of O2 is approximately 21%. Mammalian cells, however, are generally adapted to O2 levels much lower than atmospheric conditions. The pericellular levels of O2 must also be maintained within a fairly narrow range to meet the demands of cells. This applies equally to cells in vivo and cells in primary cultures. There has been growing interest in the performance of cell culture experiments under various O2 levels to study molecular and cellular responses. To this end, a range of technologies (e.g. gas-permeable technology) and instruments (e.g. gas-tight boxes and gas-controlled incubators) have been developed. It should be noted, however, that some of these have limitations and they are still undergoing refinement. Nevertheless, better results should be possible when technical concerns are taken into account. This paper aims to review various aspects of O2 level adjustment in primary cell cultures, regulation of pericellular O2 gradients and possible effects of the cell culture medium.","PeriodicalId":13715,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Toxicology","volume":"9 3-4","pages":"85-89"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/intox-2016-0011","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35120538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protection studies of new <i>bis</i> quaternary 2-(hydroxyimino)-<i>N</i>-(pyridin-3yl) acetamide derivatives (HNK-series) oximes against acute poisoning by dichlorvos (DDVP) in Swiss albino mice.","authors":"Pravin Kumar,&nbsp;Devyani Swami,&nbsp;Hitendra N Karade,&nbsp;Manindar Singh,&nbsp;Anupma Tiwari,&nbsp;Kshetra Pal Singh","doi":"10.1515/intox-2016-0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/intox-2016-0013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The available antidotal therapy against acute poisoning by organophosphates involves the use of atropine alone or in combination with one of the oximes, e.g. 2-PAM, Obidoxime, TMB-4 or HI-6. Each of these oximes has some limitation, raising the question of the universal antidotal efficacy against poisoning by all OPs/nerve agents. In the present study, newly synthesized <i>bis</i> quaternary 2-(hydroxyimino)-<i>N</i>-(pyridin-3yl) acetamide derivatives (HNK-series) oximes were evaluated for their antidotal efficacy against DDVP intoxicated Swiss mice, in terms of the Protection Index (PI) and AChE reactivation in brain and serum. The inhibition concentration (IC₅₀) was determined in brain and serum after optimizing the time point for maximum inhibition (60 min post DDVP exposure). AChE reactivation efficacy of the HNK series was evaluated at IC₅₀ and compared with 2-PAM. HNK-102 showed a ~2 times better Protection Index (PI) as compared to 2-PAM against DDVP toxicity. IC₅₀ at 60 min DDVP post exposure was found to be approximately one fifth and one half of the LD₅₀ dose for brain and serum AChE, respectively. Out of three HNK oximes, HNK-102 & 106 at 0.20 LD₅₀ dose significantly reactivated DDVP intoxicated brain AChE (<i>p</i><0.05) as compared to 2-PAM at double IC₅₀ dose of DDVP. In light of double PI and higher AChE reactivation, HNK 102 was found to be a better oxime than 2-PAM in the treatment of acute poisoning by DDVP.</p>","PeriodicalId":13715,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Toxicology","volume":"9 3-4","pages":"101-105"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/intox-2016-0013","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35121476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adverse hematological effects of hexavalent chromium: an overview.","authors":"Rina Rani Ray","doi":"10.1515/intox-2016-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/intox-2016-0007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Workers of tanneries, welding industries, factories manufacturing chromate containing paints are exposed to hexavalent chromium that increases the risk of developing serious adverse health effects. This review elucidates the mode of action of hexavalent chromium on blood and its adverse effects. Both leukocyte and erythrocyte counts of blood sharply decreased in Swiss mice after two weeks of intraperitoneal treatment with Cr (VI), with the erythrocytes transforming into echinocytes. The hexavalent chromium in the blood is readily reduced to trivalent form and the reductive capacity of erythrocytes is much greater than that of plasma. Excess Cr (VI), not reduced in plasma, may enter erythrocytes and lymphocytes and in rodents it induces microcytic anemia. The toxic effects of chromium (VI) include mitochondrial injury and DNA damage of blood cells that leads to carcinogenicity. Excess Cr (VI) increases cytosolic Ca²⁺ activity and ATP depletion thereby inducing eryptosis. Se, vitamin C, and quercetin are assumed to have some protective effect against hexavalent chromium induced hematological disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":13715,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Toxicology","volume":"9 2","pages":"55-65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/intox-2016-0007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35120533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mitigation of diazinon-induced cardiovascular and renal dysfunction by gallic acid.","authors":"Temitayo Olabisi Ajibade, Ademola Adetokunbo Oyagbemi, Temidayo Olutayo Omobowale, Ebunoluwa Racheal Asenuga, Jeremiah Moyinoluwa Afolabi, Adeolu Alex Adedapo","doi":"10.1515/intox-2016-0008","DOIUrl":"10.1515/intox-2016-0008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Studies of the link between environmental pollutants and cardiovascular dysfunction, neglected for decades, have recently provided new insights into the pathology and consequences of these killers. In this study, rats were divided into four groups, each containing 10 rats. The rats in group one served as controls and were administered normal saline, whereas the rats in group two were orally gavaged with 3 mg/kg of diazinon (DZN) alone for twenty one consecutive days. The rats in groups 3 and 4 were administered respective 60 mg/kg and 120 mg/kg gallic acid (GA) in addition to DZN for twenty one consecutive days. Exposure of rats to diazinon significantly (<i>p</i><0.05) reduced the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and reduced glutathione (GSH) content. Malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and nitric oxide (NO) contents were also significantly (<i>p</i><0.05) elevated following DZN exposure. DZN further caused a significant (<i>p</i><0.05) decrease of heart rate and QT interval prolongation. Hematologic analysis revealed significant reduction (<i>p</i><0.05) in packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin concentration (Hb), red blood cell (RBC) count, and total white blood cell count of rats administered only DZN. Observations in this study suggest a modulatory role of gallic acid in diazinon-induced anemia and associated cardiovascular dysfunction in rats. Treatment with gallic acid reversed the oxidative stress markers studied, increased the antioxidant defence system and reduced deleterious effects on hematological parameters in rats. Pathologic findings of the heart and kidney were also found to be lessened.</p>","PeriodicalId":13715,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Toxicology","volume":"9 2","pages":"66-77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/15/c0/ITX-9-66.PMC5458106.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35120535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protective effect of resveratrol against neuronal damage through oxidative stress in cerebral hemisphere of aluminum and fluoride treated rats.","authors":"Chandra Shakar Reddy Nalagoni,&nbsp;Pratap Reddy Karnati","doi":"10.1515/intox-2016-0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/intox-2016-0009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Aluminum has no defined biological function and it is potentially involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. Furthermore, the presence of fluoride causes more aluminum to accumulate in the brain, resulting in increased neuronal damage. In recent years, resveratrol through its ameliorative effects was found to be a neuroprotectant. This study reports the protective effects of resveratrol on combined aluminum and fluoride induced neuronal damage through oxidative stress in rats. Protective effects of resveratrol (30 mg/kg b.w) on markers of oxidative stress were determined in rats exposed to aluminum chloride (100 mg/kg b.w) along with sodium fluoride (10 mg/kg b.w) for 8 weeks. The results showed a statistically significant (<i>p</i><0.05) increase in lipid peroxidation (LPx) as well as a significant (<i>p</i><0.05) decrease in superoxide dismutase and catalase activity. Enlarged cells, neurofibrillary tangles, and vacuolar spaces showing oxidative stress in the cerebral cortex were also observed in hematoxylin and eosin stained sections in aluminum and fluoride treated rats. Administration of resveratrol along with aluminum + fluoride showed significant reversal of oxidative stress and neuronal damage in rats. Thus resveratrol potentially acts as a neuroprotectant against aluminum chloride + sodium fluoride induced neuronal damage through its anti-oxidant efficacy.</p>","PeriodicalId":13715,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Toxicology","volume":"9 2","pages":"78-82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/intox-2016-0009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35120534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting disease onset in clinically healthy people.","authors":"Harold I Zeliger","doi":"10.1515/intox-2016-0006","DOIUrl":"10.1515/intox-2016-0006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Virtually all human disease is induced by oxidative stress. Oxidative stress, which is caused by toxic environmental exposure, the presence of disease, lifestyle choices, stress, chronic inflammation or combinations of these, is responsible for most disease. Oxidative stress from all sources is additive and it is the total oxidative stress from all sources that induces the onset of most disease. Oxidative stress leads to lipid peroxidation, which in turn produces Malondialdehyde. Serum malondialdehyde level is an additive parameter resulting from all sources of oxidative stress and, therefore, is a reliable indicator of total oxidative stress which can be used to predict the onset of disease in clinically asymptomatic individuals and to suggest the need for treatment that can prevent much human disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":13715,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Toxicology","volume":"9 2","pages":"39-54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/intox-2016-0006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35120536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toxicity of <i>Glandularia selloi</i> (Spreng.) Tronc. leave extract by MTT and neutral red assays: influence of the test medium procedure.","authors":"Luciana Rizzieri Figueiró,&nbsp;Luana Christine Comerlato,&nbsp;Marcia Vignoli Da Silva,&nbsp;José Ângelo Silveira Zuanazzi,&nbsp;Gilsane Lino Von Poser,&nbsp;Ana Luiza Ziulkoski","doi":"10.1515/intox-2016-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/intox-2016-0004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cytotoxicity assays using cell cultures may be an alternative to assess biological toxicity of plant extracts with potential phytotherapeutic properties. This study compared three methods to prepare culture media for the exposure of Vero cells to plant extracts. Leaves of Glandularia selloi (Spreng.) Tronc. were used to prepare culture medium with aqueous extract, extract in culture medium and methanol extract. Toxicity was assessed using the MTT and neutral red (NR) assays. In general, alterations in the cellular functions were found in all extracts and assays. Cytotoxic effect occurred at lower doses in aqueous extract and the range of effect of the methanol extract was small. The procedure of preparing the test medium has an effect on the outcome of the assay. Cytotoxicity of plant extract can be assessed by MTT and NR assays. Aqueous extract added to the culture medium presented the best profile to assess cytotoxicity.</p>","PeriodicalId":13715,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Toxicology","volume":"9 1","pages":"25-29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/intox-2016-0004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35120531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}