Infectious Diseases最新文献

{"title":"Epstein–Barr Virus: Should We Still Invest in Vaccines or Focus on Predictive Tests?","authors":"E. Drouet","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.101094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101094","url":null,"abstract":"The complex interplay between host and EBV has made it difficult to elaborate useful vaccines protecting against EBV diseases. It is encouraging to see that EBV vaccine programs have started to incorporate different arms of the immune system. An array of argument calls for a realistic goal for vaccine strategies which should be preventing EBV diseases, rather than EBV infection. EBV is the primary cause of infectious mononucleosis and is associated with epithelial cell carcinomas, as well as lymphoid malignancies. Parallel to this need, one could propose priorities for future research: (i) identification of surrogate predictive markers for the development of EBV diseases (ii) determination of immune correlates of protection in animal models and humans.","PeriodicalId":13671,"journal":{"name":"Infectious Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2021-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43782734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Treatment of Chikungunya Virus (CHIKV) Using Targeted Immunotherapy","authors":"F. N. Biteghe, Chalomie Nyangone Ekome Toung, Jean de la Croix Ndong, Neelakshi Mungra, T. Dar, Arnaud John Kombe Kombe","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.97811","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97811","url":null,"abstract":"Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is the most common mosquito-borne Alphavirus infecting humans worldwide. Up to date, there are no antiviral treatments or vaccines approved to treat or prevent CHIKV for which treatments remain symptomatic based on clinical manifestations. Hence, designing effective therapies to either prevent or treat CHIKV infection is of paramount importance. Interestingly, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are known to be significantly important in mediating protective immunity in CHIV infection. During the last decades, numerous animal studies have reported the protective and prophylactic efficacy of human and mouse anti-CHIKV mAbs isolated from convalescent patients. However, the therapeutic benefits of these anti-CHIKV mAbs can be limited by multiple factors. Thus, it becomes pertinent to better understand the CHIKV infection dynamics, mitigate the undesired mAbs-associated effects and improve therapies. In this review, we critically discuss CHIKV antiviral infectious mechanisms and address how the improved understanding of the latter may pave the way to better targeted immunotherapies.","PeriodicalId":13671,"journal":{"name":"Infectious Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2021-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42840086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pneumonia: Drug-Related Problems and Hospital Readmissions","authors":"Kien T. Nguyen, Suol T. Pham, Thu P.M. Vo, Chu X. Duong, Dyah A. Perwitasari, Ngoc H.K. Truong, Dung T.H. Quach, Thao N.P. Nguyen, Van T.T. Duong, Phuong M. Nguyen, Thao H. Nguyen, K. Taxis, Thang Nguyen","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.100127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.100127","url":null,"abstract":"Pneumonia is one of the most common infectious diseases and the fourth leading cause of death globally. According to US statistics in 2019, pneumonia is the most common cause of sepsis and septic shock. In the US, inpatient pneumonia hospitalizations account for the top 10 highest medical costs, totaling $9.5 billion for 960,000 hospital stays. The emergence of antibiotic resistance in the treatment of infectious diseases, including the treatment of pneumonia, is a globally alarming problem. Antibiotic resistance increases the risk of death and re-hospitalization, prolongs hospital stays, and increases treatment costs, and is one of the greatest threats in modern medicine. Drug-related problems (DRPs) in pneumonia - such as suboptimal antibiotic indications, prolonged treatment duration, and drug interactions - increase the rate of antibiotic resistance and adverse effects, thereby leading to an increased burden in treatment. In a context in which novel and effective antibiotics are scarce, mitigating DRPs in order to reduce antibiotic resistance is currently a prime concern. A variety of interventions proven useful in reducing DRPs are antibiotic stewardship programs, the use of biomarkers, computerized physician order entries and clinical decision support systems, and community-acquired pneumonia scores.","PeriodicalId":13671,"journal":{"name":"Infectious Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2021-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43296590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pathogenicity Mechanism of Candida albicans","authors":"S. Pattnaik, L. Maharana, M. Sethi","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.99737","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99737","url":null,"abstract":"In normal human microbiome, the polymorphic fungus Candida albicans is a crucial member. C. albicans resides mostly in individual as harmless commensal life. In specific situations, however, C. albicans can cause diseases that cause contaminations of the skin to life-threatening fundamental contaminations. Pathogenesis of Candida species is contributed by multiple factors. Some of the major contributors are enlisted here. These include host pathogen interaction, receptors molecule like TLR recognition, TLR signaling, C type lectin receptors, Dectin 1,2 and 3, mannose receptor, mincle, DC sign, Nod-Like Receptors (NLRs) and inflammasomes, soluble molecules in candida recognition, cellular responses to candida such as neutrophils, macrophages. This chapter enlightens all the components of candida pathogenicity by the assessment of Candida species pathogenic determinants. All together these will explain the current knowledge about how these determinant factors and receptors modulate virulence as well as consequent infection. Better understanding of candida pathogenicity mechanism can be the resultant of better treatment guidelines along with development of novel antifungal agents. Overall, in this review we present an update in the current understanding of the insight of pathogenicity mechanisms in this important human pathogen.","PeriodicalId":13671,"journal":{"name":"Infectious Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2021-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43738343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Methicillin-Resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA): Prevalence, Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern, and Detection of <i>mec</i>A Gene among Cardiac Patients from a Tertiary Care Heart Center in Kathmandu, Nepal.","authors":"Sajina Dhungel,&nbsp;Komal Raj Rijal,&nbsp;Bindeshwar Yadav,&nbsp;Binod Dhungel,&nbsp;Nabaraj Adhikari,&nbsp;Upendra Thapa Shrestha,&nbsp;Bipin Adhikari,&nbsp;Megha Raj Banjara,&nbsp;Prakash Ghimire","doi":"10.1177/11786337211037355","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/11786337211037355","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Methicillin Resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA) is a significant human pathogen associated with nosocomial infections. <i>mec</i>A in the <i>S. aureus</i> is a marker of MRSA. The main objective of this study was to detect <i>mec</i>A and <i>vanA</i> genes conferring resistance in <i>S. aureus</i> among cardiac patients attending Sahid Gangalal National Heart Centre (SGNHC), Kathmandu, Nepal between May and November 2019.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 524 clinical samples (blood, urine, sputum) were collected and processed. Bacterial isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST) and screening for MRSA was carried out by cefoxitin disc diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of vancomycin for MRSA was established by agar dilution method and chromosomal DNA was extracted and used in polymerase chain reaction targeting the <i>mec</i>A <i>and van</i>A genes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of 524 specimens, 27.5% (144/524) showed bacterial growth. Among 144 culture positive isolates, <i>S. aureus</i> (27.1%; 39/144) was the predominant bacteria. Among 39 <i>S. aureus</i> isolates, all isolates were found resistant to penicillin followed by erythromycin (94.9%; 37/39), gentamicin (94.9%; 37/39) and cefoxitin (87.2%; 34/39). Out of 39 <i>S. aureus</i>, 87.2% (34/39) were MRSA. Among 34 MRSA, 8.8% (3/34) were vancomycin intermediate <i>S. aureus</i> (VISA). None of the MRSA was resistant to vancomycin. All of the 3 VISA isolates were obtained from inpatients. Of 39 <i>S. aureus</i>, 82.1% (32/39) harbored <i>mecA</i> gene. Similarly, the entire VISA isolates and 94.1% (32/34) of the MRSA isolates were tested positive for <i>mecA</i> gene.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>High prevalence of MRSA among the cardiac patients indicates the increasing burden of drug resistance among bacterial isolates. Since infection control is the crucial step in coping with the burgeoning antimicrobial resistance in the country, augmentation of diagnostic facilities with routine monitoring of drug resistance is recommended.</p>","PeriodicalId":13671,"journal":{"name":"Infectious Diseases","volume":"14 ","pages":"11786337211037355"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/92/dc/10.1177_11786337211037355.PMC8414605.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39387585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Herbal Medicine in Russia’s History: The Use of Herbal Medicine for Infectious Diseases in Russia’s History","authors":"M. Conroy","doi":"10.2174/9789811458712120040006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/9789811458712120040006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13671,"journal":{"name":"Infectious Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2021-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42561963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Azadirachta Indica (Neem) in Various Infectious Diseases","authors":"M. Joshi, B. Prabhakar","doi":"10.2174/9789811458712121040007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/9789811458712121040007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13671,"journal":{"name":"Infectious Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2021-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43684193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plant Phenolics as an Alternative Source of Antimicrobial Compounds","authors":"Inamullah Hakeem Said, N. Kuhnert","doi":"10.2174/9789811458712120040005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/9789811458712120040005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13671,"journal":{"name":"Infectious Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2021-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44712619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preface","authors":"Ferid Murad, Atta-ur-Rahman, K. Bian","doi":"10.2174/9789811458712120040002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/9789811458712120040002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13671,"journal":{"name":"Infectious Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2021-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46307453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving Anti-Microbial Activity of Allicin and Carvacrol through Stabilized Analogs and Nanotechnology","authors":"D. Cundell","doi":"10.2174/9789811458712120040004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/9789811458712120040004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13671,"journal":{"name":"Infectious Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2021-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42744415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}