IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery最新文献

筛选
英文 中文
Effects of Corona Discharge from the Grounding Tip on Charge Evolution of Wall Bushing 接地端电晕放电对壁套电荷演化的影响
IF 3.8 2区 工程技术
IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery Pub Date : 2025-04-07 DOI: 10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3556924
Zheng Bai;Yuanxiang Zhou;Yunxiao Zhang;Xin Huang;Xiongjie Xie;Taiwei Liu
{"title":"Effects of Corona Discharge from the Grounding Tip on Charge Evolution of Wall Bushing","authors":"Zheng Bai;Yuanxiang Zhou;Yunxiao Zhang;Xin Huang;Xiongjie Xie;Taiwei Liu","doi":"10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3556924","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3556924","url":null,"abstract":"Manufacturers consider that the grounding tip near the wall bushing flange is a potentially important factor in several sheath perforation accidents. Taking a ±100 kV true type SF<sub>6</sub> gas-insulated bushing as a typical wall bushing, this paper tests the impact of the nearby grounding tip on the charge accumulation. Based on the experiment results, we propose the three-dimensional nonlinear conduction model to unravel the charge accumulation process and the three-dimensional corona ion migration model to clarify the corona process. It is concluded that the consumption of gas ions leads to the nonlinear charge relaxation process. When the corona of grounding tip incepts, numerous ions are generated, forming an “overcharge” phenomenon. The electric field at the insulator-sheds interface and the SF<sub>6</sub>-insulator interface increases compared to the normal condition, with non-uniform distribution along the circumferential direction. Material inhomogeneity amplifies electric field distortion and creates insulation weaknesses, making insulation aging more likely and potentially leading to a slowly developing electrical tree breakdown process. The length of the needle tip affects the duration of the corona effect; an excessively long needle tip can cause a sustained corona discharge. This research provides a foundation for bushing accidents analysis and operation reliability improvement.","PeriodicalId":13498,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery","volume":"40 3","pages":"1682-1693"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143797686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Magnetic Field Estimation in AC Three-Core Armored Power Cables 交流三芯铠装电力电缆的磁场估计
IF 3.8 2区 工程技术
IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery Pub Date : 2025-04-03 DOI: 10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3557574
Konstantina Bitsi;Andreas I. Chrysochos;Dimitrios Chatzipetros;Dimitrios Gkitsos
{"title":"Magnetic Field Estimation in AC Three-Core Armored Power Cables","authors":"Konstantina Bitsi;Andreas I. Chrysochos;Dimitrios Chatzipetros;Dimitrios Gkitsos","doi":"10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3557574","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3557574","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid growth of offshore renewable energy projects has led to the increased usage of submarine cables, which are necessary for the power transmission to the mainland. In their majority, these are AC, three-core (3 C) armored power cables. The environmental impact of such cable installations has not been fully evaluated yet, although concerns have been raised about potential harmful consequences on the balance of natural ecosystems due to the emitted magnetic field. The armor existence and the twisted cable geometry make the magnetic field calculations in the vicinity of such cables more challenging than existing analytical methods which only consider straight or helically twisted conductors. Other, existing works account for the cable twisting effects when computing the field produced by AC, 3 C armored cables via numerical methods. A more accurate numerical method, accounting for the field-dependent magnetic permeability, is suggested in the present paper. The problem of magnetic field calculation around the cable is approached also analytically and a sufficiently accurate, faster solution is provided. Both methods are validated against experimental measurements, achieving an agreement better than that cited in the literature. Various design aspects, such as the conductor size, armor magnetic permeability and armor lay length, are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":13498,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery","volume":"40 3","pages":"1563-1573"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143775387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Differential Protection Method of Stator and Rotor Current With Different Frequencies for Variable Speed Pumped Storage Units 变速抽水蓄能机组定子、转子电流不同频率差动保护方法
IF 3.8 2区 工程技术
IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery Pub Date : 2025-04-03 DOI: 10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3557905
Jian Qiao;Haoyuan Yu;Yikai Wang;Kai Wang;Xin Yin;Linxu Chen
{"title":"Differential Protection Method of Stator and Rotor Current With Different Frequencies for Variable Speed Pumped Storage Units","authors":"Jian Qiao;Haoyuan Yu;Yikai Wang;Kai Wang;Xin Yin;Linxu Chen","doi":"10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3557905","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3557905","url":null,"abstract":"Rotor winding short-circuit fault (RWSF) is a common fault type of variable speed pumped storage unit (VSPSU). However, the RWSF protection in engineering typically depends on the integrated over-current protection of the AC excitation system, which has poor sensitivity to reflect the RWSF and makes it difficult to fulfill the requirements of safe operation of VSPSU. Inspired by transformer differential protection, a different frequency differential protection method using both stator and rotor phase currents is proposed. In terms of working principle and structure, the stator and rotor windings of the VSPSU are similar to the primary and secondary windings of the transformer, and there are conditions for differential protection. Furthermore, the Clark transformation is used to analyze the characteristic changes of stator and rotor currents after the RWSF. On this basis, the criterion form of different frequency differential protection is constructed based on the trapezoidal area method. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by dynamic simulation experiments.","PeriodicalId":13498,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery","volume":"40 3","pages":"1531-1539"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143775388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Cost-Efficient Hybrid Converter for Large-Scale Offshore Wind Power Transmission 用于大规模海上风电传输的低成本混合变流器
IF 3.8 2区 工程技术
IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery Pub Date : 2025-04-03 DOI: 10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3557586
Huichen Gan;Huangqing Xiao;Ying Huang;Lidong Zhang
{"title":"Cost-Efficient Hybrid Converter for Large-Scale Offshore Wind Power Transmission","authors":"Huichen Gan;Huangqing Xiao;Ying Huang;Lidong Zhang","doi":"10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3557586","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3557586","url":null,"abstract":"As offshore wind farms increase in scale and distance, it is crucial to identify more economical and reliable converter technologies for far-offshore wind power (OWP) high voltage direct current transmission system. In this paper, a cost-efficient hybrid converter topology is proposed based on the scheme of diode rectifier unit (DRU) and modular multilevel converter (MMC) in parallel. Compared to the DRU and MMC station-parallel scheme, the proposed hybrid converter scheme eliminates the need for the transformer in DRU and ensures that no harmonics pass through the remaining converter transformer. Furthermore, the required sub-module capacitance of the proposed scheme is smaller, which is conducive to lower costs. The mathematical model of the hybrid converter is developed, and based on this model, the working principle, along with the harmonic transfer characteristics is analyzed. An active power coordination control strategy and a harmonic suppression strategy are proposed. The PSCAD/EMTDC results for a 1000 MW-OWP integration system with the hybrid converter verifies the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. Finally, a comparison with existing schemes and a detailed economic analysis are performed to demonstrate the superior advantages of the proposed scheme.","PeriodicalId":13498,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery","volume":"40 3","pages":"1621-1633"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143775516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Voltage Sag Evaluation in Power Grids Considering the Voltage Support Capabilities of Doubly-Fed Wind Farms During LVRT 考虑双馈风电场LVRT电压保障能力的电网电压暂降评估
IF 3.8 2区 工程技术
IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery Pub Date : 2025-04-03 DOI: 10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3557874
Yi Zhang;Jiazhong Zhang;Chuandong Li;Jieyu Ou;Wei Zhao;Shuqi Zhang
{"title":"Voltage Sag Evaluation in Power Grids Considering the Voltage Support Capabilities of Doubly-Fed Wind Farms During LVRT","authors":"Yi Zhang;Jiazhong Zhang;Chuandong Li;Jieyu Ou;Wei Zhao;Shuqi Zhang","doi":"10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3557874","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3557874","url":null,"abstract":"This paper introduces how doubly-fed wind farms can compensate for reactive power demands of the grid during low voltage ride through (LVRT) events, thereby providing voltage support. This capability significantly influences the assessment of voltage sag. To address this, this paper proposes a method for assessing voltage sags in the power grid that considers the voltage support capabilities of doubly-fed wind farm during LVRT. This method accurately characterizes the voltage support capability during LVRT by establishing a dynamic equivalent model of the wind farm. For each wind farm, the clustering is based on the Crowbar status determination as the primary clustering criterion, while the interconnected voltage at the point of common coupling (PCC), considering the mutual influence among multiple wind farms, is used as a correction factor for iterative clustering. By utilizing collaborative equivalence of multiple wind farms, the final dynamic equivalent model is determined. Subsequently, a comprehensive simulation of various grid fault scenarios is conducted to evaluate the voltage sag. The proposed method's accuracy and effectiveness have been validated through case studies.","PeriodicalId":13498,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery","volume":"40 3","pages":"1540-1553"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143775563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Comprehensive Full-Scale Converter Wind Park Initialization for Electromagnetic Transient Studies 综合全尺寸变流器风电场初始化电磁瞬变研究
IF 3.8 2区 工程技术
IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery Pub Date : 2025-04-03 DOI: 10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3551546
Juan Antonio Ocampo-Wilches;Jean Mahseredjian;Keijo Jacobs;Ahda G. Pavani;Haoyan Xue
{"title":"Comprehensive Full-Scale Converter Wind Park Initialization for Electromagnetic Transient Studies","authors":"Juan Antonio Ocampo-Wilches;Jean Mahseredjian;Keijo Jacobs;Ahda G. Pavani;Haoyan Xue","doi":"10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3551546","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3551546","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a comprehensive method for initializing the electromagnetic transient models of full-scale converter wind parks. The method uses the ac load-flow solution to initialize the mechanical model, the electrical components, the machine, the converter and the control systems. The effectiveness of the method is demonstrated through EMT simulations of three different power system benchmarks: an aggregated WP connected to a small transmission grid, a detailed WP model with wind turbines connected to a small transmission grid, and a large-scale transmission grid with ten different aggregated WPs. The results show that the proposed method reduces computing times required to reach steady-state and consequently accelerates overall simulations.","PeriodicalId":13498,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery","volume":"40 3","pages":"1459-1468"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143775517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
DC Secondary Ripple Suppression Method for HCC-HVDC Under Asymmetric Grid Fault Conditions 非对称电网故障条件下hc - hvdc直流二次纹波抑制方法
IF 3.8 2区 工程技术
IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery Pub Date : 2025-04-02 DOI: 10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3557433
Lingfeng Deng;Xiaoping Zhou;Lerong Hong
{"title":"DC Secondary Ripple Suppression Method for HCC-HVDC Under Asymmetric Grid Fault Conditions","authors":"Lingfeng Deng;Xiaoping Zhou;Lerong Hong","doi":"10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3557433","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3557433","url":null,"abstract":"The hybrid commutation converter (HCC) based high voltage direct current (HVDC) system features controllable turn-off capability, eliminating commutation failure (CF) caused by single-phase grounding faults in the AC grid. However, under severe asymmetric grid fault conditions, significant voltage and current secondary ripples occur in the DC lines and lead to sending end renewable energy systems destabilizing or even off-grid, posing a serious threat to the stable operation of HVDC systems. To address this issue, this paper first investigates the DC secondary ripple generation mechanism and its transmission process between the sending and receiving ends. It finds that negative-sequence voltage at the receiving end grid is converted into DC voltage ripple by converter modulation, propagating through the DC line and controller to induce fluctuation in the sending end converter bus voltage. Then, a method for suppressing DC secondary ripple for HCC-HVDC is proposed, leveraging the wide-range firing angle adjustment capability of HCC. The method involves actively injecting a double-frequency disturbance signal into the inverter firing angle command. This enables the converter to trigger asymmetrically and introduces a negative-sequence component into the fundamental frequency-switching function. The negative-sequence component couples with the positive-sequence voltage of the AC grid to offset the DC voltage secondary ripple. Finally, a DC secondary ripple suppression controller (DCSRSC) is designed based on the proposed method and embedded in the HVDC control system. The controller dynamically adjusts the inverter's firing angle based on real-time detection of AC negative-sequence voltage, effectively suppressing DC secondary ripple and enhancing the stability of DC power transmission. Hardware-in-the-loop experiments validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.","PeriodicalId":13498,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery","volume":"40 3","pages":"1634-1646"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143775297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Main Protection Optimization Scheme for Generator Parallel Operation of Rotating Asynchronous Machine in Nuclear Power Plants 核电站旋转异步发电机并联运行主保护优化方案
IF 3.8 2区 工程技术
IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery Pub Date : 2025-04-02 DOI: 10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3557170
Yikai Wang;Chaozheng Xu;Jian Qiao;Zhihui Dai;Liming Tan;Xianggen Yin
{"title":"Main Protection Optimization Scheme for Generator Parallel Operation of Rotating Asynchronous Machine in Nuclear Power Plants","authors":"Yikai Wang;Chaozheng Xu;Jian Qiao;Zhihui Dai;Liming Tan;Xianggen Yin","doi":"10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3557170","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3557170","url":null,"abstract":"The Rotating Asynchronous Machine (RAM) system of a nuclear power plant provides a stable and reliable power supply for the control rod drive mechanism (CRDM) through two parallel generators. At present, the main protection of the generators in the RAM system is only configured with longitudinal differential protection, which cannot reflect the interturn short circuit fault and interbranch short circuit fault of the stator winding. Based on the characteristics of parallel connection of RAM generators in nuclear power plants, this article proposes a dual-generator split phase transverse differential protection and a dual-generator incomplete longitudinal differential protection. Through the internal fault set of the generator and the internal fault potential splitting model of the generator, the quantitative analysis of different main protection configuration schemes is carried out. It is concluded that the existing longitudinal differential protection and the incomplete longitudinal differential protection of two parallel generators can correctly reflect the vast majority of internal short-circuit faults. Finally, the dynamic experiment is carried out to prove the feasibility of the protection method in the actual unit operation.","PeriodicalId":13498,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery","volume":"40 3","pages":"1480-1492"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143775296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Partial Refactorization Techniques for Electromagnetic Transient Simulations 电磁瞬变仿真的部分重构技术
IF 3.8 2区 工程技术
IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery Pub Date : 2025-03-30 DOI: 10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3574482
Boris Bruned;Anas Abusalah;Jean Mahseredjian;Sébastien Dennetière;Omar Saad
{"title":"Partial Refactorization Techniques for Electromagnetic Transient Simulations","authors":"Boris Bruned;Anas Abusalah;Jean Mahseredjian;Sébastien Dennetière;Omar Saad","doi":"10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3574482","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3574482","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores partial refactorization techniques to accelerate the simulation of Electromagnetic Transients (EMTs) in power systems. Direct sparse left-looking LU factorization from the KLU solver is used to solve network equations. The refactorization step can be time-consuming if the factorized matrix varies often as the simulation involves power electronics switching or nonlinear devices. A path-based partial refactorization technique is proposed to accelerate the re-computation of LU factors. In the left-looking algorithm, only a subset of columns that belong to the computed factorization path are refactorized. In addition, Block Triangular Factorization (BTF) is enhanced through partial refactorization, which further accelerates computation through smaller, evolving submatrices. The new techniques are tested on large power grids. Substantial performance gains are achieved.","PeriodicalId":13498,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery","volume":"40 4","pages":"1795-1801"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144183931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Mean-Shift Cross Energy Operator for Spectral Change Detection in Low Quality Harmonic Signals 低质量谐波信号频谱变化检测的均值移交叉能量算子
IF 3.8 2区 工程技术
IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery Pub Date : 2025-03-30 DOI: 10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3575302
Ravi Yadav;Ashok Kumar Pradhan
{"title":"Mean-Shift Cross Energy Operator for Spectral Change Detection in Low Quality Harmonic Signals","authors":"Ravi Yadav;Ashok Kumar Pradhan","doi":"10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3575302","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3575302","url":null,"abstract":"The efficacy of power quality monitoring is influenced by data quality issues such as phase errors, bad data, etc. Specifically, harmonic change detection suffers with low-quality data and requires adaptive methods. Therefore, this letter proposes a novel mean-shift cross-energy operator for spectral change detection in the time domain with data-quality adaptability. The method quantifies spectral similarity between signal pairs as the mean difference of cross-energy without the influence of data errors. It is a powerful non-linear bivariate energy operator that extends the Teager cross-energy concept to multi-component signals, provides time-domain spectral change detection, and high dynamic sensitivity. For static snapshots of signals, the method is suitable in detecting change in harmonic composition or frequencies, irrespective of amplitude or phase, whereas during dynamic tracking, it captures changes in both the harmonic composition and amplitude/phase. It is tested with multitude of data quality issues in power measurements in Matlab/Simulink and with real-system data for ground current to distribution transformer at Kharagpur, India.","PeriodicalId":13498,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery","volume":"40 4","pages":"2439-2442"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144183930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
0
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
确定
请完成安全验证×
相关产品
×
本文献相关产品
联系我们:info@booksci.cn Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。 Copyright © 2023 布克学术 All rights reserved.
京ICP备2023020795号-1
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:604180095
Book学术官方微信