Institutions & Transition Economics: Microeconomic Issues eJournal最新文献

{"title":"The Republic of Letters and the Origins of Scientific Knowledge Commons","authors":"M. J. Madison","doi":"10.1017/9781108749978.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108749978.007","url":null,"abstract":"The knowledge commons framework, deployed here in a review of the early network of scientific communication known as the Republic of Letters, combines a historical sensibility regarding the character of scientific research and communications with a modern approach to analyzing institutions for knowledge governance. Distinctions and intersections between public purposes and privacy interests are highlighted. Lessons from revisiting the Republic of Letters as knowledge commons may be useful in advancing contemporary discussions of Open Science.","PeriodicalId":13677,"journal":{"name":"Institutions & Transition Economics: Microeconomic Issues eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82685477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Promise of Machine Learning for Patent Landscaping","authors":"Andrew A. Toole, Nicholas A. Pairolero, James L. Forman, Alexander V. Giczy","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3555834","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3555834","url":null,"abstract":"Patent landscaping involves the identification of patents in a specific technology area to understand the business, economic, and policy implications of technological change. Traditionally, patent landscapes were constructed using keyword and classification queries, a labor-intensive process that produced results limited to the scope of the query. In this paper, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using machine learning to produce patent landscapes. Machine learning leverages traditional queries to construct the data necessary to train the machine learning models, and the models allow the resultant landscapes to extend more broadly into areas of technology not expected a priori. The models, however, are “black boxes” that limit transparency into their underlying reasoning. To illustrate these points, we summarize two landscapes we recently conducted, one in mineral mining and another in artificial intelligence.","PeriodicalId":13677,"journal":{"name":"Institutions & Transition Economics: Microeconomic Issues eJournal","volume":"23 22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88639243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Основные направления государственного регулирования и поддержки инновационной деятельности предприятий (на примере Челябинской области) (The Main Trends in State Supporting Enterprises Innovative Activities in the Regional Aspect (As Exemplified by the Chelyabinsk Region))","authors":"Oksana Buryanina","doi":"10.22394/1996-0522-2020-1-74-89","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22394/1996-0522-2020-1-74-89","url":null,"abstract":"<b>Russian Abstract:</b> Введение. В статье рассмотрена система государственного регулирования инновационной<br>деятельности, раскрыты формы поддержки инновационного бизнеса.<br>Цель. Данная статья посвящена проблеме совершенствования методов государственного<br>регулирования инноваций и поддержки инновационных предприятий в Челябинской области.<br>Методы. Для написания данной статьи использовались экономическая аналитика, статистикоэкономический метод для сбора и обработки показателей системы инновационного развития регионов, сравнительный метод — сравнение показателей в среднем по Российской Федерации, Уральскому федеральному округу и Челябинской области.<br>Научная новизна. Рассмотрены проблемы развития инновационных предприятий; современные механизмы поддержки инновационной деятельности предприятий Челябинской области с точки зрения их эффективности; проанализирован опыт перспективных инновационных регионов и оценены возможности применения данного опыта в субъекте РФ. Государственное регулирование и поддержка инновационной деятельности рассмотрены в контексте реализации национальных и региональных проектов.<br>Результаты. В статье обозначены проблемы, которые существуют при регулировании государством инновационной деятельности. Также описаны и рассмотрены меры государственной поддержки и стимулирования инновационного предпринимательства на примере Челябинской области, а также проанализированы показатели инновационного развития предприятий Челябинской области в сравнении с другими регионами Уральского Федерального округа за 2005—2018 гг.<br>Выводы. На основании анализа автор приходит к выводу о необходимости совершенствования организационного механизма регулирования инновационной деятельности на уровне Челябинской области, в области налоговой и финансовой поддержки инновационных предприятий, развития инновационной инфраструктуры. Соответствующие выводы представлены с опорой на факты и проведенное исследование о развитии<br>инновационной деятельности в Челябинской области.<br><br><b>English Abstract:</b> Introduction. The author considers state support for innovative activity, points out the forms of supporting innovative business. <br><br>The aim of the study. The article is focused on the problem of improving the methods of state regulation of innovations and supporting innovative enterprises in the Chelyabinsk region. Methods. The author used economic analytics, a statistical and economic method for collecting and processing indicators of the system of innovative regional development, a comprehensive methodological approach to studying the innovative potential of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation, and a comparative method for comparing these indicators on average in the Russian Federation, the Ural Federal District and the Chelyabinsk region. The information base for the study was the official website of the Federal State Statistics Service; innovation portal of the Ural Federal District; ratings of innovative regions of Russia ","PeriodicalId":13677,"journal":{"name":"Institutions & Transition Economics: Microeconomic Issues eJournal","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73097389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"It's the Way People Move! Labour Migration as an Adjustment Device in Russia","authors":"Francesco Pastore, E. Semerikova","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3525229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3525229","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to assess the role of migration as an adjustment mechanism device to favor convergence across states and regions of Russia. In contrast to previous studies, we use variations in the population of a region as a proxy of its net migration rate and apply spatial econometric methodology in order to distinguish the effect from the neighbouring regions. We provide descriptive statistical evidence showing that Russia has more/less/the same intense migration flows than the USA and EU. The econometric analysis shows that migration flows are sensitive to both regional income and regional unemployment differentials. Nonetheless, we find that internal migration is sensitive to regional unemployment and income differentials of neighbouring regions. Dependent on the welfare, pre- or after-crisis period, income in neighbouring regions can create out- or in-migration flows. The relatively high degree of internal mobility coupled with the low sensitivity of migration flows to the local unemployment rate of distant regions might explain why migration flows tends not to generate convergence, but rather divergence across Russian regions.","PeriodicalId":13677,"journal":{"name":"Institutions & Transition Economics: Microeconomic Issues eJournal","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89181015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reforming SOEs in Asia: Lessons from Competition Law and Policy in India","authors":"Vijay Singh","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3518439","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3518439","url":null,"abstract":"State-owned enterprises (SOEs) or public sector enterprises/undertakings (PSE/Us) form an inherent part of the growth story of countries around the world. As the name suggests, these entities are owned and/or controlled by the state and the very nature of their ownership structure differentiates them from private enterprises. Backing from the government gives them a unique positioning in the market, both on the demand side and on the supply side. While, on the one hand, these entities enjoy a special advantage in terms of confidence/trust from the consumers, on the other hand, being publicly owned, expectations are also high from these SOEs. For example, in India, the Life Insurance Corporation (LIC) enjoys dominance in the life insurance sector and is perceived as the preferred insurer, particularly in rural areas, over the private players. While this is good for the LIC, the Supreme Court of India has declared it as ‘state’ under the Constitution and hence subject to the writ jurisdiction of the country with stricter scrutiny than private enterprises. The philosophy behind this approach is that the government or its instrumentalities may not be allowed to act arbitrarily and have to confer benefits/largesse in accordance with the established norms and policies, which is primarily driven by the ‘socialistic’ approach of the Constitution.","PeriodicalId":13677,"journal":{"name":"Institutions & Transition Economics: Microeconomic Issues eJournal","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85204736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Labor Market Dynamics: A Hidden Markov Approach","authors":"Ippei Shibata","doi":"10.5089/9781513519265.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5089/9781513519265.001","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a hidden state Markov model (HMM) that incorporates workers’ unobserved labor market attachment into the analysis of labor market dynamics. Unlike previous literature, which typically assumes that a worker’s observed labor force status follows a first-order Markov process, the proposed HMM allows workers with the same labor force status to have different history-dependent transition probabilities. I show that the estimated HMM generates labor market transition probabilities that match \u0000those observed in the data, while the first-order Markov model (FOM) and its many-state extensions cannot. Even compared with the extended FOM, the HMM improves \u0000the fit of the empirical transition probabilities by a factor of 30. I apply the HMM \u0000to (1) calculate the long-run consequences of separation from stable employment, (2) study evolutions of employment stability across different demographic groups over the past several decades, (3) compare the dynamics of labor market flows during the Great Recession to those during the 1981 recession, and (4) highlight the importance of looking beyond distributions of current labor force status.","PeriodicalId":13677,"journal":{"name":"Institutions & Transition Economics: Microeconomic Issues eJournal","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76180295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Have China’s Unconverted Research Institutes Been Left Behind?","authors":"D. Tortorice, Renai Jiang, Zhaohui Xuan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3507588","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3507588","url":null,"abstract":"Beginning in 1999, the Chinese government initiated a substantial restructuring of its roughly 4,000 research institutes. While many were given specific classifications to designate their institute objectives, many were left unconverted. We use a novel, fifteen-year panel dataset on China’s system of research institutes to examine if unconverted institutes were disadvantaged relative to their converted counterparts. Unconverted institutes had a higher risk of exiting the research institute system and lower productivity growth than converted research institutes. However, their revenue growth kept pace with converted institutes and they continued to patent at similar rates. Finally, their publication of scientific papers declined relative to converted institutes. We conclude that the restructuring program has not left the unconverted institutes behind.","PeriodicalId":13677,"journal":{"name":"Institutions & Transition Economics: Microeconomic Issues eJournal","volume":"174 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80348837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cultural Factors and Study Destinations of International Students","authors":"Hao Wei, may vickey, Laixun Zhao","doi":"10.1111/cwe.12291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cwe.12291","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we examine the role of cultural factors in attracting international students using data of 102 countries and regions from 2000 to 2015. Our results show that the export of cultural products is conducive to the increase in international students. International students choose to study in developing countries with an official language and religious beliefs that are different from their home country, but tend to choose developed countries with a common language. We also analyze the features of inbound and outbound international students specific to China. Our study indicates that “soft power,” such as a unique culture, common values and migration networks, is important for attracting foreign students.","PeriodicalId":13677,"journal":{"name":"Institutions & Transition Economics: Microeconomic Issues eJournal","volume":"272 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77048764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Going Private and Innovation","authors":"Tolga Demir, A. Mohammadi","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3479980","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3479980","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we investigate how going private affects corporate innovation activities. We compare the innovation activities of firms that went private to the innovation activities of firms that received a going-private offer but stayed as public for reasons unrelated to innovation. Using patent-based metrics, we find that the scale of innovation grows after going private. The most important innovations after going private have higher quality relative to the most important innovations before going private. Firms that go private also produce more influential patents in the following years after going private. In line with the predictions of agency theories, our results suggest that going private has a significant positive impact on the innovation performance of listed firms. We also find that, in public-to-private transactions, being acquired by a private equity (PE) firm does not bring an additional performance boost in terms of innovation in comparison to being acquired by a non-PE firm.","PeriodicalId":13677,"journal":{"name":"Institutions & Transition Economics: Microeconomic Issues eJournal","volume":"71 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90307669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"When Does Management Develop? External Linkages, Structured Practices, and Productivity in Chinese Firms","authors":"V. Karplus, T. Geissmann, Da Zhang","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3459031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3459031","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents evidence that structured management practices and their relationship to productivity can vary with a firm's external institutional linkages. Combining ideas from new institutionalism with the empirical management literature, we formulate propositions of how external linkages could affect the development and utility of structured management practices. We test these propositions in a representative sample of 390 manufacturing firms in China, where state linkages, proxied by controlling ownership, stabilize operating conditions for a subset of government-owned firms in the country's authoritarian capitalist system. Specifically, we find that measures of structured management practices increase with the strength of linkages to the state, with state-owned firms scoring higher than domestic private firms. We further show that, on average, a firm's overall management practice score is positively and significantly related to total factor productivity (TFP) in state-owned firms, but the correlation is no different from zero in both domestic and foreign private firms. We hypothesize that in China state linkages may lengthen decision horizons and enable firms to benefit from introducing management practices for both instrumental and symbolic reasons.","PeriodicalId":13677,"journal":{"name":"Institutions & Transition Economics: Microeconomic Issues eJournal","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81437833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}