IIUM Engineering Journal最新文献

{"title":"PARAMETRIC OPTIMIZATION OF OIL PALM MESOCARP FIBER VALORIZATION WITH HYBRID OZONATION-ULTRASONIC PRETREATMENT METHOD","authors":"Didi Dwi Anggoro, I. Kusuma Dewi, Luqman Buchori, Aji Prasetyaningrum","doi":"10.31436/iiumej.v24i2.2717","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v24i2.2717","url":null,"abstract":"Oil palm mesocarp fiber is a promising lignocellulosic biomass as a raw material for valorizing biomass into more valuable products such as second-generation biofuels, biocomposites, or bioenergy. However, the lignin composition present in lignocellulosic biomass provides resistance to the valorization process and protects the cellulose composition, thereby limiting the conversion of cellulose into more valuable products. The hybrid ozonation-ultrasonic method as a lignin-degrading method is starting to be considered an effective method. Additionally, a Box-Behnken Design (BBD) was employed to investigate each independent variable's effect on pretreatment process conditions using the response surface methodology (RSM), namely reaction time (30-90) min, reaction temperature (20 -40) oC and ozone flow rate (1-3) L/min to the response of the percentage of lignin degradation (%). The optimum condition of the pretreatment process is determined using the desirability function graph. The results showed that reaction time, reaction temperature, and ozone flow rate had a significant effect on lignin degradation (p <0.05). The optimum conditions obtained the highest percentage of lignin degradation, namely 92.08% at a reaction temperature of 30 oC with an ozone flow rate of 2 L/min for 60 minutes reaction time. The decrease in lignin absorption peaks at 1638 cm-1 and 1427 cm-1 was supported by the results of the analysis of increased crystallinity in the sample after the pretreatment of lignin degradation to 80.20% and was validated by changes in the morphology of the mesocarp fiber after the pretreatment process indicating that the lignin compound had been successfully degraded from cellulose products of mesocarp fibers.\u0000ABSTRAK: Sabut gentian kelapa sawit berpotensi sebagai bahan mentah biojisim lignoselulosa bagi menambah nilai produk biojisim seperti bahan bio api generasi kedua, biokomposit atau biotenaga. Walau bagaimanapun, komposisi lignin yang wujud dalam biojisim lignoselulosa menentang proses tambah nilai dan melindungi komposisi selulosa, dengan itu mengehadkan penukaran selulosa kepada produk yang lebih berharga. Kaedah hibrid ozonasi-ultrasonik sebagai kaedah merendahkan lignin, mula mendapat perhatian sebagai kaedah berkesan. Selain itu, Reka Bentuk Kotak-Behnken (BBD) telah digunakan bagi menyiasat setiap kesan pembolehubah bebas pada keadaan proses prarawatan menggunakan kaedah permukaan tindak balas (RSM), iaitu masa tindak balas (30-90) min, suhu tindak balas (20 -40) oC dan kadar aliran ozon (1-3) L/min terhadap tindak balas pada peratusan degradasi lignin (%). Keadaan optimum bagi proses prarawatan ditentukan menggunakan graf fungsi keboleh inginan. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa masa tindak balas, suhu tindak balas, dan kadar aliran ozon mempunyai kesan yang signifikan terhadap degradasi lignin (p<0.05). Keadaan optimum peratusan degradasi lignin tertinggi adalah pada 92.08% pada suhu tindak balas 30 oC dengan kadar aliran ozon 2 L","PeriodicalId":13439,"journal":{"name":"IIUM Engineering Journal","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78288539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ENHANCING SUSTAINABILITY INDEX PARAMETER USING ANFIS COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE MODEL","authors":"Diah Septiyana, M. Rahman, T. F. Ariff, N. A. Sukindar, E. Adesta","doi":"10.31436/iiumej.v24i2.2810","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v24i2.2810","url":null,"abstract":"The scarcity of water resource is an essential global issue in the 21st century. Therefore, one of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) was to ensure the availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation. To do this, it is necessary to assess whether or not the SDG has been followed using the sustainability index. However, there are a lot of sustainability indexes and many of them have the same problem, in which all sustainability index parameters have the same weightage. This problem shows us that every parameter in the sustainability index is equal, while in real life there is no equal parameter. In this paper a weightage for each parameter is proposed to enhance the sustainability index. The method to assess the sustainability index parameters was using a questionnaire by key experts in the water industry. Using ANFIS computational intelligence, the result of the assessment was then fit to the frequent parameters that exist in other sustainability indexes. This proposed method can produce a ranking and weight for each sustainability index parameter and criteria. Using this method, the weightage for each sustainability index parameter can be generated, such as environmental 0.301, engineering 0.214, economic 0.280, and social 0.205.\u0000ABSTRAK: Kekurangan sumber air merupakan isu global yang penting dalam abad ke-21. Oleh itu, salah satu Matlamat Pembangunan Mampan (SDG) adalah bagi memastikan ketersediaan dan pengurusan air dan sanitasi yang berterusan. Bagi melaksanakan ini, adalah perlu untuk menilai sama ada SDG telah diikuti atau tidak menggunakan indeks kemampanan. Walau bagaimanapun, terdapat banyak indeks kemampanan dan kebanyakannya mempunyai masalah yang sama, di mana semua parameter indeks kemampanan mempunyai pemberat yang sama. Masalah ini menunjukkan kepada kita bahawa setiap parameter indeks kemampanan adalah sama, manakala dalam kehidupan sebenar tiada parameter yang sama. Kajian ini merupakan cadangan wajaran pemberat bagi setiap parameter bagi meningkatkan indeks kemampanan. Kaedah bagi menilai parameter indeks kemampanan adalah menggunakan soal selidik oleh pakar utama dalam industri air. Menggunakan kecerdasan pengiraan ANFIS, hasil penilaian kemudiannya diselaraskan dengan parameter kerap yang wujud dalam indeks kemampanan lain. Kaedah yang dicadangkan ini boleh menghasilkan pemeringkatan dan pemberat bagi setiap parameter dan kriteria indeks kemampanan. Menggunakan kaedah ini, wajaran pemberat bagi setiap parameter indeks kemampanan dapat dijana, seperti persekitaran 0.301, kejuruteraan 0.214, ekonomi 0.280, dan sosial 0.205.\u0000ABSTRAK: Kekurangan sumber air merupakan isu global yang penting dalam abad ke-21. Oleh itu, salah satu Matlamat Pembangunan Mampan (SDG) adalah bagi memastikan ketersediaan dan pengurusan air dan sanitasi yang berterusan. Bagi melaksanakan ini, adalah perlu untuk menilai sama ada SDG telah diikuti atau tidak menggunakan indeks kemampanan. Walau bagaimanapun, terdapat banyak indeks kemam","PeriodicalId":13439,"journal":{"name":"IIUM Engineering Journal","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81348350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A ROBUST FRAMEWORK FOR DRIVER FATIGUE DETECTION FROM EEG SIGNALS USING ENHANCEMENT OF MODIFIED Z-SCORE AND MULTIPLE MACHINE LEARNING ARCHITECTURES","authors":"R. Abdubrani, M. Mustafa, Zarith Liyana Zahari","doi":"10.31436/iiumej.v24i2.2799","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v24i2.2799","url":null,"abstract":"Physiological signals, such as electroencephalogram (EEG), are used to observe a driver’s brain activities. A portable EEG system provides several advantages, including ease of operation, cost-effectiveness, portability, and few physical restrictions. However, it can be challenging to analyse EEG signals as they often contain various artefacts, including muscle activities, eye blinking, and unwanted noises. This study utilised an independent component analysis (ICA) approach to eliminate such unwanted signals from the unprocessed EEG data of 12 young, physically fit male participants between the ages of 19 and 24 who took part in a driving simulation. Furthermore, driver fatigue state detection was carried out using multichannel EEG signals obtained from O1, O2, Fp1, Fp2, P3, P4, F3, and F4. An enhanced modified z-score was utilised with features extracted from a time-frequency domain continuous wavelet transform (CWT) to elevate the reliability of driver fatigue classification. The proposed methodology offers several advantages. First, multichannel EEG analysis improves the accuracy of sleep stage detection, which is vital for accurate driver fatigue detection. Second, an enhanced modified z-score in feature extraction is more robust than conventional z-score techniques, making it more effective for removing outlier values and improving classification accuracy. Third, the proposed approach for detecting driver fatigue employs multiple machine learning classifiers, such as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs), Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) that utilise Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), and also machine learning techniques like Support Vector Machines (SVM). The evaluation of five classifiers was performed through 5-fold cross-validation. The outcomes indicate that the suggested framework attains exceptional precision in identifying driver fatigue, with an average accuracy rate of 96.07%. Among the classifiers, the ANN classifier achieved the most significant precision of 99.65%, and the SVM classifier ranked second with an accuracy of 97.89%. Based on the results of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and area under the curve (AUC) analysis, it was observed that all the classifiers had an outstanding performance, with an average AUC value of 0.95. This study’s contribution lies in presenting a comprehensive and effective framework that can accurately detect driver fatigue from EEG signals.\u0000ABSTRAK:  Isyarat fisiologi, seperti elektroencefalogram (EEG), digunakan bagi memerhati aktiviti otak pemandu. Sistem EEG mudah alih menyediakan beberapa kelebihan, termasuk kemudahan operasi, keberkesanan kos, mudah alih dan sedikit sekatan fizikal. Namun, isyarat EEG mungkin sukar dianalisis kerana ia sering mengandungi pelbagai artifak, termasuk aktiviti otot, mata berkedip dan bunyi yang tidak diingini. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan analisis komponen bebas (ICA) bagi membuang isyarat tidak diperlukan daripada ","PeriodicalId":13439,"journal":{"name":"IIUM Engineering Journal","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80514595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"USE OF TIO2 AS A REINFORCEMENT OF CASSAVA STARCH/PVA COMPOSITES ON MOISTURE-RESISTANT PROPERTIES OF TRIBOELECTRIC NANOGENERATORS (TENG) FILM","authors":"Aris Ansori, S. Soeparman, D. Widhiyanuriyawan, T. Widodo","doi":"10.31436/iiumej.v24i2.2554","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v24i2.2554","url":null,"abstract":"High humidity environments can accelerate the transmission, neutralization, or dissipation of frictional charges on the frictional surface of solid-solid triboelectric nanogenerator films (TENGs), which can reduce the output power. The moisture resistance properties of the TENG triboelectric film are needed to overcome these problems. Therefore, this study discusses the role of the TiO2 nanofiller in cassava starch (CS) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanocomposite matrix that can increase triboelectricity through the formation of hydrogen bonds and the provision of oxygen-free electrons. The research method was to incorporate different concentrations of TiO2 nanoparticles (0%, 0.5%, 1%, 5%, 10% wt, and 15% wt) into the CS-PVA nanocomposite matrix using the solvent casting method. The results showed an increase in surface polarity which was more triboelectric-positive due to the CS-PVA hydroxyl group interacting with water molecules. Increasing the concentration above 5% wt TiO2 increases the density of the CS-PVA nanocomposite film which can significantly reduce water vapor permeability (WVP) and increase water resistance. The TENG performance of the CS-PVA/TiO2 nanocomposite film with a concentration of 15% wt TiO2 under conditions of high humidity (RH, 95%) resulted in an output voltage of 2.5-fold (~70.5 V to ~180 V), and the output current increased 2.6-fold (~5.2 ?A to ~13.7 ?A).\u0000ABSTRAK:  Persekitaran berkelembapan tinggi dapat mempercepatkan penghantaran, peneutralan, atau pelesapan cas geseran pada permukaan geseran filem nanopengeluaran triboelektrik pepejal (TENG), di mana mengurangkan pengeluaran tenaga. Sifat rintangan lembapan filem triboelektrik TENG diperlukan bagi mengatasi masalah ini. Oleh itu, kajian ini membincangkan peranan pengisi nano TiO2 dalam matriks nanokomposit kanji ubi kayu (CS) dan polivinil alkohol (PVA) yang dapat meningkatkan triboelektrik melalui pembentukan ikatan hidrogen dan bekalan elektron bebas oksigen. Kaedah kajian ini adalah dengan menggabungkan kepekatan nanozarah TiO2 berbeza (0%, 0.5%, 1%, 5%, 10%, dan 15%) ke dalam matriks nanokomposit CS-PVA menggunakan kaedah tuangan pelarut. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan peningkatan kekutuban permukaan yang lebih positif-triboelektrik adalah disebabkan oleh kumpulan hidroksil CS-PVA yang berinteraksi dengan molekul air. Pertambahan jisim kepekatan TiO2 melebihi 5% meningkatkan ketumpatan filem nanokomposit CS-PVA yang boleh mengurangkan kebolehtelapan wap air dan meningkatkan rintangan air dengan ketara. Prestasi TENG filem nanokomposit CS-PVA/TiO2 dengan jisim kepekatan TiO2 15% dalam keadaan berkelembapan tinggi (RH, 95%) menghasilkan voltan keluaran sebanyak 2.5 kali ganda (~70,5 V kepada ~ 180 V), dan arus keluaran meningkat 2.6 kali ganda (~ 5,2 ?A kepada ~ 13,7 ?A). ","PeriodicalId":13439,"journal":{"name":"IIUM Engineering Journal","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89476897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"NON-NEWTONIAN VISCOSITY BEHAVIOUR INVESTIGATION FOR MALAYSIAN WAXY CRUDE OILS AND IMPACT TO WAX DEPOSITION MODELLING","authors":"A. Anuar, Ismail M. Saaid, Petrus Tri Bhaskoro, Rohaizad M Norpiah","doi":"10.31436/iiumej.v24i2.2736","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v24i2.2736","url":null,"abstract":"Wax deposition is one of the major risks that causes a serious threat to pipeline transportation during operation, if not prevented. The remediation actions are usually costly; hence mitigation methods are in place to completely avoid the issues from happening. The wax deposition modelling technique has been accepted as a tool to design and continuously optimize the wax management strategy. Non-Newtonian oil-wax viscosity is an important parameter affecting wax deposition in pipelines. The present and widely used viscosity model assumes exponential behaviour as observed in the emulsion system. In this paper, it is demonstrated that this assumption may not be suitable for Malaysian waxy crude oil applications due to instantaneous change of viscosity below WAT and PPT. This paper focuses on the application of the Pedersen and Ronningsen viscosity model available in the commercial fluid and flow simulators namely PVTsim ®, Multiflash ® and OLGA ® which are widely used by the flow assurance fraternities, and how it will impact wax deposition prediction accuracy specifically when applied to Malaysian waxy crude oils.\u0000ABSTRAK: Pemendapan lilin adalah salah satu risiko utama yang menyebabkan ancaman serius kepada pengangkutan saluran paip semasa operasi jika tidak dicegah. Proses membaiki biasanya memerlukan kos yang tinggi; oleh itu kaedah mitigasi disediakan bagi mengelakkan isu ini daripada berlaku. Teknik model pemendapan lilin telah diterima sebagai alat bagi mereka bentuk dan merupakan strategi optimum pengurusan lilin secara berterusan. Kelikatan minyak-lilin bukan Newton adalah salah satu parameter penting yang mempengaruhi pemendapan lilin dalam saluran paip. Anggaran model kelikatan semasa yang digunakan secara meluas menjangkakan tingkah laku eksponen seperti yang diperhatikan dalam sistem emulsi. Kajian ini menunjukkan bahawa kaedah anggaran mungkin tidak sesuai bagi aplikasi minyak mentah berlilin Malaysia disebabkan oleh perubahan kelikatan serta-merta di bawah WAT dan PPT. Kertas kerja ini memberi tumpuan kepada aplikasi model kelikatan Pedersen dan Ronningsen yang terdapat dalam cecair komersial dan simulator aliran iaitu PVTsim ®, Multiflash ® dan OLGA ® yang digunakan secara meluas oleh persatuan jaminan aliran, dan keberkesanan pada ketepatan anggaran pemendapan lilin khususnya apabila digunakan pada minyak mentah berlilin Malaysia.","PeriodicalId":13439,"journal":{"name":"IIUM Engineering Journal","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85626888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"APPLICATION OF DRIVING BEHAVIOR CONTROL SYSTEM USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK TO IMPROVE DRIVING COMFORT BY ADJUSTING AIR-TO-FUEL RATIO","authors":"A. Triwiyatno, S. Munahar, M. Munadi, J. Setiawan","doi":"10.31436/iiumej.v24i2.2781","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v24i2.2781","url":null,"abstract":"Energy-efficient engines were introduced due to limited amount of global energy and the need for engine power to carry vehicle loads. It was discovered that the power factor of these engines was essential in developing automotive technology with subsequent significant effect on driving comfort. Moreover, it was possible to control the power and energy savings of vehicle engines by adjusting the Air to Fuel Ratio (AFR). Therefore, this study focused on achieving AFR values in the stoichiometric range of 14.7 in order to produce good emissions. The technology applied was observed to have some drawbacks, specifically in fulfilling engine power when the vehicle operates with a large load. This led to the development of a new method by designing an AFR control system with due consideration for driving behavior using an Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The aim was to overcome the problem of meeting engine power and ensuring better efficiency. The driving behavior was classified into through categories including the sporty, standard, and eco schemes. The eco scheme was the smooth behavior of a driver during the movement of the vehicle in a busy urban area, the sporty scheme was the responsive driving behavior when the vehicle operates on the highway at speeds above 80 km/h, and the standard scheme was the behavior between the eco and sporty schemes. Furthermore, the driving behavior in a sporty scheme required the addition of fuel to increase engine power while eco-scheme focused on reducing fuel to increase fuel economy. The findings showed that control system designed was able to improve driving comfort in terms of fuel economy during the eco scheme with an average AFR value of 15.68. The system further reduced the value to 13.66 during the sporty scheme. Furthermore, the AFR under stoichiometry was discovered to have produced the maximum engine power. The system was expected to be incorporated into electric, gas-fired and fuel cell vehicles in the future.\u0000ABSTRAK: Faktor kuasa enjin dan enjin cekap tenaga adalah penting dalam membangunkan teknologi automotif. Mesin penjimat tenaga diperlukan kerana jumlah tenaga global yang terhad. Manakala kuasa enjin digunakan bagi membawa muatan kenderaan. Kedua-dua faktor ini sangat mempengaruhi keselesaan pemanduan. Penjimatan kuasa dan tenaga dalam enjin kenderaan boleh dipenuhi dengan mengawal Nisbah Angin kepada Minyak (AFR). Tumpuan kajian semasa adalah berorientasikan ke arah mencapai nilai AFR dalam julat stoikiometri (14.7) atas sebab ingin mencapai pelepasan terbaik. Namun begitu, teknologi ini mempunyai kelemahan terutama dalam memenuhi kuasa enjin apabila kenderaan beroperasi dengan muatan besar. Oleh itu, kajian ini adalah berkaitan kaedah baharu bagi mengatasi masalah memenuhi kuasa enjin dan mencapai enjin cekap tenaga dengan mereka bentuk sistem kawalan AFR yang mempertimbangkan tingkah laku pemanduan menggunakan Rangkaian Neural Buatan (ANN). Tingkah laku pemanduan direka bentuk kepada tiga skim: ","PeriodicalId":13439,"journal":{"name":"IIUM Engineering Journal","volume":"171 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75543835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EFFECT OF PRINTING PARAMETERS AND POST-CURING ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PHOTOPOLYMER PARTS FABRICATED VIA 3D STEREOLITHOGRAPHY PRINTING","authors":"Raffle Raed Diab, A. Enzi, O. Hassoon","doi":"10.31436/iiumej.v24i2.2778","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v24i2.2778","url":null,"abstract":"Three-dimensional printing has recently come into the spotlight due to its promising potential to create physically three-dimensional parts or structures through computer-aided design. While there are many options for 3D printing methods, photopolymerization 3D printing has garnered much attention because of its high resolution. However, the mechanical properties of photopolymerized 3D printed parts can vary widely depending on the manufacturing parameters and post-processing settings used. This research focuses on studying the effect of printing variables on the mechanical properties of samples printed using a Stereolithography machine (Formlabs, Form+3). Three variables are used: layer thickness (25 and 50 ?m), part orientation (X and Z directions), and post-curing. Also, eight groups of 3D-printed photopolymer specimens for twenty-four specimens are used for the tensile test results. The results showed the printing variables affected the mechanical properties of samples, which were proven by Young's modulus, ultimate stress, and ultimate strain.\u0000ABSTRAK: Pencetakan tiga dimensi baru-baru ini menjadi perhatian kerana potensinya yang menjanjikan bagi mencipta bahagian atau struktur tiga dimensi secara fizikal melalui reka bentuk bantuan komputer. Walaupun terdapat banyak pilihan bagi kaedah percetakan 3D, pencetakan 3D fotopolimerisasi telah mendapat banyak perhatian kerana resolusinya yang tinggi. Walau bagaimanapun, sifat mekanikal bahagian bercetak 3D fotopolimer adalah pelbagai bergantung pada parameter pembuatan dan tetapan pasca pemprosesan yang digunakan. Kajian ini memberi tumpuan kepada kesan pembolehubah cetakan terhadap sifat mekanikal sampel yang dicetak menggunakan mesin Stereolitografi (Formlabs, Form+3). Tiga pembolehubah digunakan: ketebalan lapisan (25 dan 50 ?m), orientasi bahagian (arah X dan Z), dan pasca pengawetan. Juga, lapan kumpulan spesimen fotopolimer cetakan 3D untuk dua puluh empat spesimen digunakan bagi mendapatkan keputusan ujian tegangan. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan pembolehubah cetakan mempengaruhi sifat mekanikal sampel, dibuktikan oleh modulus Young, tegangan utama, dan tarikan utama.","PeriodicalId":13439,"journal":{"name":"IIUM Engineering Journal","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76699415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A COMPARATIVE FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF REGULAR AND TOPOLOGICALLY OPTIMISED DENTAL IMPLANTS FOR MECHANICAL AND FATIGUE RESPONSES EVALUATION","authors":"M. I. Ishak, R. Daud, Bakri Bakar, S. M. Mohd Noor","doi":"10.31436/iiumej.v24i2.2695","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v24i2.2695","url":null,"abstract":"Topology optimisation is a prominent method to improve the performance of any systems by optimising geometrical factors to save materials without compromising the system functionality. Currently, there is limited published data discussing the topologically optimised dental implants that makes the matter still unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the mechanical and fatigue behaviours of regular and topologically optimised dental implant designs using 3-D FEA. Geometrical models were developed in accordance with ISO 14801 using SolidWorks 2020 before being analysed in ANSYS 18.1. The new implant design was created by topology optimisation analysis. The material properties of all parts were assumed to be isotropic, linearly elastic, and homogenous. Nine different compressive load values ranging from 100 to 500 N were applied on the loading structure as separated cases. The vertical and bottom surfaces of the holder were fully constrained. The results showed that the topologically optimised implant recorded about 12.3% lower implant stress than the regular implant. Both implant designs revealed a comparable displacement result with a percentage difference of only 2.3%. The optimised design was also found to produce longer fatigue life and approximately 12.3% higher safety factor compared to the regular design. The increase in the compressive load value has increased the stress and deformation, whilst decreased the fatigue life and safety factor in both designs. Although it was estimated that the volume of the new implant could be reduced to about 24% of the traditional one, the implant functionality may still be retained or even be improved.\u0000ABSTRAK: Pengoptimuman topologi adalah kaedah utama bagi meningkatkan prestasi mana-mana sistem dengan mengoptimumkan faktor geometri bagi menjimatkan bahan tanpa menjejaskan fungsi utama sistem. Dewasa ini, terdapat kurang data diterbitkan berbincang mengenai implan gigi yang dioptimumkan secara topologi yang menjadikan perkara ini masih tidak jelas. Kajian ini bertujuan bagi menilai perlakuan mekanikal dan kelesuan bagi reka bentuk implant gigi biasa dan yang dioptimumkan secara topologi menggunakan 3-D FEA. Model geometri telah dibangunkan mengikut ISO 14801 menggunakan SolidWorks 2020 sebelum dianalisis dalam ANSYS 18.1.  Reka bentuk implan baharu telah dibuat melalui analisis pengoptimuman topologi. Sifat pada semua bahagian bahan diandaikan sebagai isotropik, keanjalan linear, dan homogen. Sembilan nilai beban mampatan berbeza antara 100 hingga 500 N telah dikenakan pada struktur pembebanan sebagai kes berasingan. Permukaan menegak dan bawah pemegang dikekang sepenuhnya. Keputusan menunjukkan bahawa implan yang dioptimumkan secara topologi merekodkan tegasan implan 12.3% lebih rendah daripada implan biasa. Kedua-dua reka bentuk implan menunjukkan hasil anjakan yang setanding dengan perbezaan peratusan hanyalah 2.3%. Reka bentuk yang dioptimumkan juga didapati menghasilkan hayat kelesuan yang lebih lama dan","PeriodicalId":13439,"journal":{"name":"IIUM Engineering Journal","volume":"80 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75404201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"BEHAVIORS OF THERMOELASTIC PROPERTIES IN NI-TI BASED SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS, PROCESSED BY METAL FORMING TECHNIQUES","authors":"Tarsila Tenório Luna da Silva, Filipe Virgolino, N. Silva, C. Oliveira, C. Araújo, Oscar Olimpio de Araujo Filho, C. Gonzalez","doi":"10.31436/iiumej.v24i2.2442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v24i2.2442","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, the thermoelastic properties of Ni-Ti shape memory alloys (SMA) processed by conventional rolling and equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) were investigated. SMAs have two phases: Austenite (at high temperature) and Martensite (at low temperature). The samples were compared under five different thermal and processing conditions: homogenized, rolled, rolled-annealed, extruded, and extruded-annealed. The homogenized sample served as a reference. The samples were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to determine the thermoelastic transformation temperatures. Images were taken using scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) in conjunction with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The dynamic area was completed for two tests: under constant load bending (simulation of the memory effect to determine the reversible thermoelastic strain) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The results showed that the plastic forming processes alter the properties, especially for samples exposed to the ECAE, which can block the martensitic phase. However, R-phase (a rhombohedral phase), that can appear at low temperatures before the martensitic phase, emerges totally when the extruded sample suffers annealing. The images of SEM, confirmed by EDS, show that any type of forming process and the presence of precipitates have a significant influence on the behavior of the elastic property. It was found that extrusion has a greater effect on the restoring properties of the alloys than rolling. This analysis is of great importance for the use of SMA in applications requiring high mechanical strength combined with the functional properties of shape recovery through martensitic phase transformations.\u0000ABSTRAK: Kajian ini adalah berkaitan sifat-sifat bentuk aloi ingatan (SMA) termoelastik Ni-Ti yang diproses melalui penggelek konvensional dan penyemperitan sudut saluran sama (ECAE). SMA mempunyai dua peringkat: Austenit (pada suhu tinggi) dan Martensit (pada suhu rendah). Sampel dibandingkan pada lima tahap kepanasan dan proses iaitu: percampuran, penggulungan,  penggulungan-rataan, perataan dan penyemperitan-rataan. Sampel campuran yang dihomogenkan dijadikan sebagai sampel rujukan. Sampel dianalisis dengan pengimbas kalorimetri pembezaan (DSC) bagi menentukan suhu transformasi termoelastik. Imej diambil menggunakan pengimbas mikroskop elektronik (SEM) bersama spektroskopi penyebaran tenaga (EDS). Kawasan dinamik diuji dengan dua ujian: di bawah lenturan beban malar (simulasi kesan memori bagi menentukan terikan termoelastik boleh balik) dan analisis mekanik dinamik (DMA). Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa proses pembentukan plastik telah mengubah sifat, terutama pada sampel yang terdedah kepada penyemperitan sudut saluran sama ECAE, yang boleh menyekat fasa martensit. Walau bagaimanapun, fasa-R (fasa rombohedral) yang boleh muncul pada suhu rendah sebelum fasa martensitik, muncul sepenuhnya apabila sampel tersemperit mengalami penyepuhlindapan (penyem","PeriodicalId":13439,"journal":{"name":"IIUM Engineering Journal","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73977070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) Modeling for Microgrid","authors":"Zahir Zulkifly, S. Yusoff, Nor Liza Tumeran, Nur Syazana Izzati Razali","doi":"10.31436/iiumej.v24i1.2435","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v24i1.2435","url":null,"abstract":"In the age of technology, microgrids have become well known because of their capability to back up the grid when an unpleasant event is about to occur or during power disruptions, at any time. However, the microgrid will not function well during power disruptions if the controller does not respond fast enough and the BESS will be affected. Many types of controllers can be used for microgrid systems. The controllers may take the form of Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) Controller, Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) Controller, and Model Predictive Controller (MPC). Each of the controllers stated has its functions for the microgrid. However, two controllers that must be considered are PID and MPC. Both controllers will be compared based on their efficiency results which can be obtained through simulations by observing both graphs in charging and discharging states. Most researchers implied that MPC is better than PID because of several factors such as MPC is more robust and stable because of its complexity. Other than that, MPC can handle more inputs and outputs than PID which can cater to one input and output only. Although MPC has many benefits over the PID, still it is not ideal due to its complex algorithm. This work proposed an algorithm of simulations for the MPC to operate to get the best output for microgrid and BESS and compare the performance of MPC with PID. Using Simulink and MATLAB as the main simulation software is a very ideal way to simulate the dynamic performance of MPC. Furthermore, with Simulink, unpredictable variables such as Renewable Energy (RE) sources input and loads demands that are related to MPC can be measured easily. The algorithm of MPC is a cost function. Then the performance of the MPC is calculated using Fast-Fourier Transform (FFT) and Total Harmonic Distortion (THD). Lower THD means a higher power factor, this results in higher efficiency. This paper recorded THD of 9.57% and 12.77% in charging states and 16.51% and 18.15% in discharging states of MPC. Besides, PID recorded THD of 22.10% and 29.73% in charging states and 84.29% and 85.58% in discharging states. All of the recorded THD is below 25% in MPC and it shows a good efficiency while PID’s THD is above 25% shows its inefficiency.\u0000ABSTRAK: Pada zaman teknologi, mikrogrid menjadi terkenal kerana keupayaannya untuk menjana kuasa grid apabila kejadian yang tidak menyenangkan bakal berlaku atau ketika terjadinya gangguan kuasa, pada bila-bila masa. Walau bagaimanapun, mikrogrid tidak dapat berfungsi dengan baik semasa gangguan kuasa jika alat kawalan  tidak bertindak balas dengan cukup pantas dan BESS akan terjejas. Banyak alat kawalan (pengawal) boleh digunakan bagi keseluruhan sistem mikrogrid. Setiap pengawal adalah berbeza seperti Pengawal Penjejakan Titik Kuasa Maksimum (MPPT), Pengawal Berkadar Terbitan Kamilan (PID) dan Pengawal Model Ramalan (MPC). Setiap pengawal yang dinyatakan mempunyai fungsinya yang tersendiri bagi mikrogrid. Walau bagaiman","PeriodicalId":13439,"journal":{"name":"IIUM Engineering Journal","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75460505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}