Global Journal of Fisheries Science最新文献

{"title":"Assessment of antimicrobial drugs use and their residue in the farmed fish of Kaduna, Nigeria","authors":"A. A. Ladan, E. Okolocha, Janaidu Kabir, Paul Ibukun-Olu Bolorunduro, I. Barde","doi":"10.31248/gjfs2021.023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31248/gjfs2021.023","url":null,"abstract":"The study assessed antimicrobial drug use, pattern, and the occurrence of residues in farmed fish, as well as the level of awareness of drug residues amongst fish farmers in Kaduna State. A total of 300 fish samples from 30 farms in the three senatorial districts of Kaduna State were screened for the presence of antimicrobial drug residues. One hundred questionnaires were administered to fish farmers. Out of the 300 fish samples screened, antimicrobial drug residues were detected in 73.70%. An overall prevalence of 73.70% was obtained, while the prevalence of 63, 74, and 84% was obtained from Kaduna North, Central, and South senatorial districts respectively. From the questionnaire responses, the use of antimicrobial drugs in fish ponds was common (91.86%); with tetracycline (63.41%) being the most frequently used. Self-prescription and administration of drugs by farmers (67.86%) were more in number than those who consult veterinarians for prescription and drug administration. The level of awareness on antimicrobial drug residues in fish and dangers associated with the use and consumption of these residues were very low. Furthermore, the majority of the farmers did not observe antibiotic withdrawal periods before sales of fish to consumers. This study has established a high prevalence of antimicrobial drug residues in farmed fish in the study area. In addition, awareness of the dangers and public health implications of antimicrobial drug residues in fish amongst farmers in Kaduna is low. Therefore, the use of the antimicrobial drug in aquaculture should be regulated and farmers should be encouraged to use immunostimulators or probiotics for disease control and prevention, to safeguard the general populace from the hazards associated with drug residues in fish.","PeriodicalId":136379,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Fisheries Science","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130062570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of some biological aspects of the Nile Carp, Labeo niloticus (Pisces, Cyprinidae) from Khashm El-Girba Reservoir and Atbara River; Eastern Sudan: II, length-weight relationship, condition factor and age structure","authors":"Mutasim Yousif Mohamed Abdalla, Abuelgasim Ibrahim Abdelhalim, A. E. Adam, Khartoum State Sudan. Fisheries","doi":"10.31248/gjfs2021.024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31248/gjfs2021.024","url":null,"abstract":"This study was undertaken to assess the length-weight relationship, condition factor and age structure, of the Nile carp, Labeo niloticus, in Khashm El-Girba reservoir and Atbara River, Sudan, from December 2015 to November 2016. Samples of fish were collected bi-monthly from three locations, namely; Um Aswad (Atbara River), El-Remila and El-Monaba (Khashm El-Girba reservoir), using beach seine nets of 1.2, 4.0 and 7.0 cm stretched mesh. Out of a total number of 1,190 specimens of L. niloticus collected from the three sampling sites, 189 specimens were randomly selected to determine age. The relationship between length and weight indicated negative allometric growth pattern in all three locations, where the slope (b) of the (LWR) was highly significant (p<0.001) and ranged from 2.178 to 2.885. The mean condition factor (K) varied monthly in the three locations with values ranging from 1.671 in Um Aswad (Atbara River) to 2.548 in El-Monaba (reservoir). Although the age of L. niloticus ranged from 0+ and 3+ years, yet, most of the studied fish are between age 0 + and 1+.","PeriodicalId":136379,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Fisheries Science","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127951298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of two feeding rates on the growth performance and survivability of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings fed on Skretting fish feed","authors":"P. C. Oforah, K. P. Okpala-Ezennia, H. F. Ogbonnaya, C. Ikeogu","doi":"10.31248/GJFS2019.013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31248/GJFS2019.013","url":null,"abstract":"Two feeding rates; 5% body weight and feeding to satiation were evaluated to determine their effects on the growth performance and survivability of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings. The objective of the study was to determine which feeding rate was more beneficial to the fish farmer in terms of fish weight gain, length gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio and survivability of the catfish fingerlings. The study was carried out with 600 Clarias gariepinus fingerlings of mean weight 2.23 ± 0.10 g and mean length 6.58 ± 0.01 cm kept in six 1 m3 rectangular tanks labeled A to E and containing 100 fingerlings each. Fingerlings in tanks A, B and C were three replicates fed with 1.8 mm Skretting fish feed at 5% body weight while fingerlings in tanks D, E and F also three replicates, were fed to satiation with the same feed for 30 days. Water quality parameters; temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen were monitored. Body weight, length, and survivability were recorded every 5 days at 0, 5, 10,15, 20, 25, and 30 days. Results showed that water quality parameters and survival rates did not significantly differ(p>0.05) between the 5% body weight feeding rate group and the group fed to satiation. The average weight gain (26.11± 3.65 g), length gain (6.11± 0.20 cm), specific growth rate (5.96 ± 0.15%) and feed conversion ratio (1.1) of the 5% body weight feeding rate group differed significantly (p< 0.05) from those of the group fed to satiation; 16.16 ± 3.04 g, 4.44 ± 0.40 cm, 4.58 ± 0.17% and 1.3 respectively. It was concluded that feeding fingerlings by 5% body weight was of better economic importance to the fish farmer and was therefore recommended to be practiced for profitability and sustainable fish culture development.","PeriodicalId":136379,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Fisheries Science","volume":"308 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121296052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fisheries production and aquaculture development: Current status and future directions in Ethiopia","authors":"Gizachew Delilo","doi":"10.31248/GJFS2020.017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31248/GJFS2020.017","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays worldwide projected growth of population pressure with a steadily growth of disposable income and urbanization corroborated by global markets corridor are expected to elicit a substantial increase the demands of high value foods. These situation causes to exploit the aquatic ecosystems mainly for fish, the largest single source of animal protein and fastest growing food commodity. Likewise, Ethiopia has enormous potential of freshwater (126.5 BMC) available per year; plus favorable environments considered to be significant scope for fisheries development for fish yield (about 94,509 ton/year + 5.3% as 73,104 ton/year + 3.3% for lentic and 2,1405 ton/year +11.8% for lotic ecosystems). Ethiopian water resources deduced to hold over 180 fish species, freshwater shrimps, crabs, mollusks, commercially important microalgae, and vegetation. However, currently actual fish yield is (about 51,581 ton/year) much far below expected level, which resulted in lower per capita consumption of fish per year (0.216 kg) compared to other African countries. This is attributed to several constraints in which, traditional methods of fish farming and fishing, limited awareness, management skills, skills and technological knowhow; besides the impacts of climate change and global warming, ecosystems degradation, mismanagement, siltation, growing toxic weeds in most lakes, with marked overfishing practices by fishermen are the dominant challenges. To reverse these scenarios into the desired track, urgent intellectual measures should be at hand in Ethiopia. Therefore, this article was studied through the collected 19 years’ published and unpublished source materials, data analyzed and empirical models were applied to explore updated fundamental information on current potential of fisheries resources and overall status of aquaculture development, so as to create better understanding, and to suggest scientific strategies and better approaches for the sector contribute in the sources food, employment, and livelihood in Ethiopia. Finally, this paper is recommended to be beneficial to the readers and policy makers for the fisheries and aquaculture development in Ethiopia and the region.","PeriodicalId":136379,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Fisheries Science","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123289717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Entrepreneurship skills required by Niger Delta youths for success in fish preservation and marketing enterprises","authors":"D. N. Dumbiri","doi":"10.31248/GJFS2020.016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31248/GJFS2020.016","url":null,"abstract":"This study explored the entrepreneurship skills required by Niger Delta youths for success in fish preservation and marketing enterprise. Six purposes and 6 research questions guided the study with one hypothesis. The study adopted descriptive survey design and research and development. The population of the study was 2763 while 551 of the population was sampled with proportionate stratified sampling technique. A structured questionnaire was used for data collection, this was validated by 4 experts, 2 from the Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Nigeria, Nsukka and 2 fish farmers, while Cronbach alpha was used in determining the internal consistency of the instrument and this yielded a reliability coefficient of 0.80. Data was collected by the researcher with the aid of 7 research assistants. The Standard deviation was used to answer the research questions while one-way Analysis of Variation [ANOVA] was used in testing the hypothesis at 0.05 level of significance. The findings of the study revealed that skill in planning, preparing, salty and drying, smoking, marketing and storage, where required by youths for success in fish preservation and marketing enterprise. It was recommended that the entrepreneurship skill identified be packaged and used for training youths for fish preservation and marketing enterprise.","PeriodicalId":136379,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Fisheries Science","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124018036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Challenges of women involved in fishing activities (a case study of Otuocha, Anambra State, Nigeria): A SWOT analysis","authors":"G. T. Obuakor, K. P. Okpala-Ezennia, H. F. Ogbonnaya, C. Ikeogu","doi":"10.31248/GJFS2019.014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31248/GJFS2019.014","url":null,"abstract":"The study was focused on the challenges of women involved in fishing activities in Otuocha community, Anambra-East Local Government Area, Anambra state, Nigeria. The study examined the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the stated women and analysed their roles and operations. Data collection was through the administration of 60 structured questionnaire and scheduled interview. Data were analyzed using simple percentages, tables and frequency while the SWOT analysis was employed in the deduction of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. The study revealed their challenges to be financial, lack of basic amenities, health issues, fluctuating sales and demand, land tenure system, low literacy and training, high indebtedness, family responsibilities and gender inequality. Their strengths were: Population of the women, skills and experience, diversity of fishes in Otuocha community, location of natural water body, Omambala river and low production cost in the study area. However, their opportunities were; producers of successors, presence of fisheries organizations, large market for the fish, creation of value-added fish products, and geographical location of the community market. Their threats were: Competition from other women fisherfolks, lack of modern processing equipment, cultural/traditional forces limiting women from active fishing and seasonal flooding. Availability of loan by financial institutions is therefore recommended to enable women acquire needed facilities. Awareness should be created on gender issues affecting fishing activities of women in Otuocha. There should be periodic training and workshop for the women fisherfolks, there should be formation and strengthening of women's organizations on professionalization of both harvest and post- harvest activities. Women should be involved in decision making in all aspects of fish value chain processes.","PeriodicalId":136379,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Fisheries Science","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124979788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative study on African catfish (Burchell, 1822) hypophysation using ovaprim and chicken pituitary gland extract","authors":"S. G. Odu-Onikosi, B. Faleti, T. F. Sunnuvu, F. A. Fakunmoju, O. Babalola","doi":"10.31248/GJFS2021.021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31248/GJFS2021.021","url":null,"abstract":"Comparative study on African catfish hypophysation indices using ovaprim and chicken pituitary gland extract (CPGE) was carried out. Sixteen (16) African catfish brood stocks between 1100 and 2300 g in ratio 2:1 and four (4) numbers of layer birds (Gallus gallus domesticus) between 1200 and 2200 g in ratio 1:3 were used respectively. The experiment was batched into “A” and “B”. Batch ‘A’ was placed on ovaprim while batch ‘B’ was placed on CPGE. An indoor hatchery vat, measuring 0.6096 m x 1.8288 m x 0.3048 m each was used for the incubation. Digital measuring kits were used to monitor water quality parameters and measurement of the brood stocks weights independently. Brood stocks on ovaprim and CPGE treatments had the following mean hypophysation indices in these order: fecundity (11100±7690 and 17760±13863), latency period (9.53±0.54 and 9.77±0.49), fertilization percentage (94.03±5.90% and 90.6±10.11%), hatchability percentage (75.6±0.81% and79.35±10.27%), number of eggs produced (5889±657.37 and 9403.33±589.80), total number of larvae hatched (4717.33±1111.0 and 7111.33±506.64), SGR (0.67±0.31 and 1.1±0.31), and survival rate (64.81±0.71 and66.24±2.19) respectively. There was no significant difference (p = 0.05) in the mean values of fecundity, latency period, fertilization and hatchability percentages in both treatments but there was significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) in number of eggs produced and total number of larvae hatched in both treatments. The water quality parameters were within the range for induced breeding techniques and there was no significant difference (p= 0.05) in both experiments. Both ovaprim and CPGE had excellent results from the induced breeding of Clarias gariepinus and yielded good results. Therefore, CPGE could be recommended from the view point of excellent results and its availability from chicken slaughter houses as against ovaprim which are imported.","PeriodicalId":136379,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Fisheries Science","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122817682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seasonal and spatial variations in physico-chemical parameters of water and proximate composition of Macrobrachium macrobrachion from Ologe lagoon and Badagry creek, Lagos, Nigeria","authors":"Agnes O. Godwin, E. Clarke, A. Jimoh","doi":"10.31248/AJPS2019.012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31248/AJPS2019.012","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, seasonal and spatial variations in physicochemical parameters of water and proximate composition of Macrobrachium macrobrachion from Badagry Creek and Ologe Lagoon were examined. Samples of water and M. macrobrachion were collected from both stations on a monthly basis for six months. The physicochemical parameters monitored were pH, temperature, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, total solids, total alkalinity, free carbondioxide, conductivity, salinity, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, ammonia and turbidity, while the proximate composition parameters were moisture content, crude protein, crude fibre, carbohydrate, crude lipids and ash. It was observed that alkalinity, salinity, dissolved oxygen, temperature and ammonia determined for both sample stations were within recommended limit of Food and Agricultural Organization, except pH for Badagry creek. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in seasonal variations of most physico-chemical parameters in both stations except for pH in Ologe lagoon, and electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS) and total solids (TS) in both stations. Also, with the exception of EC, TDS and TS, there was no significant difference for spatial variation of physico-chemical parameters between the two stations. Moisture content, lipid and ash contents showed significant seasonal variation in Ologe lagoon, while crude protein and crude fibre recorded no significant difference. For Badagry creek, with the exception of moisture content, all other proximate composition parameters showed significant difference. However, there was no significant spatial variation in proximate composition between the prawns in Ologe lagoon and Badagry creek. There were gradual effects of season on water quality and proximate composition but these effects still support growth and survival of the prawn. However, regulatory measures should be put in place to protect these water bodies from direct/indirect human activities that can cause adverse damages.","PeriodicalId":136379,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Fisheries Science","volume":"320 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132268519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of formulated feed (containing common bean and leftover flour) on growth performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) in earthen ponds at Nono district, Ethiopia","authors":"L. Prabadevi, M. Temesgen, Mekonnen Melesse Diriba","doi":"10.31248/GJFS2019.010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31248/GJFS2019.010","url":null,"abstract":"Fish feed plays a critical role in aquaculture; it influences production costs, fish growth, health and fish production. One of the approaches to tackle this problem has been to experimentally test the use of agro-industrial byproducts to grow fish in ponds. Thirty (30) fingerlings of Nile tilapia were stocked in each pond and fed with five percent of their body weight twice a day. Fish growth was measured using measuring board and sensitive balance and recorded fortnightly. Feed 1 performed better body weight gain (BWG) and Feed 3 produced the lowest BWG. The formulated Feed 1 which formulated from 50% of leftover flours from local grain mill machine and 50% of common bean indicated also a better profit index than others. In addition, Feed 1 showed the highest mean PR 88.59, which indicates the yield that it can produce in the given area and showed statistically significant (ANOVA (F = 2.39), P = 0.02). It is ascertained that the formulated Feed 1 can be recommended for farming Nile tilapia in the study area.","PeriodicalId":136379,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Fisheries Science","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127700168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tolerance of African catfish Clarias gariepinus fingerlings to chemotherapeutic doses of potassium permanganate","authors":"H. S. Ibrahim, Abd Elazeem Osman Abakar, Abullgasim Omer Zaid, E. Hagar","doi":"10.31248/GJFS2019.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31248/GJFS2019.008","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the tolerance of Clarias gariepinus finger-lings (15.5 g) to chemotherapeutic doses of potassium permanganate was investigated. The experiment was done in 15 plastic tanks (106 each) in hatchery facilities by testing ten doses of potassium permanganate in two experimental batches; 1.0, 3.0, 5.0, 7.0, and 0.0 mg/L in batch one and 0.5, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, and 0.0 mg/L in batch two, for three duration periods (0, 3 and 6 days) in three replicates. Blood samples were obtained and parameters such haematocrit, haemoglobin concentration, red blood cells (RBCs), and white blood cells (WBCs) were measured. The internal parasites in organ tissue and blood were investigated and the mortality and survival rate were evaluated. Empirical data of the results obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using two-way ANOVA. The results of analysis data showed high variation (p<0.05) in the hematological profiles of treated fish under varying levels of potassium permanganate and exposure duration periods (15.24 to 9.74, 32.04 to 18.74, 8582.0 to 13140.0 and 9.11 to 3.71 for Hb, PCV, WBCs and RBCs respectively), which resulted in varying levels of stresses and some biological, biochemical and physiological changes in the fish. The investigation of blood and internal tissues parasites revealed no infectious cases (p<0.05). These results show that potassium permanganate can negatively affect the hematology of Clarias gariepinus, leading to various stress levels with serious deterioration of fish health and a dramatic increase in mortality rate. It is recommended that 2 to 3 mg/L concentrations of potassium permanganate are suitable for treatment without causing tolerance and at the same time can be used in controlling external infection.","PeriodicalId":136379,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Fisheries Science","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116838872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}