Integrative zoology最新文献

Presence of Francisella tularensis in Apodemus spp. on the Edges of Forest Areas in Belgrade, Serbia.

IF 3.5 1区生物学

Integrative zoology Pub Date : 2025-04-06 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12975

Tamara Radovanović, Goran Jokić, Tanja Blažić, Gorana Veinović, Sonja Radojičić, Nataša Stević

{"title":"Presence of Francisella tularensis in Apodemus spp. on the Edges of Forest Areas in Belgrade, Serbia.","authors":"Tamara Radovanović, Goran Jokić, Tanja Blažić, Gorana Veinović, Sonja Radojičić, Nataša Stević","doi":"10.1111/1749-4877.12975","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1749-4877.12975","url":null,"abstract":"Tularemia, a zoonosis caused by Francisella tularensis, is considered endemic to the Balkan Peninsula. The main reservoirs of this disease are rodents and lagomorphs, which usually show no clinical signs and are a potential disease source for other animals and humans. The presence of F. tularensis in the tissues of rodents in Serbia was examined for the first time. The animals were collected near walking tracks and places for recreation in forest areas in Belgrade. A total of 96 mice were collected in three forest locations in the autumn of 2023. Tissue samples of lungs, liver, spleen, and kidneys were taken by autopsy, and pool samples were made for all captured animals, that is, 71 striped field mice (SFM), 13 wood mice (WM), and 12 yellow-necked mice (YNM). The bacterium F. tularensis was detected by PCR, using primers that target the tul4 gene, which codes 17-kDa lipoprotein and amplifies the 400-bp product. Thirteen samples tested positive by PCR, seven of which were confirmed by sequencing to belong to F. tularensis. F. tularensis was detected in SFM animals collected from all investigated forest areas. Based on the observed results, we can conclude that F. tularensis is present in the tissues of SFM animals captured in Belgrade's forest areas.","PeriodicalId":13654,"journal":{"name":"Integrative zoology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143795160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Severe Hearing Loss in the World's First Successfully Captive-Born Yangtze Finless Porpoise: Impact of High Underwater Sound Exposure and Congenital Hearing Disorders.

IF 3.5 1区生物学

Integrative zoology Pub Date : 2025-04-06 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12973

Zhitao Wang, Tomonari Akamatsu, Kexiong Wang, Ding Wang

{"title":"Severe Hearing Loss in the World's First Successfully Captive-Born Yangtze Finless Porpoise: Impact of High Underwater Sound Exposure and Congenital Hearing Disorders.","authors":"Zhitao Wang, Tomonari Akamatsu, Kexiong Wang, Ding Wang","doi":"10.1111/1749-4877.12973","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1749-4877.12973","url":null,"abstract":"Aquariums globally have seen significant growth in recent decades. However, persistent negligence exists concerning underwater sound pollution in aquariums and its impact on cetaceans. Here, the audiogram of Taotao, the world's first successfully captive-born and bred Yangtze finless porpoise, and the underwater sound levels in the Baiji Aquarium at the Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences were examined. In contrast to the previously published U-shaped audiograms of the Yangtze finless porpoise, Taotao's audiogram exhibited a W-shaped pattern. Additionally, the audiogram of Taotao was, on average, 42 ± 15 dB (mean ± SD) higher than that of other non-aquarium-born Yangtze finless porpoises in the Baiji Aquarium and 43 ± 11 dB higher than that of wild Yangtze finless porpoises, particularly in the 20-60 kHz range and at 90 kHz. The underwater sound spectra in the Baiji Aquarium do not account for the notches observed in the porpoise's audiogram below 60 kHz, suggesting that congenital hearing disorders may be the cause of Taotao's hearing loss in these frequency bands. In contrast, the cumulative weighted broadband sound exposure levels of underwater sound within the aquarium (mean: 162 dB) exceeded the temporary threshold shift onset threshold for non-impulsive noise (153 dB) and the permanent threshold shift onset threshold for impulsive noise (155 dB) in finless porpoises. The high levels of underwater sound exposure, particularly from conspecific porpoises, highlight the need for increased focus on the welfare of captive animals.","PeriodicalId":13654,"journal":{"name":"Integrative zoology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143795170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Are TRP Channels the Thermal Switches of Temperature-Dependent Sex Determination? TRP通道是温度决定性别的热开关吗？

IF 3.5 1区生物学

Integrative zoology Pub Date : 2025-04-03 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12977

Tianyu Feng, Shilong Yang, Yinzi Ye, Weiguo Du

引用次数: 0

COI Metabarcoding With a Curated Reference Database and Optimized Protocol Provides a Reliable Species-Level Diversity Assessment of Tardigrades.

IF 3.5 1区生物学

Integrative zoology Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12972

Bartłomiej Surmacz, Matteo Vecchi, Diego Fontaneto, Krystian Budzik, Jakub Godziek, Yelyzaveta Matsko, Daniel Stec

{"title":"COI Metabarcoding With a Curated Reference Database and Optimized Protocol Provides a Reliable Species-Level Diversity Assessment of Tardigrades.","authors":"Bartłomiej Surmacz, Matteo Vecchi, Diego Fontaneto, Krystian Budzik, Jakub Godziek, Yelyzaveta Matsko, Daniel Stec","doi":"10.1111/1749-4877.12972","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1749-4877.12972","url":null,"abstract":"DNA metabarcoding is revolutionizing biodiversity research by providing rapid and efficient ways of collecting species occurrence data. However, it has not yet been effectively applied to many taxonomic groups, mainly due to a significant lack of reference sequences and dedicated protocols. One such group is the tardigrades-a charismatic phylum of microinvertebrates known for their extremophilic and cryptobiotic capabilities. In this study, we provide the first curated database of 3194 tardigrade COI sequences sourced from public databases and supplemented with newly produced barcodes. We demonstrate tardigrade metabarcoding in action with optimized PCR primers and a sample processing protocol using 78 samples collected in Poland and Italy. The metabarcoding revealed the presence of more than a hundred operational taxonomic units classified as Tardigrada, representing 23 genera. We compared the metabarcoding results with a morphological survey, which revealed the presence of the same genera, but a lower number of species-level taxa identified morphologically. We observed congruent patterns of tardigrade species richness and taxonomic composition between metabarcoding and morphological surveys in both within-sample and regional fauna composition levels. The metabarcoding had a higher discriminatory power, revealing cryptic diversity, and distinguishing species belonging to taxonomically challenging species complexes. By combining metabarcoding with morphological study, we were able to find rare taxa, including novel biogeographic records and putative species new to science, showing also that this approach can be extremely powerful and effective in meiofauna research.","PeriodicalId":13654,"journal":{"name":"Integrative zoology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143763836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Unexpected Microbial and Genetic Diversity in the Gut of Chinese Giant Salamander. 中国大鲵肠道中意想不到的微生物和遗传多样性

IF 3.5 1区生物学

Integrative zoology Pub Date : 2025-03-31 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12976

Hongjian Wang, Qinzhi Su, Huihui Sun, Yujie Meng, Xinhui Xing, Hao Zheng, Yiyuan Li

{"title":"Unexpected Microbial and Genetic Diversity in the Gut of Chinese Giant Salamander.","authors":"Hongjian Wang, Qinzhi Su, Huihui Sun, Yujie Meng, Xinhui Xing, Hao Zheng, Yiyuan Li","doi":"10.1111/1749-4877.12976","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1749-4877.12976","url":null,"abstract":"The gut microbiome is crucial for animal health, yet the diversity of the critically endangered Chinese giant salamander's gut microbiota remains largely uncharacterized. In this study, we first conducted a comprehensive landscape survey of the gut microbiome of the Chinese giant salamander using 16S rRNA sequencing across a wide geographic range, identifying a distinct microbial cluster within its habitat. Subsequently, using shotgun metagenomes, we recovered 1518 metagenome-assembled genomes. Notably, 85% of the newly identified genomes could not be assigned to any known bacterial species, indicating a significant presence of novel taxa in Chinese giant salamander intestines. We observed substantial species-level variations in the gut microbiome across different age groups, with some novel species uniquely enriched in specific age populations. From the gut symbionts, we established a gene catalog comprising 3 278 107 non-redundant protein-coding genes, of which 7733 were annotated into recognized KEGG orthology groups. Additionally, we found that the gut microbiota of the Chinese giant salamander exhibits enhanced functional capacities explicitly in lipid metabolism and assimilatory sulfate reduction. Significant variations in the abundance of related enzyme-encoding genes across age groups suggest the unique roles of microbial metabolism in salamander health. By identifying microbial genomes and constructing an integrated gene catalog from metagenomic data, we significantly expand the resources available for research on the gut microbiome of the Chinese giant salamander, paving the way for further investigations into its ecological and health-related implications.","PeriodicalId":13654,"journal":{"name":"Integrative zoology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143752434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Anthropogenic Disturbance Mediates Trophic Niche Overlap Between Sympatric Generalist Predators.

IF 3.5 1区生物学

Integrative zoology Pub Date : 2025-03-28 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12966

Hiroshi Tsunoda, Masumi Hisano, Takaaki Enomoto, Masayuki U Saito

{"title":"Anthropogenic Disturbance Mediates Trophic Niche Overlap Between Sympatric Generalist Predators.","authors":"Hiroshi Tsunoda, Masumi Hisano, Takaaki Enomoto, Masayuki U Saito","doi":"10.1111/1749-4877.12966","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1749-4877.12966","url":null,"abstract":"Human activities generally increase trophic overlap in predator guilds through resource subsidies, whereas the effects on whether sympatric species overlap or separate their niches are context-dependent. Mesocarnivores (order Carnivora, Mammalia) are often adaptive and tolerant to human activities, allowing them to establish populations in human-modified landscapes. Here, we examined how trophic niche overlaps between the wide-ranging mesocarnivores, the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and sympatric martens (genus Martes), are influenced by geo-environmental and anthropogenic factors, using a systematic literature review and meta-analysis at the Eurasian continental scale. We hypothesized that the extent of trophic overlap would increase in areas with greater human disturbance and less productive environments associated with resource availability. We included a total of 35 publications with 76 observations from continental Europe and Japan and then calculated the relative trophic overlap. Their trophic overlaps were relatively high because they shared common resources, such as small mammals, invertebrates, and fruits. Contrary to our predictions, multivariate statistical modeling demonstrated that trophic overlaps declined with increasing human disturbance and decreasing vegetative landscapes. Our findings indicate that human disturbances forced their resource use to separate, potentially due to resource depletion by land modifications and intense human activities, whereas vegetated habitats moderated direct and indirect competition. Based on these results, we conclude that patterns in trophic interactions largely depend on spatiotemporal resource availabilities. We suggest that maintaining regional resource abundance is crucial for successful sympatry in competing carnivores and for balancing stable intraguild interactions in human-modified landscapes.","PeriodicalId":13654,"journal":{"name":"Integrative zoology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143729868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Gut Microbiota Regulate Lipid Metabolism via the Bile Acid Pathway: Resistance to Hypoxia in Gansu Zokor (Eospalax cansus).

IF 3.5 1区生物学

Integrative zoology Pub Date : 2025-03-28 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12971

Maohong Yang, Yingying Zhang, Zhuohang Li, Tianyi Liu, Jianping He, Jingang Li

{"title":"Gut Microbiota Regulate Lipid Metabolism via the Bile Acid Pathway: Resistance to Hypoxia in Gansu Zokor (Eospalax cansus).","authors":"Maohong Yang, Yingying Zhang, Zhuohang Li, Tianyi Liu, Jianping He, Jingang Li","doi":"10.1111/1749-4877.12971","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1749-4877.12971","url":null,"abstract":"The Gansu zokor (Eospalax cansus), a subterranean rodent endemic to the Loess Plateau of China, exhibits remarkable adaptability to hypoxic environments. While gut microbiota are known to regulate lipid metabolism through bile acid (BA) pathways, this phenomenon has not been investigated in subterranean rodents exposed to hypoxia. This study employed 16SrRNA sequencing, targeted analysis of BA metabolites in colonic contents, and assessments of BA and lipid metabolites alongside molecular analyses in the liver and ileum under conditions of acute and chronic hypoxia in Gansu zokors. The results revealed that hypoxia altered the composition of gut microbiota and BA pools in Gansu zokors. Hypoxia-induced changes increased the abundance of gut microbiota associated with BA metabolism, thereby modulating lipid metabolism via farnesoid X receptor (FXR) signaling in the distal ileum and liver cells. Under acute hypoxia, FXR upregulated lipid synthesis and suppressed fatty acid β-oxidation by downregulating the carnitine palmitoyl-transferase1A (CPT1A) expression. Conversely, during chronic hypoxia, particularly under long-term exposure, FXR reduced lipid synthesis and enhanced fatty acid β-oxidation by upregulating acyl-CoA oxidase (ACOX1) expression. In both hypoxic conditions, FXR facilitated lipoprotein metabolism. In summary, this study elucidates that gut microbiota-mediated BA metabolic pathways contribute to the Gansu zokor's ability to maintain lipid metabolic homeostasis and adaptation to hypoxia.","PeriodicalId":13654,"journal":{"name":"Integrative zoology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143742695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Predicting Social Rankings in Captive Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) Through Communicative Interactions-Based Data-Driven Model.

IF 3.5 1区生物学

Integrative zoology Pub Date : 2025-03-26 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12967

Brittany N Florkiewicz, Teddy Lazebnik

{"title":"Predicting Social Rankings in Captive Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) Through Communicative Interactions-Based Data-Driven Model.","authors":"Brittany N Florkiewicz, Teddy Lazebnik","doi":"10.1111/1749-4877.12967","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1749-4877.12967","url":null,"abstract":"Primates demonstrate variability regarding the degree to which they display status hierarchies, which are influenced by a multitude of demographic and ecological factors. Additionally, primates must manage their interactions within these social hierarchies through the use of diverse communicative signals, including facial signals and manual gestures. Often times, these variables are assessed independently; however, it is probable that they collectively influence social rankings among primates. Our study investigates the application and accuracy of data-driven techniques, based on the genetic algorithm approach, in capturing social rankings among a group of captive chimpanzees, focusing on the analysis of communicative and demographic factors. We utilize observational data collected from a group of 18 chimpanzees residing at the Los Angeles Zoo from 2017 to 2019, derived from three previous studies carried out by the first author (BF). Our data-driven model exhibited a high degree of accuracy in capturing established social hierarchies in 2017, in addition to identifying notable fluctuations in rankings during periods of social instability from 2018 to 2019, especially in the aftermath of the passing of the highest-ranking female in the troop. Feature importance analysis revealed that social bond strength, measured via the dyadic composite sociality index (DCSI), was the most significant predictor of rank, highlighting the importance of social bonding in shaping status hierarchies. These models provide valuable insights for future research on primate behavior and social structures, as well as assist in making informed decisions for zoo management.","PeriodicalId":13654,"journal":{"name":"Integrative zoology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143718715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Spatial Dynamics and Lifespan of Adult Cicadas After Fire and Logging: A Radiotracking Study.

IF 3.5 1区生物学

Integrative zoology Pub Date : 2025-03-26 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12970

Carles Tobella, Marc Franch, Josep M Bas, Lluís Brotons, Pere Pons

{"title":"Spatial Dynamics and Lifespan of Adult Cicadas After Fire and Logging: A Radiotracking Study.","authors":"Carles Tobella, Marc Franch, Josep M Bas, Lluís Brotons, Pere Pons","doi":"10.1111/1749-4877.12970","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1749-4877.12970","url":null,"abstract":"Recently burnt and logged habitats challenge the persistence of animal populations. Insects like cicadas, which survive belowground during fire and logging, are exposed to hostile conditions due to increased predation and limited resources when they emerge as adults. This study investigates the combined effects of wildfire and post-fire salvage logging on the survival, spatial behavior, and habitat selection of the cicada Lyristes plebejus in Mediterranean pine forests. A total of 63 individuals were captured, tagged, and released across six plots in three disturbance contexts: burnt and logged, burnt and unlogged, and unburnt. Using radio telemetry, we tracked their movements and compared home range size and survival across these contexts. Results show that cicadas in burnt but unlogged areas were more mobile and tended to select areas of lower fire severity compared to those in burnt and logged areas. Salvage logging removed essential fire refuges, increasing exposure to predators. Although no significant differences in total distance covered were found, cicadas in burnt and logged areas displayed lower movement rates, indicating a reduced ability to explore and select suitable habitats. These findings highlight the importance of considering both wildfire and post-fire management practices in conservation. Salvage logging exacerbates the negative effects of fire, emphasizing the need to preserve biological legacies and fire refuges to promote ecosystem resilience. The study suggests that careful forest management is crucial for protecting biodiversity, particularly for species like cicadas that depend on both above and below-ground habitats.","PeriodicalId":13654,"journal":{"name":"Integrative zoology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143718677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Interplay Between Urban Temperature and Feather Coloration: Factors Shaping Immunological Traits in Pigeons (Columba livia).

IF 3.5 1区生物学

Integrative zoology Pub Date : 2025-03-26 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12968

Daniela Galdames, Javiera Arcila, Diego Landaeta, Isaac Peña-Villalobos, Felipe Sanhueza-Cisterna, David Arancibia-Altamirano, Fabiola A Otárola, Catalina B Muñoz-Pacheco, Verónica Palma, Pablo Sabat

{"title":"The Interplay Between Urban Temperature and Feather Coloration: Factors Shaping Immunological Traits in Pigeons (Columba livia).","authors":"Daniela Galdames, Javiera Arcila, Diego Landaeta, Isaac Peña-Villalobos, Felipe Sanhueza-Cisterna, David Arancibia-Altamirano, Fabiola A Otárola, Catalina B Muñoz-Pacheco, Verónica Palma, Pablo Sabat","doi":"10.1111/1749-4877.12968","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1749-4877.12968","url":null,"abstract":"The development of anthropogenic structures in cities has resulted in thermal heterogeneity, potentially affecting the immunological features of urban fauna. In these environments, synanthropic species such as pigeons (Columba livia) exhibit coloration polymorphisms under endocrine regulation mediated by the melanocortin system, which determines several immunological traits. Due to these potential sources of variability, we assessed how habitat influences physiological traits related to immunological features, theoretically affected by feather coloration, while considering other factors such as seasonality, body mass, and sex. This study aimed to determine whether pigeons from locations with different urban temperatures (Santiago, Chile) and color polymorphism exhibited variability in plasma immunoglobulin Y concentration, leukocyte profiles, and the H/L index. The results demonstrate that pigeons exhibit variations in immunological features related to the thermal characteristics of their urban habitats. Specifically, we observed a strong effect of thermal heterogeneity on the H/L ratio, with higher values in areas experiencing warmer temperatures, a relationship dependent on body mass. We also identified differential impacts of seasonality and sex on basophil and monocyte percentages. Regarding humoral immunity, we found a strong effect of environmental temperature and plumage melanism on urban pigeons which was influenced by sex. Our findings contribute to understanding the factors affecting the immune system in urban birds and provide valuable insights into their response to landscape modifications.","PeriodicalId":13654,"journal":{"name":"Integrative zoology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143718679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0