Infection and Drug Resistance最新文献

{"title":"A Comprehensive Overview of <i>Klebsiella Pneumoniae</i>: Resistance Dynamics, Clinical Manifestations, and Therapeutic Options.","authors":"Shan-Shan Jin, Wei-Qin Wang, Yi-Han Jiang, Yue-Tian Yu, Rui-Lan Wang","doi":"10.2147/IDR.S502175","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IDR.S502175","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> (Kp) is a notable pathogen responsible for various infections. The emergence of hypervirulent and carbapenem-resistant strains has raised global concern. Many novel approaches were developed to combat the current severe situation of antibiotic resistance, and clinical guidelines have also provided corresponding recommendations. This review highlights the critical aspects of Kp, including classification, virulence factors, systemic dissemination, drug resistance progression and the new therapeutic strategies to combat this evolving threat.</p>","PeriodicalId":13577,"journal":{"name":"Infection and Drug Resistance","volume":"18 ","pages":"1611-1628"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11954396/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143752558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disseminated Histoplasmosis Due to Anti-IFN-γ Autoantibodies-Associated Immunodeficiency.","authors":"Lan Huang, Dongyan Zheng, Tiantian Li, Xiuying Li, Jinliang Kong, Ke Wang, Shuangjie Wang, Cunwei Cao","doi":"10.2147/IDR.S513750","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IDR.S513750","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Disseminated histoplasmosis caused by the temperature-dependent dimorphic fungus <i>Histoplasma capsulatum</i> is an invasive fungal disease rarely reported in southern China. Here, we report a case of disseminated histoplasmosis due to anti-IFN-γ autoantibodies (AIGA)- associated immunodeficiency.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>We present the case of a 57-year-old HIV-negative female patient with disseminated histoplasmosis in southern China. The patient showed progressively enlarging multiple clavicular, neck, and upper chest skin nodules and dyspnea, which led to the initial suspicion of pulmonary tuberculosis or lung cancer. Bacterial cultures results were negative. Histopathology of a skin tissue showed infectious granulomas. Disseminated histoplasmosis was diagnosed via next-generation sequencing (mNGS) and fungal culture. Furthermore, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay results from a peripheral blood confirmed that the patient had a high-titer of AIGA.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This case prompts clinicians to consider histoplasmosis an important differential diagnosis in a region where talaromycosis is highly endemic. This case report emphasizes that clinicians should be vigilant for immunodeficiency and consider testing for AIGA in HIV-negative patients who are suspected of having complex opportunistic infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":13577,"journal":{"name":"Infection and Drug Resistance","volume":"18 ","pages":"1605-1609"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11954392/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143752562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of <i>Klebsiella Pneumoniae</i> and Antibiotic Resistance in Burn Wards in China From 2019 to 2023.","authors":"Xu Sun, Rui Li, Jun Xiang","doi":"10.2147/IDR.S505514","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IDR.S505514","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The rise of antimicrobial resistance in <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i>, especially <i>carbapenem-resistant strains (CRKP)</i>, presents a major challenge in burn care. This study aimed to examine the detection trends and resistance patterns of <i>K. pneumoniae</i> in burn wards over five years (2019-2023) and analyze the clinical characteristics of patients with CRKP infections during the last three years.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective study was conducted on <i>K. pneumoniae</i> isolates from burn wards, collecting data on bacterial detection and antimicrobial resistance over five years (2019-2023). Clinical records of CRKP-infected patients from the last three years were analyzed, focusing on age, total burn area, third-degree burn area, and prognosis. Statistical analyses assessed resistance trends and correlations between infection outcomes and clinical variables.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The detection rate of <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> and its resistance to common antibiotics have increased annually, particularly for <i>carbapenem-resistant strains (CRKP)</i>. Polymyxin resistance among <i>CRKP</i> isolates has also risen. Wound secretions were the primary infection source, accounting for 75.9% of <i>K. pneumoniae</i> isolates, followed by the respiratory tract at 15.2% and blood/venous catheter samples at 8.9%. There was a significant rise in bloodstream <i>CRKP</i> detection rates during the study period. Clinically, <i>CRKP</i> infections were associated with a larger total burn area (mean: 45.3% vs 28.7% in non-CRKP cases) and more extensive third-degree burns (mean: 22.1% vs 12.4%). Mortality rates were higher in patients with <i>CRKP</i> infections compared to those with carbapenem-susceptible infections (34.6% vs 18.2%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The drug-resistant phenomenon of <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> in the burn ward of our hospital was serious, especially the number of carbapenem-resistant antimicrobial drugs of <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> increased significantly, which should be strengthened to monitor and guide the rational use of drugs in the clinic.</p>","PeriodicalId":13577,"journal":{"name":"Infection and Drug Resistance","volume":"18 ","pages":"1595-1604"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11936408/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143709763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hyper-IgE Syndrome: A Case Report with Insights from Bioinformatics Analysis of Key Pathways and Genes.","authors":"Juan Li, Wei-Hua Han, Meng-Yu Zhang, Jia-Qi Fan, Guo-Dong Li, Jun-Yi Li, Xiao Chen","doi":"10.2147/IDR.S507797","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IDR.S507797","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study reports on a patient with High IgE Syndrome(HIES), focusing on clinical manifestations and pathogenic mechanisms through bioinformatics to enhance understanding and treatment.</p><p><strong>Patients and methods: </strong>The patient received appropriate interventions and was currently undergoing treatment with close monitoring. Additionally, bioinformatics analyses were conducted to investigate potential signaling pathways and key genes associated with HIES.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A 28-year-old woman presented with a 6-month history of cough, worsening dyspnea, and eczema was diagnosed with HIES after elevated immunoglobulin levels and a STAT3 mutation. Initially, she declined immunoglobulin therapy, but showed improvement with sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim and subsequently required intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for ongoing management. KEGG pathway analysis revealed that these genes were primarily associated with infection-related signaling pathways, consistent with the susceptibility to infections observed in HIES patients. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis highlighted the importance of key genes such as IL6, CDH2, and CLDN1.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Increased HIES awareness among healthcare providers is crucial for patients with recurrent infections, requiring a multidisciplinary approach. Our study identified IL6, CDH2, and CLDN1 as key factors in HIES progression, suggesting naive B cells and dormant mast cells may be involved.</p>","PeriodicalId":13577,"journal":{"name":"Infection and Drug Resistance","volume":"18 ","pages":"1567-1580"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11952148/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143752564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unexpected Efficacy of Albumin-Bound Glycerol Monolaurate Against Multidrug-Resistant Bacterial Isolates: A Time-Kill Assay Study.","authors":"Mona A Alrabiah, Amina A Hassan, Murad A Mubaraki, Ahmed M Albarrag, Mohamed A Dkhil, Ali M Somily, Denis Delic, Taghreed A Hafiz","doi":"10.2147/IDR.S502165","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IDR.S502165","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The rise of antibiotic resistance is a significant threat to global health, necessitating the exploration of novel antimicrobial agents. Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is known for its antimicrobial properties, primarily against Gram-positive bacteria, with limited evidence of efficacy against Gram-negative pathogens.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study evaluated the antibacterial activity of GML alone and in combination with human serum albumin (HSA) against clinical isolates of carbapenem-resistant and vancomycin-resistant bacteria using MIC and time-kill assays.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Contrary to previous reports, we demonstrate that GML exhibits significant antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria, including strains resistant to conventional antibiotics. It inhibited carbapenem-resistant isolates with MIC values ranging from 25 to 100 μg/mL for <i>E. coli, K. pneumoniae</i>, and <i>E. cloacae</i> and showed bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity. The combination of HSA and GML enhanced this effect, showing potent bactericidal properties across all tested concentrations.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Current findings suggest that HSA-bound GML could be developed as a novel broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent targeting multidrug-resistant pathogens. Future research should focus on formulation optimization, in vivo efficacy studies, and preclinical evaluations to determine its therapeutic potential in clinical settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":13577,"journal":{"name":"Infection and Drug Resistance","volume":"18 ","pages":"1581-1593"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11952064/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143752567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Early Administration of Albumin on Mortality Among Severe COVID-19 Patients, China.","authors":"Jing Sha, Guiqing Kong, Lin Fu, Peng Wang, Lin Zhang, Tao Wang, Fangqiang Song, Yufeng Chu, Mei Meng","doi":"10.2147/IDR.S510245","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IDR.S510245","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Hypoalbuminemia is commonly observed in patients with severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and is independently associated with adverse outcomes. However, the efficacy of albumin administration on the clinical prognosis of these patients remains uncertain.</p><p><strong>Patients and methods: </strong>This multicenter retrospective study enrolled 458 patients with severe COVID-19 in four medical centers from December 1, 2022, to June 1, 2024. Clinical features and laboratory variables were collected through electronic medical records. The cohorts were divided into two groups: albumin administration and non-albumin administration. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used for minimizing confounding effect. Statistical analyses were conducted to assess the relationship between early albumin administration and 28-day mortality.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Four hundred and fifty-eight severe COVID-19 cases were included in the study, of which 167 (36.5%) received early albumin administration, while 291 (63.5%) did not. Among these patients, 140 experienced in-hospital mortality and 318 survived. Compared to survivors, non-survivors exhibited significantly lower serum albumin levels (29.1g/L vs.33.8g/L, p < 0.05). In comparison to patients with admission albumin levels ≥30 g/L, those with albumin levels <30 g/L had a significantly higher in-hospital mortality (48.4% vs 21.1%, p < 0.001). Prior to PSM, the albumin administration group demonstrated significantly higher 28-day and in-hospital cumulative survival rates compared to the non-albumin group (both p < 0.001). However, no significant differences were observed between the two groups following PSM (p = 0.21 and p = 0.41, respectively).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Hypoalbuminemia was correlated with adverse outcomes in severe COVID-19 patients. However, early albumin administration did not reduce 28-day mortality and in-hospital mortality in these patients, and more relative RCTs were required for validation.</p>","PeriodicalId":13577,"journal":{"name":"Infection and Drug Resistance","volume":"18 ","pages":"1539-1549"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11930246/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143692103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Related to <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> and Gastric Disease in Jordan: Implications for Early Detection and Eradication.","authors":"Shatha M Al Omari, Anas H Khalifeh, Raja Moman, Hana M Sawan","doi":"10.2147/IDR.S508330","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IDR.S508330","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Gastric cancer and ulcers are responsible for almost 1 million deaths globally each year, disproportionately affecting low- and middle-income populations. <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> (<i>H. pylori</i>) infection is a major risk factor for both gastric cancer and peptic ulcers, with infection rates surpassing 70% in developing countries and reaching 88% in Jordan. Despite strong evidence linking <i>H. pylori</i> infection to gastric cancer, particularly with CagA-positive strains, public awareness of <i>H. pylori</i> infection, its transmission routes, and associated health risks remains insufficient.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) related to <i>H. pylori-</i>induced stomach ulcers and cancer in a Jordanian population, focusing on early detection and eradication efforts. A survey was administered to 398 participants to evaluate their understanding of <i>H. pylori</i> and its role in gastric disease.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The findings revealed that 64.3% of respondents were aware of <i>H. pylori</i>, with 75.9% recognizing its association with gastric ulcers. However, awareness of the transmission routes and potential complications is limited. The frequent use of antacids for symptom relief also highlights the need for better awareness of appropriate treatments.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Public health education targeting these knowledge gaps could help reduce the incidence of <i>H. pylori</i>-related complications, including gastric cancer, especially in high-prevalence areas such as Jordan. Addressing these deficits and promoting preventive strategies, such as improved hygiene and regular medical check-ups, could facilitate early detection and improve health outcomes for individuals at risk of <i>H. pylori</i>-induced infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":13577,"journal":{"name":"Infection and Drug Resistance","volume":"18 ","pages":"1503-1514"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11930260/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143692117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AI-2 Signaling: A Potential Driver of Bacteremia in Non-Typhoidal <i>Salmonella</i> Infections.","authors":"Yu Li, Bing Lu, Xinhua Qiang, Yibin Lin, Jie He, Yunxiang Cai","doi":"10.2147/IDR.S507908","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IDR.S507908","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Non-typhoidal <i>Salmonella</i> (NTS) infections typically present as localized inflammation near the intestinal mucosal epithelium. However, some NTS strains can breach the intestinal barrier and enter the bloodstream, leading to bacteremia and severe systemic infections. The mechanisms by which NTS invades the bloodstream remain unclear.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, we isolated 36 NTS strains from patients with diarrhea and bacteremia at First Affiliated Hospital of Huzhou University. Strains represented two distinct clinical manifestations, and were subjected to whole-genome sequencing, comparative genomics, and genetic differentiation analysis to identify genes potentially involved in bloodstream invasion. Additionally, we conducted inhibition assays using quercetin, a chemical inhibitor of the identified gene pathways, to validate our findings.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our analysis revealed that genes distinguishing the bloodstream <i>Salmonella</i> isolates from the fecal <i>Salmonella</i> isolates were primarily involved in the AI-2 quorum sensing pathway and biofilm-associated protein transport. Subsequent biofilm formation assays demonstrated that the bloodstream isolates exhibited significantly higher biofilm formation capacity compared to the fecal isolates. Upon the addition of quercetin, biofilm formation was equally inhibited in both groups. Collectively, these findings suggest that genes involved in the AI-2 pathway and biofilm-associated protein transport may be key factors contributing to the development of bacteremia in NTS infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":13577,"journal":{"name":"Infection and Drug Resistance","volume":"18 ","pages":"1521-1537"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11930269/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143692040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cross-District Transmission of Tuberculosis in a High-Mobility City in China: Implications for Regional Collaboration in Infectious Disease Control.","authors":"Chuangyue Hong, Jinjin Ge, Jing Gui, Xiaoling Che, Yilin Li, Zhipeng Zhuo, Mingzhen Li, Feng Wang, Weiguo Tan, Zhiguang Zhao","doi":"10.2147/IDR.S516162","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IDR.S516162","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aims to elucidate the transmission dynamics of tuberculosis in a Chinese city with high population mobility and to identify the associated risk factors.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We included the data from ten city-level surveillance sites in Shenzhen between 2018 and 2023. Genomic clusters were defined as having a genomic distance of 12 single nucleotide polymorphisms based on whole-genome sequencing. Cross-district clusters were characterized as clusters containing patients from at least two districts, indicating cross-district transmission. Risk factors for clustering were identified using logistic regression.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 2,519 enrolled patients, 263 (10.4%) were grouped into 119 genomic clusters. Notably, 52.1% (62/119) of these clusters were cross-district clusters. We analyzed the data from Shenzhen's 10 districts separately and compared the results with a citywide combined analysis, finding that the combined analysis revealed significantly higher clustering rates across all districts (P<0.001). Furthermore, the risk of cross-district transmission was 3.41 times higher (95% CI: 1.49-7.80) among internal migrants than among residents. Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified significant risk factors for TB transmission, including age under 25 years (OR=3.07, 95% CI: 1.17-8.03), age 25-44 years (OR=2.86, 95% CI: 1.13-7.23), and drug-resistant TB (OR=1.57, 95% CI: 1.15-2.13).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Cross-district transmission is a key factor in the spread of tuberculosis in cities with high population mobility. TB control institutions at all levels must transcend regional boundaries and enhance collaboration to achieve more effective tuberculosis control.</p>","PeriodicalId":13577,"journal":{"name":"Infection and Drug Resistance","volume":"18 ","pages":"1551-1560"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11930267/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143692097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis Secondary to Melioidosis in Paediatric Patients: A Case Series.","authors":"Kecheng Wan, Yingjie Liu, Yuwen Chen, Song Sun, Hong Liang","doi":"10.2147/IDR.S505259","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IDR.S505259","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Melioidosis caused by <i>Burkholderia pseudomallei</i> manifests as a variety of infectious symptoms. However, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) secondary to bacteraemic melioidosis is rarely documented in the literature. We report a series of fatal cases of melioidosis combined with HLH in one Chinese family.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>Three cases of melioidosis with HLH were reported in a family with three children, two boys aged 4 and 6 years and a 12-year-old girl. The most common clinical presentation was fever. A blood culture confirmed <i>B. pseudomallei</i>, and bone marrow aspiration revealed hemophagocytosis. Despite the administration of antibiotics, glucocorticoids and other treatments, all the patients died, and their deaths were attributed to HLH.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Melioidosis complicating HLH is rare in occurrence, but the mortality rate is high. Clinicians should be aware of the risk of a <i>B. pseudomallei</i> bloodstream infection in children.</p>","PeriodicalId":13577,"journal":{"name":"Infection and Drug Resistance","volume":"18 ","pages":"1561-1566"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11930841/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143700380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}