Innovations in Pharmacy最新文献

{"title":"Narrative Review: The FDA's Perfunctory Approach of Dietary Supplement Regulations Giving Rise to Copious Reports of Adverse Events.","authors":"WeiQi Li, Albert Wertheimer","doi":"10.24926/iip.v14i1.4989","DOIUrl":"10.24926/iip.v14i1.4989","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background</b>: The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) originated from the passage of the 1906 Pure Food and Drugs act aimed to rein in the long-standing abuse in the consumer product marketplace. The act was passed to prohibit interstate commerce of misbranded and adulterated foods, drinks, drugs. Thus, promoting the FDA's mission to protect the public health by regulating human and veterinary drugs, biological products, medical devices, food supply, cosmetics, and tobacco to ensure safety, efficacy, and security. Progressing further in 1994, the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) was established designating specific label requirements, providing regulatory framework, and authorizing the FDA to promulgate good manufacturing practices for dietary supplements. This act defined and classified \"dietary supplements\" and \"dietary ingredients\" as food requiring all over the counter products (OTC) products to consist of labeling that is easy to understand and meets the FDA quality, effectiveness, and safety standards. However, under the umbrella of OTC products, the FDA fell short in its regulation of the expansive dietary supplement market. The objective of this study is to discern how the lack of efficacy in the FDA's regulations of OTC dietary supplements inevitably inspired more harm than benefit. <b>Methods</b>: This review comprised of case studies including young adolescents and adult consumers who experienced adverse events from the use of dietary supplements. Products which showed highest prevalence in adverse event reports through the Food and Drug Administration CFSAN Adverse Event Reporting System (CAERS) included but not limited to; Vitamin E (vitamin derivative), Beta-sitosterol (plant sterol) Yohimbine, Kava Kava Kratom, Garcinia Cambogia, (herbal products) and OxyElite Pro (marketed weight loss product). The primary endpoint was evaluating the FDA's regulations on dietary supplement safety protocols. The secondary endpoint was assessing the actions of the FDA in response to these case events. <b>Results</b>: Overall, between 2004 to 2021, a total of 79,071 adverse events related to the use of dietary supplements were reported to the Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. Vitamin E products for example, marketed for decades for their antioxidant benefits in turn have shown significant evidence of toxicity and an increased risk of bleeding outweighing its potential benefit. The FDA's response was simply implementing a label guideline update, yet this update had evidence of minimal effect as the number of cases gradually continued to increase. Likewise, herbal products such as Kava Kava, Yohimbine, Kratom, and Garcinia Cambogia, in addition to weight regulating products, such as OxyElite Pro and HydroxyCut, have been linked to organ failure, hepatic, renal, cardiac toxicity, and death respectively. The FDA merely responded through instating public consumer warnings of their effects with consumption and limit","PeriodicalId":13646,"journal":{"name":"Innovations in Pharmacy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10686678/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90036015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Utilizing Pharmacist-Led Telehealth Services in Ambulatory Patients with Heart Failure.","authors":"Ivanna L Lugo Zamora, Crystal Lloyd, Shirley Lorenzo-Castro, Carolina Mussenden, Genevieve Hale","doi":"10.24926/iip.v14i1.5306","DOIUrl":"10.24926/iip.v14i1.5306","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background</b>: Heart failure is one of the leading causes of hospital admissions. Non-adherence to medications and poor dietary management for patients who suffer from this condition can lead to worsening of symptoms and hospitalization. Pharmacist interventions via telehealth have demonstrated a beneficial impact on disease management and adherence outcomes in patients with chronic conditions. <b>Methods</b>: This retrospective, descriptive cohort study reviewed subjects from a single-centered primary care office. Data was collected via electronic chart review between January and December 2021. Subjects eligible for inclusion were adults who were diagnosed with heart failure by their primary care provider and referred to a pharmacist for a telehealth visit. The primary outcome was the number of heart failure-related hospitalizations post-pharmacist intervention via telehealth. The secondary outcome was the number of cardiovascular-related hospitalizations post-pharmacist intervention via telehealth. <b>Results</b>: 37 patients were included for analysis. Only two patients were admitted for heart failure post-pharmacist intervention. Fifteen patients were admitted post-pharmacist intervention for a cardiovascular-related hospitalization. <b>Conclusion</b>: This report illustrates the employment of pharmacist-led telehealth services in the chronic heart failure population. This study encourages pharmacist-based interventions via telehealth in the ambulatory setting as few HF-related hospitalizations occurred in this cohort.</p>","PeriodicalId":13646,"journal":{"name":"Innovations in Pharmacy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10686676/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87697018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Provision of Patient Care Services and Goals for Expansion in Community and Ambulatory Care Pharmacies in Southeastern North Carolina.","authors":"Michael Laskowitz, Jessica S Roller, Haley Mun, Stefanie P Ferreri, Bethany Beznos, Izabela E Annis, Nacire Garcia, William Campbell, Betsy Sleath","doi":"10.24926/iip.v14i1.5091","DOIUrl":"10.24926/iip.v14i1.5091","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In February 2022, the North Carolina legislature expanded pharmacist dispensing authority without a prescription. We conducted a cross-sectional interview of currently licensed pharmacy managers of outpatient pharmacies located in five counties in southeastern North Carolina. Pharmacy managers were eligible to participate if their pharmacy was either a community pharmacy, clinic-based pharmacy, or outpatient health system pharmacy. Forty-four of 116 eligible pharmacy managers participated (38% response rate). The most common services offered by pharmacies included medication synchronization services (93.2%), on-site immunizations (90.9%), and refill reminders (88.6%). The least common services offered include INR screens (0%), A1c screens (7%), and 'incident-to' billing services associated with CPT codes: annual wellness visits (0%), chronic care management (0%), transitional care management (0%), and remote patient monitoring (2.4%). The services that pharmacy managers wanted to learn more about through continuing education included: oral/transdermal contraceptives (60.5%), administration of long-acting injectables (LAIs) (36.8%), and dispensing of HIV post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) (23.7%).</p>","PeriodicalId":13646,"journal":{"name":"Innovations in Pharmacy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10686673/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90666446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of Sodium Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT-2) Inhibitor Prescribing in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Reduced Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate.","authors":"Kayla Chonko, Giavanna Russo-Alvarez, Diana Isaacs, Lu Wang, Amanda Soric","doi":"10.24926/iip.v14i2.5456","DOIUrl":"10.24926/iip.v14i2.5456","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors have demonstrated benefit in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and chronic kidney disease (CKD), including slowing the progression of CKD and lowering the risk of kidney failure and death. Despite this evidence, literature suggests SGLT-2 inhibitors are underutilized in this population. To assess prescribing practices and identify potential variables predictive of SGLT-2 inhibitor prescribing, a non-interventional, retrospective, cross-sectional study was conducted in patients with T2DM and reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). The primary outcome compared prevalence of SGLT-2 inhibitor prescribing in patients with T2DM and eGFR of 30-44 mL/min/1.73m² to patients with T2DM and eGFR 45-59 mL/min/1.73m². The secondary outcome described possible predictors of prescribing SGLT-2 inhibitors in this population. Of the 9,387 patients identified with T2DM and reduced eGFR, an SGLT-2 inhibitor was prescribed to 324 (12.2%) patients with eGFR of 30-44 mL/min/1.73m² versus 799 (11.9%) patients with eGFR of 45-59 mL/min/1.73m². Patients more likely to be prescribed SGLT-2 inhibitors were younger, male, had a higher body mass index (BMI), a higher hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), were on other antihyperglycemic medications, had concomitant cardiovascular disease, or had concomitant heart failure. This study found no significant difference in prevalence of SGLT-2 inhibitor prescribing between patients with T2DM and eGFR 30-44 mL/min/1.73m² versus eGFR 45-59 mL/min/1.73m² (p=0.70). Further exploration into the causes of low SGLT-2 inhibitor prescribing prevalence is warranted given the growing evidence supporting the use of these agents in patients with T2DM and reduced renal function.</p>","PeriodicalId":13646,"journal":{"name":"Innovations in Pharmacy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10653713/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81655040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Legibility of Handwritten Prescriptions and Adherence to W.H.O. Prescription Writing Guidelines in Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital Zaria - Kaduna State, Nigeria.","authors":"Abba Khalid Abdullahi, Ibrahim Senire Fatima, Umar Abdurrahaman, Salihu Isa Sa'adatu, Abubakar Bukhari Hafsat, Haruna Abdullahi Abdulrasheed, Umar Abubakar, Igashi Dorcas, Sanni Hameed Kehinde, Adam Ibrahim Bashir, Muhammad Kabir Musa","doi":"10.24926/iip.v14i1.5164","DOIUrl":"10.24926/iip.v14i1.5164","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Introduction:</b> The issues of incorrectness and incompleteness for written prescriptions may result to dispensing errors and unintended outcomes of care. The objective of the study was to assess the legibility of handwritten prescriptions and adherence to W.H.O. prescription writing guidelines in Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital Zaria. <b>Method:</b> A cross-sectional prospective study design was used, and existing prescriptions were sampled from selected in-patient and outpatient pharmacy units of Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital Zaria. This was approved by the ethics and research committee of the institution. The prescriptions were then evaluated for quality based on the layout, legibility, and clarity of the details in the prescriptions and screened for medication errors. <b>Result:</b> The extent of prescribing drugs by generic name was (68.37%), the legibility percentage was moderate and the percentage of prescriptions in which details of the drug, route of administration, and duration of treatment were complete was 85.23%, 80.80%, and 82.40%, respectively. The doctor's signature (84.87%) was present in the prescriptions. Many of the prescribers did not use to indicate patients' weight, age, and clinic on prescriptions, these are deviations from good prescribing practices while total medication error was 38.01%. <b>Conclusion:</b> Prescribers have a duty of care to their patient and a professional duty to their colleagues (pharmacists) to ensure drug prescriptions are readily identifiable. Interventional techniques such as the use of printed or electronic prescriptions can improve the ease of interpreting information and reduce medication errors.</p>","PeriodicalId":13646,"journal":{"name":"Innovations in Pharmacy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10686667/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76298052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Assessment of Community Pharmacists' Competence and Involvement in Adolescent Sexuality Education and Reproductive Health Services.","authors":"David Adje, Umeokwoaka Vivian Chinenye","doi":"10.24926/iip.v14i1.5092","DOIUrl":"10.24926/iip.v14i1.5092","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Provision of sexuality education and reproductive health (SERH) services for the adolescent population has been inadequate. Increasing access to adolescent SERH through the community pharmacy is a viable option in bridging this gap. <b>Objective:</b> The study objectives were to assess community pharmacists' involvement, self -reported competence, confidence and comfort level regarding provision of adolescent SERH services and explore barriers to service delivery. <b>Method:</b> A pre-tested questionnaire was distributed to 200 community pharmacists by simple random sampling. Self-reported competency and confidence were measured on a Likert scale ranging from 1-5, midpoint 3. Continuous data was expressed as mean and standard deviation while categorical data was expressed as frequencies and percentages. <b>Results:</b> Community pharmacist' self-reported competence, confidence and comfort levels were high, 4.09 ± 0.14; 3.2±0.75; 4.17± 0.18 respectively on a Scale of 1-5. Majority of the pharmacists, 130 (81.3%) claimed to have had formal training in sexuality education and nearly three quarters, 105 (65.6%) had recently updated their knowledge. Although product availability was adequate, 118 (73.6%), availability of educational materials was low, 37 (23%). Schools were the most frequent place where pharmacists had distributed sexuality education materials 96 (60%). Lack of time and religious objection were the major barriers to service delivery 99(61.9%); 63(39.4%) respectively. <b>Conclusion:</b> Pharmacist' self-reported comfort, competency and confidence levels in delivering adolescent SERH services were high. The major barriers to service delivery were lack of time and religious objection. These findings suggest that community pharmacists have a potentially major impact on improving access to adolescent SERH service. Therefore, the option of delivering SERH services through pharmacies is worth exploring in order to improve access and service delivery to the adolescent population.</p>","PeriodicalId":13646,"journal":{"name":"Innovations in Pharmacy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10686675/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78167570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-Evidence, Actionable Phenotype Gene Distribution in a Multispecialty, Tertiary Care Clinic: Potentially Actionable Genes and a Referring Department Profile.","authors":"Blake Bartlett, Sheena Crosby, Michael J Schuh","doi":"10.24926/iip.v14i2.5476","DOIUrl":"10.24926/iip.v14i2.5476","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background</b> There has been a trend in recent years toward individualized medicine. Pharmacogenomics (PGx) is the use of patient-specific genetic variations to guide medication selection and treatment. <b>Objective:</b> The primary objective was to characterize the population of referring department patients and identify the number of high-evidence, actionable phenotype (HEAP) genes in this referred population to help guide marketing efforts to the most applicable patient populations and departments. <b>Practice description:</b> Located in a destination, tertiary care clinic. Providers refer patients to a Pharmacogenomics (PGx) specialist for a comprehensive medication review using their pharmacogenomic results. <b>Practice Innovation:</b> The practice is innovative because it has been using PGx in the pharmacy and medical practices since 2016 and has been routinely developing and incorporating PGx best practice alerts (BPAs) into the electronic medical record (EMR) since 2020. <b>Evaluation Methods</b> Genetic results were analyzed from a 27-gene PGx panel test which tests for both pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic genes. High-Evidence Actionable Phenotypes (HEAP) are defined as phenotypes with guideline support that may suggest an action by healthcare provider. Low-Evidence Nonactionable Phenotypes (LENP) are defined as phenotypes that do not recommend action. <b>Results</b> There were 1,236 atypical phenotypes identified in the 154 patients referred. Of the atypical genes, 39.97% were HEAP and 60.03% were LENP. Of the HEAP's identified, the majority came from CYP2D6, VKORC1, and UGT1A1. At least 1 HEAP was found in 98.7% of patients (n=152). <b>Conclusion</b> There are a variety of High Evidence Actionable Phenotypes (HEAPs) with a high likelihood of at least one HEAP gene in every patient. These phenotypes can result in serious safety concerns when combined with a medication impacted by one of these HEAP genes. Thus, referral to a pharmacogenomics consultation service may lead to an overall decrease in morbidity and mortality with potential cost avoidance.</p>","PeriodicalId":13646,"journal":{"name":"Innovations in Pharmacy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10653719/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76617526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of an Innovative Immunization Practice Model to Improve Population Health: Results of the Project IMPACT Immunizations Scaled Demonstration.","authors":"Benjamin M Bluml, Kelly A Brock, William R Doucette, John D Grabenstein, Nicole Scovis","doi":"10.24926/iip.v14i2.5454","DOIUrl":"10.24926/iip.v14i2.5454","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> U.S. adult vaccination rates remain low. Community pharmacists have skills and opportunity to improve this shortcoming. This study sought to evaluate an innovative practice model on identification of unmet vaccination needs and their resolution. <b>Methods:</b> This prospective, multi-site, multi-state, observational study was conducted in 22 community pharmacy practices in Iowa and Washington. Adults receiving influenza vaccination, medication therapy review, prescriptions for diabetes or cardiovascular disease, or another clinical encounter with a participating pharmacist from December 2017 through November 2019 were included. Pharmacists reviewed vaccination forecasts generated by clinical decision support technology based on their state immunization information system (IIS) to identify unmet vaccination needs, educate patients, and improve vaccination rates. The primary outcomes were numbers of vaccination forecast reviews, patients educated, unmet vaccination needs identified and resolved, and vaccinations administered. Secondary outcomes included numbers of vaccination declinations; times a forecasted vaccine was not recommended because a contraindication was identified by the pharmacist; and times the patients declined a forecasted vaccine due to self-reported vaccination despite lack of documentation in the state IIS. Descriptive statistics were calculated. <b>Results:</b> Pharmacists reviewed vaccination forecasts for 6,234 patients. The vaccination forecasts predicted there were 11,789 vaccinations needed (1.9 per person). 6,405 of the 11,789 unmet vaccination needs (54.3%) were fulfilled during the study period, including 60% on the same day. Of the forecasted needs, 1,085 (9.2%) were found to be previously administered and 59 (0.5%) contraindicated. The remaining patients received information about their personal vaccination needs and recommendations to be vaccinated. <b>Conclusion:</b> Availability of vaccination histories during patient encounters allowed pharmacists to identify and resolve adult vaccination needs in independent and chain community practice settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":13646,"journal":{"name":"Innovations in Pharmacy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10653722/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74307645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Interprofessional Quality Improvement Interventions Led by an Ambulatory Care Pharmacist on Adherence to a Controlled Substance Agreement Policy.","authors":"Insaf Mohammad, Sarah Alsomairy, Mona Mawari, Mohamad Elabdallah, Ruaa Elteriefi, Julie George","doi":"10.24926/iip.v14i2.5464","DOIUrl":"10.24926/iip.v14i2.5464","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> A controlled substance agreement (CSA) is a risk mitigation strategy for patients managed on controlled substance medications such as opioids and benzodiazepines. Limited literature exists to describe the role of the clinic pharmacy team to promote adherence to CSA monitoring parameters. <b>Objective:</b> The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of interprofessional educational and clinical interventions led by an ambulatory care pharmacist on adherence to monitoring parameters within a CSA policy. <b>Methods:</b> This retrospective observational study included patients on long-term controlled substances who had a clinic visit every 3 months during the study period. The primary outcomes were the proportion of patients with a signed CSA in the electronic medical record (EMR), urine drug screen (UDS) completion, and documentation of review of the statewide prescription drug monitoring program (PDMP) in the EMR 8 months prior to as compared to 8 months after implementation of pharmacist interventions. <b>Results:</b> Among 79 patients (mean age 55.7 years, 65.8% female, 54.4% African American), 8.9% pre- vs 88.6% post-interventions had a signed CSA (p<0.001), 35.4% pre- vs 65.8% post-interventions had a UDS completed (p<0.001), and 32.9% pre- vs 57% post-interventions had documentation of PDMP review (p=0.002). <b>Conclusion:</b> Adherence to monitoring parameters within a CSA policy significantly improved after educational and clinical interventions led by an ambulatory care pharmacist.</p>","PeriodicalId":13646,"journal":{"name":"Innovations in Pharmacy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10653718/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76105221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"After The QALY: Training for a New Start Paradigm in Health Technology Assessment.","authors":"Paul C Langley, Elliott M Sogol","doi":"10.24926/iip.v14i1.5211","DOIUrl":"10.24926/iip.v14i1.5211","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13646,"journal":{"name":"Innovations in Pharmacy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10686679/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81803458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}