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Economics, Ethics, and Health Insurance 经济学、伦理学和健康保险
The Oxford Handbook of Ethics and Economics Pub Date : 2019-06-06 DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198793991.013.24
D. Hausman
{"title":"Economics, Ethics, and Health Insurance","authors":"D. Hausman","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198793991.013.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198793991.013.24","url":null,"abstract":"Evaluating health care institutions and policies should depend on understanding the economic complexities of health care provision and on our values of compassion, choice, efficiency, fairness, and solidarity. These values may conflict, so applying them is difficult. We must also understand the problems with health care allocation, including employing markets. Regulations are needed first because of asymmetric information: doctors know more about treatments than patients and can exploit them. Second, health insurance is a better bargain for those who expect to be sick. Consequently, health insurance policies attract purchasers more likely to make claims. This adverse selection makes claims and premiums skyrocket, healthy people drop out, and private health insurance markets collapse, unless everyone is forced to buy insurance or insurers deny insurance to those with pre-existing conditions. Third is moral hazard: if insurance pays for a health problem, there is less incentive to avoid it or to economize on treating it. Health care policies must be economically sound and morally defensible.","PeriodicalId":135734,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Ethics and Economics","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114004544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Lessons from Economics 经济学的教训
The Oxford Handbook of Ethics and Economics Pub Date : 2019-06-06 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198793991.013.30
J. Broome
{"title":"Lessons from Economics","authors":"J. Broome","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198793991.013.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198793991.013.30","url":null,"abstract":"Economics offers several lessons that moral philosophers can beneficially learn. They are useful for topics in moral philosophy that are inherently quantitative. This chapter gives some examples. Some of these quantitative topics also fall within the subject matter of economics, and economists have made useful, substantive discoveries about them. Ignoring these discoveries hampers the progress of philosophy. This chapter illustrates this sort of failure, using the philosophy of equality as an example. The methods rather than the substance of economics provide other lessons for moral philosophy. Economics routinely employs mathematical analysis, which is also demanded by some quantitative topics in moral philosophy. Often in moral philosophy, questions arise over how quantity and quality can be balanced against each other, when quality can vary continuously. Philosophers have sometimes made mistakes about these questions because they lack the necessary mathematical skills. This chapter describes an example that arises in population ethics and elsewhere. This chapter also condemns one bad practice that philosophers are picking up from economists: the practice of using the word “utility” to refer to well-being.","PeriodicalId":135734,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Ethics and Economics","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124197007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Virtue and Economics, Horse and Cart 美德与经济，马车
The Oxford Handbook of Ethics and Economics Pub Date : 2019-06-06 DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198793991.013.2
Jennifer L Baker
{"title":"Virtue and Economics, Horse and Cart","authors":"Jennifer L Baker","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198793991.013.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198793991.013.2","url":null,"abstract":"Assimilating ethics to the economic way of thinking is a mistake, and I explain an alternative in this chapter. Applying virtue ethics to economics allows us to explain how economic reasoning ought to be related to our own agency. With virtue ethics, we can endorse some market norms for their contribution to general welfare and ethically critique any particular market norm on the basis of ethics. Concepts from virtue ethics can resolve established tensions between ethics and economics. Oikeiosis, or standard moral development, leaves room, in an account of virtue, for empirical discoveries (such as those economists themselves find) concerning our actual motivations. “Due action” is behavior economists can recommend, without expectations of virtue. And finally, the category of “moral indifferents” allows us to regard economics as the study of indifferents: crucial but unmoralized inputs to our collective lives.","PeriodicalId":135734,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Ethics and Economics","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117262207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Capitalism and Democracy 资本主义与民主
The Oxford Handbook of Ethics and Economics Pub Date : 2019-06-06 DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198793991.013.19
J. Reiss
{"title":"Capitalism and Democracy","authors":"J. Reiss","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198793991.013.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198793991.013.19","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines the interrelationships between democracy on the one hand and capitalism (or what I prefer to call “the liberal economy”) on the other. Liberal thinkers tend to maintain that the two are allies, at least as long as democracy is (constitutionally or otherwise) limited. Socialists regard them as rivals, as “true” democracy can be realized only under socialism or communism. Joseph Schumpeter stands out as the commentator who argued that there is no strong relationship at all between the two: any economic arrangement can be combined successfully with any political arrangement. I survey both the classical views on this topic and a number of more recent contributions.","PeriodicalId":135734,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Ethics and Economics","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129865985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Humane Markets 人道的市场
The Oxford Handbook of Ethics and Economics Pub Date : 2019-06-06 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198793991.013.18
James R. Otteson
{"title":"Humane Markets","authors":"James R. Otteson","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198793991.013.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198793991.013.18","url":null,"abstract":"Markets are often criticized for being amoral, if not immoral. The core of the “political economy” that arose in the eighteenth century, however, envisioned the exchanges that take place in commercial society as neither amoral nor immoral but indeed deeply humane. The claim of the early political economists was that transactions in markets fulfilled two separate but related moral mandates: they lead to increasing prosperity, which addressed their primary “economic” concern of raising the estates of the poor; and they model proper relations among people, which addressed their primary “moral” concern of granting a respect to all, including the least among us. They attempted to capture a vision of human dignity within political-economic institutions that enabled people to improve their stations. Their arguments thus did not bracket out judgments of value: they integrated judgments of value into their foundations and built their political economy on that basis.","PeriodicalId":135734,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Ethics and Economics","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129363212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
With All Due Respect 恕我直言
The Oxford Handbook of Ethics and Economics Pub Date : 2019-06-06 DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198793991.013.6
M. White
{"title":"With All Due Respect","authors":"M. White","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198793991.013.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198793991.013.6","url":null,"abstract":"Mainstream economics is essentially utilitarian, both in the motivations it ascribes to individual decision-makers as well as in welfare economics and policy recommendations. But utilitarianism is widely criticized, especially regarding its failure to recognize the value of the individual or recognize meaningful rights. This chapter incorporates into economics the deontological moral philosophy of Immanuel Kant, which emphasizes principle and rights above preferences and welfare. After introducing the basic elements of Kant’s moral, it shows how Kantian ethics can be worked into the standard economic model of choice, allowing the agent to make principled decisions alongside prudential ones. It then surveys several areas of economics in which a Kantian approach can make a significant contribution, including instances of individual choice in which ethical factors are likely to be particularly important, as well as policy issues which are inherently ethical in nature, including the way the state intervenes in market activity.","PeriodicalId":135734,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Ethics and Economics","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131961788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Moral Status of Profit 利润的道德地位
The Oxford Handbook of Ethics and Economics Pub Date : 2019-06-06 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198793991.013.20
Joseph Heath
{"title":"The Moral Status of Profit","authors":"Joseph Heath","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198793991.013.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198793991.013.20","url":null,"abstract":"There is a common fallacy, among critics of capitalism, that because firms are licensed to pursue profits, the purpose of the economic system as a whole must be to facilitate the realization of such profits. This is manifestly not the case, because the design of markets, including the insistence on competition between firms, is intended to bid profits down to zero. The lure of profit is what leads firms to compete with one another, which creates an institutionally enforced collective action problem that drives prices toward the level that allows for a more efficient allocation of labor, resources, goods, and services. The achievement of these “market clearing” prices is the actual purpose of the system. This explains why many people find the profit orientation of firms to be morally counterintuitive. Most of everyday morality is aimed at getting people to act more cooperatively, whereas profit-maximization is essentially a free-rider strategy.","PeriodicalId":135734,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Ethics and Economics","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117164988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Adam Smith and the Study of Ethics in a Commercial Society 亚当·斯密与商业社会的伦理学研究
The Oxford Handbook of Ethics and Economics Pub Date : 2019-06-06 DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198793991.013.1
Stefanie Haeffele, V. Storr
{"title":"Adam Smith and the Study of Ethics in a Commercial Society","authors":"Stefanie Haeffele, V. Storr","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198793991.013.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198793991.013.1","url":null,"abstract":"Over time, the fields of economics and ethics have become more distinct with economics focusing on the rationality of actors, the incentives they face, and the outcomes of interacting within an amoral market setting. However, in the real world, economics and ethics are more interconnected. Humans are social and ethical beings regardless of setting. Recent studies have shown that individuals reward trustworthiness, punish dishonesty, and can develop meaningful social bonds within markets. Economists, seeking to better understand the world, should incorporate ethics into their economics. We argue that Adam Smith is an exemplar of pursuing a fuller approach to social science, and utilize his arguments on both economics and ethics to advance a study of ethical markets.","PeriodicalId":135734,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Ethics and Economics","volume":"105 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124840625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Ethics and, in, and for Labor Markets 伦理与劳动力市场
The Oxford Handbook of Ethics and Economics Pub Date : 2019-06-06 DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198793991.013.23
M. Mcpherson, Debra M. Satz
{"title":"Ethics and, in, and for Labor Markets","authors":"M. Mcpherson, Debra M. Satz","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198793991.013.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198793991.013.23","url":null,"abstract":"The fact that labor markets have endogenous effects, that labor contracts are incomplete, and that workers and owners have some conflicting interests, distinguishes them from other types of markets such as markets in wheat or gadgets. In this chapter, we explore the consequences of the special nature of labor markets for three specific issues: unemployment, the rise of the gig economy, and the nature and organization of work in a just society. Each of these issues involves the complex interplay of economic considerations with ethics, which implicate considerations such as freedom and coercion, inequality and fairness, and efficiency and productivity.","PeriodicalId":135734,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Ethics and Economics","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130905617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Cost-Benefit Analysis and Social Welfare Functions 成本效益分析与社会福利函数
The Oxford Handbook of Ethics and Economics Pub Date : 2019-06-06 DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198793991.013.3
M. Adler
{"title":"Cost-Benefit Analysis and Social Welfare Functions","authors":"M. Adler","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198793991.013.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198793991.013.3","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter describes and compares the two most important policy-analysis methodologies in economics: cost-benefit analysis (CBA) and the social-welfare-function (SWF) framework. Both approaches are consequentialist and welfarist; both are typically combined with a preference-based view of well-being. Despite these similarities, the two methodologies differ in significant ways. CBA translates well-being impacts into monetary equivalents, and ranks outcomes according to the sum total of monetary equivalents. By contrast, the SWF framework relies upon an interpersonally comparable measure of well-being. Each possible outcome is mapped onto a list (vector) of these well-being numbers, one for each person in the population; the ranking of outcomes, then, is driven by some rule (the SWF) for ranking these well-being vectors. The utilitarian SWF and the prioritarian family of SWFs (each corresponding to well-developed positions in moral philosophy) are especially plausible. The case for using CBA rather than one of these SWFs is weak—or so the chapter argues.","PeriodicalId":135734,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Ethics and Economics","volume":"117 15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126401932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
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