SRPN: Carbon Reduction (Topic)最新文献

{"title":"Regional Cooperation Towards Green Asia: Trade and Investment","authors":"K. Kalirajan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2038161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2038161","url":null,"abstract":"It is logical to argue that growth led by low-carbon goods and services (LCGS) is an imperative for the countries of Asia and the Pacific, and particularly for emerging Asian economies, which are heavily dependent on imported energy and resources. Acknowledging this fact, individual governments in Asia have recently been taking effective actions in the form of voluntary targets and policy commitments to improve the production and use of LCGS. However, the observed effects of these commitments are often challenged by many constraints, such as technological barriers, financial deficiencies, and lack of human capital, some of which are very specific to developing Asia. Different sector policies—such as in trade and environment—and investment policies that aim to facilitate private enterprises, households, and government agencies to contribute to green growth through the use of LCGS are being implemented at the national level. However, fears of competitive disadvantage mean that these policies need to be driven by global and regional frameworks that encompass all countries and sectors. In this context, the objectives of this study are to (i) measure the potential of major emerging Asian economies for exports in LCGS under the \"grand coalition,\" partial coalition, and stand-alone scenarios; (ii) measure the impact of existing \"behind the border\" constraints on potential exports in emerging Asian economies; (iii) identify the potential, options, and challenges with respect to a grand coalition scenario; and (iv) find ways to improve the contribution of public–private partnerships to LCGS.","PeriodicalId":135089,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Carbon Reduction (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134031066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"REDD and Indigenous Peoples in Brazil","authors":"A. Long","doi":"10.4337/9781781001806.00019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4337/9781781001806.00019","url":null,"abstract":"Brazil contains roughly one-third of the world’s remaining tropical forest and nearly half a million indigenous people, many of whom are largely or entirely dependent upon forest resources for subsistence and cultural survival. For decades, its deforestation has been among the most extensive in the world and its indigenous peoples have suffered as a direct result. Recent changes in Brazilian national policy have begun to restrain forest clearing and incursions into indigenous territories, but these policies remain politically vulnerable and climate change threatens to accelerate damage to the Amazon and its peoples. Thus, Brazil faces an urgent need to secure long-term forest protection measures that can enhance the resilience of its indigenous peoples. Brazil’s relatively developed institutional infrastructure, extensive forests, and recent embrace of environmental priorities have made it a leading actor in the emerging REDD (“reduced emissions from deforestations and degradation”) program that seeks to compensate for avoided greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation. Successful development of REDD would preserve large stretches of Amazon rainforest, yielding major climate change mitigation benefits and potentially securing the future of engaged indigenous tribes. Indigenous peoples are not only potential beneficiaries of REDD , but also crucial to its success because they control over twenty percent of the Brazilian Amazon and possess traditional knowledge related to a long history of successful forest management. However, the benefits of REDD for indigenous peoples remain deeply uncertain. REDD may undermine traditional indigenous forest activities unless it is carefully designed to preserve them. More difficult design challenges arise with regard to assuring equitable distribution of REDD benefits for tribes and, potentially, among members of a tribe. Most troubling, the bedrock of equitable implementation – free, prior, and informed consent – remains uncertain. Moreover, questions regarding cross-cultural communication and the ability of apparent leaders to legitimately bind tribal members persist for many tribes with limited exposure to nonindigenous society. This chapter emphasizes the importance of indigenous peoples for Brazil’s successful engagement in REDD , particularly because of their traditional knowledge and strong record of forest management. At the same time, however, the chapter maintains that equitable and effective engagement of indigenous peoples in REDD demands careful design of international and Brazilian law to address risks before indigenous peoples are encouraged to enter long-term REDD arrangements. Even with such law in place, challenges involving indigenous understanding and consent may prove insurmountable for tribes unfamiliar with the worldview underlying economic approaches such as REDD . Therefore, the chapter concludes that net benefits for indigenous peoples in Brazil can only be secured if REDD engagement o","PeriodicalId":135089,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Carbon Reduction (Topic)","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121352495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbon Leakage Measures and Border Tax Adjustments Under WTO Law","authors":"Joost Pauwelyn","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2026879","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2026879","url":null,"abstract":"One of the major obstacles toward the adoption of mandatory limits on greenhouse gas emissions is the impact of such limits on the international competitiveness of domestic firms. Limits on greenhouse gas emissions – be they in the form of regulation, a carbon tax or a cap-and-trade system – may impose extra costs on domestic industries. Where foreign firms do not bear similar costs, domestic firms may lose their competitive edge. In particular, with a domestic climate policy in place, imports from countries without mandatory carbon restrictions may gain a price advantage over domestic goods. It is exactly this asymmetry that led the US Senate to reject the Kyoto Protocol , an international agreement that did not require emission cuts from developing countries. The competitiveness impact of climate change policy may play out both at home (on the domestic market) and abroad (on world markets). It can be particularly acute for energy-intensive manufacturers such as the iron and steel, aluminium, cement, glass, chemicals and pulp and paper industries.This paper examines the extent to which domestic climate policy could alleviate this competitiveness concern. More particularly, the paper assesses the limits imposed by World Trade Organization (‘WTO’) agreements on possible competitiveness provisions in climate legislation. Such competitiveness provisions would essentially aim at leveling the playing field by imposing the same or similar costs on imports, as domestic climate policy imposes on domestic production. To level the playing field on world markets, exports could also be exempted from domestic climate restrictions. As WTO Members are internationally bound by WTO law, any competitiveness provision that violates WTO agreements risks a challenge by trading partners before the WTO dispute settlement body. If competitiveness provisions were to be used as a sweetener to enable the adoption of domestic climate legislation, the WTO consistency of such provisions is, therefore, crucial.Section 2 briefly examines the policy reasons for and against competitiveness provisions in climate legislation and discusses recent initiatives to this effect. Section 3 explains how competitiveness provisions can take the form of trade measures, but that non-trade alternatives are also available. Section 4 elaborates on the types of trade restrictions that would most likely not pass WTO muster (import bans, punitive tariffs, anti-dumping duties and countervailing (anti-subsidy) duties). Finally, Sections 5 and 6 provide alternatives that the WTO would most likely accept. First, a carbon tax or emission allowance requirement on imports could be framed as WTO permissible ‘border adjustment’ of a domestic carbon tax or cap-and-trade system (Section 5). Crucially, if such ‘border adjustment’ does not discriminate imports as against domestic products (national treatment), and does not discriminate some imports as against others (most-favoured nation treatment), this type of","PeriodicalId":135089,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Carbon Reduction (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129217373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimates of Statewide and Nationwide Carbon Dioxide Emission Reductions and Their Costs From Cash for Clunkers","authors":"Edmund J. Zolnik","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1934706","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1934706","url":null,"abstract":"Vehicle scrappage programs which provide private owners with inducements to scrap their older, less-fuel efficient vehicles offer the promise to both increase consumer spending on private vehicles and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The Cash for Clunkers program enacted in 2009 is the first nationwide incarnation of such a program in the United States where past programs have been confined to specific regions and states. While measuring the success of such programs in terms of sales is straightforward, measuring their success in terms of greenhouse gas emission reductions is not. Much of the difficulty in estimating these reductions relates to projecting how private vehicle owners will use their newer, more fuel efficient vehicles. Using cross-sectional data on how the trade-in vehicles were typically used as well as projected usage increases due to the rebound effect (improvements in fuel efficiency cause more usage), this study estimates emission reductions and their costs for two different vehicle usage scenarios. Estimates from the two scenarios indicate that the nationwide effects of the Cash for Clunkers program on carbon dioxide emissions are modest, at best. Exploration of statewide carbon dioxide emission reductions and costs from Cash for Clunkers indicates that, as suggested by the literature, the environmental benefits of vehicle scrappage programs are limited.","PeriodicalId":135089,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Carbon Reduction (Topic)","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133923387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Economically Optimal Retrofit Investment Options for Energy Savings in Buildings","authors":"Gürkan Kumbaroglu, R. Madlener","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1950577","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1950577","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, a techno-economic evaluation methodology for energy retrofit of buildings is introduced, geared towards finding the economically optimal set of retrofit measures. Split incentives of building owners and users are considered explicitly in a conventional (static) evaluation to identify the investment alternatives maximizing the net present value (NPV). Energy price uncertainty for various distributional assumptions of the stochastic variables is addressed through Monte Carlo simulation. Results from the simulation are used to compute probabilities and expected NPVs. Based on this, a sequential (dynamic) evaluation methodology is developed, featuring a real options investment appraisal. The methodological advancements introduced are applied to an office building, illustrating the model’s performance. The case study results indicate that energy price changes significantly affect the profitability of retrofit investments, and that increased price volatility creates a substantial value of waiting, making it more rational to postpone the investment. Further insight is gained on various aspects of economic decision-making concerning energy retrofit of buildings.","PeriodicalId":135089,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Carbon Reduction (Topic)","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122771049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How Can Nigeria Maximize the Benefits of CDM?","authors":"Nneka Iyabode Eze","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.1653003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.1653003","url":null,"abstract":"Nigeria is a country heavily dependent on fossil fuels and also a member of OPEC. CDM is multifaceted mechanisms in which developing countries can achieve sustainable development and also generate carbon credits to aid Annex I countries reduce emission. For a country like Nigeria that is heavily dependent on carbonised fuel, by ratifying the Kyoto Protocol, and adopting the CDM they have agreed to indulge in activities that would reduce GHG emissions. My question is that are there policies and structures in place for the CDM to work effectively? Do they have the administrative capacity to achieve the objectives of the CDM? I intend to examine the policies that have been adopted by countries like India and China where CDM has prospered and also point out the story so far in Nigeria.","PeriodicalId":135089,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Carbon Reduction (Topic)","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130258066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards Real Energy Economics: Energy Policy Driven by Life-Cycle Carbon Emission","authors":"R. Kenny, C. Law, Joshua M. Pearce","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2010157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2010157","url":null,"abstract":"Alternative energy technologies (AETs) have emerged as a solution to the challenge of simultaneously meeting rising electricity demand while reducing carbon emissions. However, as all AETs are responsible for some greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions during their construction, carbon emission \"Ponzi Schemes\" are currently possible, wherein an AET industry expands so quickly that the GHG emissions prevented by a given technology are negated to fabricate the next wave of AET deployment. In an era where there are physical constraints to the GHG emissions the climate can sustain in the short term this may be unacceptable. To provide quantitative solutions to this problem, this paper introduces the concept of dynamic carbon life-cycle analyses, which generate carbon-neutral growth rates. These conceptual tools become increasingly important as the world transitions to a low-carbon economy by reducing fossil fuel combustion. In choosing this method of evaluation it was possible to focus uniquely on reducing carbon emissions to the recommended levels by outlining the most carbon-effective approach to climate change mitigation. The results of using dynamic life-cycle analysis provide policy makers with standardized information that will drive the optimization of electricity generation for effective climate change mitigation.","PeriodicalId":135089,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Carbon Reduction (Topic)","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134515670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spot and Future Prices of Carbon Emission Reduction Trading of NCDEX India: An Econometric Study","authors":"Barnali Chaklader","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1541636","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1541636","url":null,"abstract":"With growing concerns among nations to curb pollution levels while maintaining the growth in their economic activities, the emission trading (ET) industry has become active. As per Multi-Commodity Exchange of India, with the increasing ratification of Kyoto Protocol (KP) by countries and rising social accountability of polluting industries in the developed nations, the carbon emissions trading is likely to emerge as a multibillion-dollar market in global emissions trading. Carbon credits are a tradeable permit scheme. They provide a way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by giving them a monetary value. Carbon Emission Reduction (CER) is treated in the derivative trading market as a commodity. In India this is new commodity to be traded in Indian derivative market. It started trading in National Commodity and Derivatives Exchange Ltd (NCDEX), India from the month of April, 2008. Background and objective of the study: The trading of Carbon credit started in NCDEX commodity market from April 2008. NCDEX is a public limited company incorporated on April 23, 2003 under the Companies Act, 1956. It obtained its Certificate for Commencement of Business on May 9, 2003. It commenced its operations on December 15, 2003 regulated by forward market commission. Since the CER trading started in the NCDEX spot and future market, it was attempted to find out a causal link between the two and also to study whether the two are co integrated. Motivation for the Study: It was also observed as per my knowledge, no study has been made in Carbon trading derivative market in India which motivated me to undertake this research work. Objective of the Study: 1. Study whether causality exists between CER spot market and CER future market and vice versa. 2. Study whether CER spot and future market are cointegrated. Research Methodology: The daily closing data of NCDEX CER spot index and NCDEX CER future index from April 10th, 2008 till March 31st, 2009 was taken. A unit route test through Phillips-Perron test was conducted at level which again showed that the data are non stationary. Granger Causality test was conducted after converting the non stationary data as stationary at first difference. Also, a Johansen co-integration test was conducted to test whether co integration exists between the two.","PeriodicalId":135089,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Carbon Reduction (Topic)","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122123197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of the CDM on Poverty Eradication and Global Climate Protection","authors":"D. Rübbelke, N. Rive","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1314207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1314207","url":null,"abstract":"In an impure public good model we analyze the effects of CDM transfers on poverty as well as on the global climate protection level. We construct an analytical model of a developing and an industrialized region, both of which independently seek to maximize their utility – a function of private consumption, domestic air quality, and global climate protection. They do so by distributing their finite expenditures across (1) the aggregate consumption good, (2) end-of-pipe pollution control technologies, and (3) greenhouse gas abatement. Based on our analytical findings, we develop two sets of simulations for China in which we vary the rate of the CDM transfer. The simulations differ by the assumption of China’s domestic air quality policy – the first assumes a technology-standards policy which fixes a level of end-of-pipe SO2 control, whereas the second assumes a technology-neutral policy which simply fixes the level of total SO2 emissions.","PeriodicalId":135089,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Carbon Reduction (Topic)","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128267444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Empirical Investigation of Environmental Performance and the Market Value of the Firm","authors":"B. Jacobs, V. Singhal, Ravi Subramanian","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1320721","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1320721","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyzes the shareholder value effects of environmental performance by measuring the stock market reaction associated with announcements of environmental performance. We examine the market reaction to two categories of environmental performance. The first category includes 430 announcements of Corporate Environmental Initiatives (CEIs) that provide information about self-reported corporate efforts to avoid, mitigate, or offset the environmental impacts of the firm's products, services, or processes. The second category includes 381 announcements of Environmental Awards and Certifications (EACs) that provide information about recognition granted by third parties specifically for environmental performance. Although the market does not react significantly to the aggregated CEI and EAC announcements, we find statistically significant market reactions for certain CEI and EAC subcategories. Specifically, announcements of philanthropic gifts for environmental causes are associated with significant positive market reaction, voluntary emissions reductions are associated with significant negative market reaction, and ISO 14001 certifications are associated with significant positive market reaction. The difference between the market reactions to the CEI and EAC categories is statistically insignificant. Overall, we find that the market is selective in reacting to announcements of environmental performance with certain types of announcements even valued negatively.","PeriodicalId":135089,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Carbon Reduction (Topic)","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132960726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}