Indian Chemical Engineer最新文献

{"title":"Effect of agar and walnut (Juglans regia.L) shell fibre addition on thermal stability, water barrier, biodegradability and mechanical properties of corn starch composites","authors":"Kapil Gulati, S. Lal, Satish Kumar, S. Arora","doi":"10.1080/00194506.2021.1967205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00194506.2021.1967205","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Starch-based films plasticised with sorbitol and citric acids as cross-linking agents were synthesised by the solvent casting method with varying concentrations of agar. The films were characterised in terms of TGA, water barrier, tensile data and soil burial degradability testing. The increasing concentration of agar enhanced the thermal stability and degradability of the composites. At an optimum level of agar, the film showed the maximum tensile strength (17.84 ± 0.23) MPa which was further chosen to analyse the additional effect of walnut shell fibre (WSF). The film containing WSF showed a remarkable improvement in tensile strength (TS) up to 15% (29.43 ± 0.75) MPa. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the tensile data confirmed the significant differences in the mean tensile strength from one kind of polymer blend to another (p < 0.05). TGA results showed that there was a regular increase in onset degradation temperature (To) and a decrease in weight loss percentage (at To) of starch/agar composites with the addition of fibre. The blends were more resistive towards water absorption in comparison to virgin. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT","PeriodicalId":13430,"journal":{"name":"Indian Chemical Engineer","volume":"64 1","pages":"314 - 325"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44638012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Control loop performance assessment for unstable time delay processes subjected to ramp changes","authors":"K. Ghousiya Begum, A. Seshagiri Rao","doi":"10.1080/00194506.2021.1962414","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00194506.2021.1962414","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper addresses the evaluation of linear controllers deployed for the unstable systems. A first-order time delayed unstable transfer function model is considered, which is subjected to ramp changes in the set-point. The performance of the controller is assessed by developing a theoretical minimum bound of the control signal, which is a measure of the total variation (TV). By considering this theoretical bound in terms of TV and also the output performance in terms of integral absolute error (IAE), a new benchmark index named IAE-TV is developed. Two control schemes are considered to investigate the proposed performance index for achieving the reasonable set-point tracking performance. Simulation studies are executed by considering the ramp changes in the set point on different examples such as control of a bioreactor, chemical reactor, to substantiate the benchmark and the significance of the proposed novel assessment technique. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT","PeriodicalId":13430,"journal":{"name":"Indian Chemical Engineer","volume":"64 1","pages":"277 - 292"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44299602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimisation of the hydrolysis of melon seed (Citrullus lanatus) husk with hydrochloric acid using response surface methodology","authors":"K. Nwosu‐Obieogu, F. Aguele, C. Agu, Chinelo Scholastica Onyekwulu, K. N. Akatobi","doi":"10.1080/00194506.2021.1921625","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00194506.2021.1921625","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study optimised the development of fermentable sugars from melon seed peels via hydrochloric acid hydrolysis. The optimum conditions for the sugar yield were determined using response surface methodology considering; acid concentration (2.5–3.5M), pre-treatment temperature (80–100°C), and time (1–3 hrs) as the independent factors while sugar yield is the dependent factor. The characterisation results from SEM and FTIR indicated that melon seed peels contain a significant amount of cellulose that can be suitably hydrolysed. The experimental result showed that the independent variables had a significant effect on the total sugar concentration while the ANOVA indicated a second-order polynomial model with an R2 value of 0.9560. Numerical optimisation revealed that optimal values of 3.50M acid concentration, time of 1.06 hrs, pre-treatment temperature of 89.93°C gave a predicted sugar yield of 32.222%. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT","PeriodicalId":13430,"journal":{"name":"Indian Chemical Engineer","volume":"64 1","pages":"293 - 302"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00194506.2021.1921625","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46642737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimisation of biodiesel production from Eisenia fetida earthworms oil using the transesterification method","authors":"F. Mohammadi, Salar Moradi, N. Azimi, E. Ebrahimi","doi":"10.1080/00194506.2021.1930590","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00194506.2021.1930590","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The current study was performed for the optimisation of the biodiesel production from E. fetida earthworms oil using the transesterification method. Rice husk was sulphonated by sulphuric acid and it was identified by the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR) technique and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) image. The effects of reaction temperature (50–70°C), alcohol-to-oil molar ratio (9:1–15:1), catalyst amount (3–5 wt%) and residence time (1–3 h) on fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) yield were assessed. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to assess the actual and predicted FAME values. The results of the FTIR technique showed the presence of different surface functional groups (silanol, hydroxyl, etc.) on the silica-based catalyst. The results for SEM image showed fine spherical particles. A good agreement between actual and predicted values for FAME yield was observed. The optimal conditions of the parameters for FAME yield obtained from the software were as follows: reaction temperature = 68.53°C, methanol to oil molar ratio = 13.73:1, catalyst amount = 3.43 wt% and residence time = 3 h. Under optimal conditions, FAME yield reached to 93.2%. The theoretical FAME yield predicted under the above conditions was 94.68%. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT","PeriodicalId":13430,"journal":{"name":"Indian Chemical Engineer","volume":"64 1","pages":"303 - 313"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00194506.2021.1930590","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41968880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kinetics of extraction of total phenolic content from Sesbania grandiflora L. leaves using ultrasound","authors":"V. Rathod, K. G., Neha N. Gharat","doi":"10.1080/00194506.2021.1921626","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00194506.2021.1921626","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The ultrasound-assisted extraction of Total Phenolic Content from Sesbania grandiflora L. leaves and its optimization with kinetics is dealt with in this study. The effect of extraction of solvents (ethanol–water composition), solid to solvent ratio (1:10–1:70), particle size (0.1–0.5x 10−3m), power (50–120 W), and extraction temperature (30–50°C) on total phenolic content (TPC) from Sesbania grandiflora leaf powder has been investigated. The overall optimized parameters for the ultrasound-assisted extraction of Total Phenolic Content from Sesbania grandiflora L. leaves are solid to solvent ratio of 1:50, particle size of 0.4–0.5 × 10−3m, power 120 W, extraction temperature 45°C with the maximum phenolic content of 14.37 × 10−3g GA/g. Comparatively, equilibration time of UAE (240 s) is very low than the conventional batch operation (960 s). A semi-empirical two parameter, Peleg’s model, assists in capturing the reaction kinetics where it elucidates the experimental behavior in a precise way. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT","PeriodicalId":13430,"journal":{"name":"Indian Chemical Engineer","volume":"64 1","pages":"266 - 276"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00194506.2021.1921626","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49367698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of temperature, time and alkali concentration on protein extraction from muskmelon seed meal","authors":"Lourembam Monika Devi, L. Badwaik","doi":"10.1080/00194506.2021.1915887","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00194506.2021.1915887","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study was conducted to optimise the protein extraction process from defatted muskmelon (Cucumismelo) seed meal using response surface methodology. The defatted seeds had a crude protein content of 57.45 g/100 g and the whole seeds had a crude protein content of 18.75 g/100 g of dry solids. The extraction conditions were investigated for maximum protein yield from the seed meal. A Box–Behnken design was employed using three independent variables as temperature (40°C, 50°C and 60°C), time (5, 15 and 25 min) and alkali (NaOH) concentration (0.03, 0.09 and 0.15 g/l) to study the response variable (protein yield) by maintaining a solvent to meal ratio of 50:1 v/w. The experimental values of protein yield were found to be in the range of 70.31–77.31%. The coefficient of determination was found to be 0.89. Optimum protein extraction was obtained with 0.11 g/l alkali concentration, 22 min extraction time and a temperature of 40°C. Maximum protein yield (77.31%) was obtained at 0.09 g/L NaOH concentration, 40 oC temperature and 25 min extraction time. There was no significant effect on protein yield with the increase in temperature, while protein recovery increased with the increase in extraction time. The predicted value of protein yield was 76.59% and the experimental protein yield was 70.71%. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT","PeriodicalId":13430,"journal":{"name":"Indian Chemical Engineer","volume":"64 1","pages":"219 - 226"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00194506.2021.1915887","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44770703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From the Guest Editor’s desk: biofuels from biomass and wastes","authors":"R. Chowdhury","doi":"10.1080/00194506.2021.1921180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00194506.2021.1921180","url":null,"abstract":"Waste biomass is unanimously recognised as the most abundant renewable feedstock for bioenergy generation worldwide. Conversion of biomass to biofuels is possible either through biochemical (anaerobic digestion and anaerobic fermentation) or thermochemical (pyrolysis and gasification) pathways or their hybridisation. Waste biomass is converted to various second-generation biofuels, namely, bioalcohols (bioethanol, biobutanol and higher alcohols), biohydrogen, biomethane, bio-oil and bio-syngas, etc., through employment of either the biochemical or thermochemical route or hybrids. The hybrids are useful in the production of a plethora of platform chemicals along with biofuels, introducing the concept of biorefinery. Accordingly, biorefineries are globally contemplated as the viable platforms for the highly anticipated transition from ‘fossil-based economy’ to the ‘biobased economy’. Vigorous effort is currently being made for upgradation of the existing biorefinery frameworks to fully achieve the sustainability standards required to ensure their full-scale implementation in near future. As a consequence of introducing the sustainability goals into the concept of biorefinery and the ever-increasing concern for the glaring ‘food-fuel conflict’, the second generation (2G) of biorefineries has garnered worldwide popularity over their first-generation counterparts. Utilisation of fully renewable lignocellulosic biomass (LB), derived from various waste streams in place of exhaustible petro-fuels, is the most vital factor favouring the widespread acceptance of 2G biorefineries from social–economical–environmental aspects. Significant technological progress is presently being made in the field of 2G biorefineries, converting LB to different liquid and gaseous biofuels. This has incremented the efficacy of the end-use of the LB manifolds. The implementation of hybrid strategies further strengthens the sustainability of biorefineries using waste biomass. This Special Issue of Indian Chemical Engineer (ICE) comprises research articles focussed on the exploration of some interesting hybrid technologies for the production of biofuels and biochemicals from the LB feed-stocks, using the 2G-biorefinery concept. The articles, in general, highlight biochemical–thermochemical hybrid bioenergy systems, producing various bioenergy vectors from different LBs. The integration techniques of these hybrid processes with an overall assessment of their better attributes with respect to their individual counterparts have been discussed as well. The articles have also underlined the challenges involved in the way of further advancement of these technologies. One expects that the knowledge base, created by virtue of these research articles, will be of great relevance to the existing body of the available information on 2G biorefineries, using hybrid platforms. Selected articles, presented in an International Seminar on Sustainable 2-G Biorefinery Platforms (ISS2-GBP) and an Int","PeriodicalId":13430,"journal":{"name":"Indian Chemical Engineer","volume":"63 1","pages":"117 - 118"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00194506.2021.1921180","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49204711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Model development and thermodynamic analysis of biomass co-gasification using Aspen plus®","authors":"Soumitra Pati, S. De","doi":"10.1080/00194506.2021.1887770","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00194506.2021.1887770","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Gasification is the process of producing syngas with acceptable heat value from a feedstock. Co-gasifying biomass and using syngas thus produced reduce the net CO2 emission as biomass is effectively CO2 neutral. An Aspen plus® model for co-gasification of Indian lignocellulosic biomass is developed and validated against available experimental results. Performance of co-gasification as obtained from this developed model is also assessed by energy and exergy efficiencies of the process. Variations of these two efficiencies with gasification parameters are also reported. Results show that best performance of gasification may be obtained for rice straw with sugarcane bagasse energetically and wheat straw with sugarcane bagasse exergetically. The methodology and results may help selecting Indian biomass for co-gasification with further experimental investigations to decide the suitable one(s). GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT","PeriodicalId":13430,"journal":{"name":"Indian Chemical Engineer","volume":"63 1","pages":"172 - 183"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00194506.2021.1887770","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42296188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of crosslinking ability of sodium metabisulphite with polyvinyl alcohol–corn starch blend and its applicability as wood adhesive","authors":"S. Vineeth, Ravindra V. Gadhave, P. Gadekar","doi":"10.1080/00194506.2021.1887769","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00194506.2021.1887769","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) blended corn starch (S), finds application as a water-based wood adhesive and crosslinking is a tool for enhancing properties. The study investigates the effectiveness of a novel crosslinker, Sodium metabisulphite in PVA/S blend system, and its effect on adhesive properties. The hydroxyl groups of PVA/S react with the crosslinker forming a cross-linked network. The modified blend is formulated with polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) binder, plasticiser and preservatives. Physical properties like viscosity and stability of adhesives have been evaluated in addition to tensile strength on various wooden substrates. Mechanical properties studied using pencil hardness test and ultimate stress of adhesive films showed the enhancements in the mechanical strength of films with the crosslinker. Thermo-mechanical properties studied by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) showed enhancement in storage modulus with an increase in glass transition temperature. The modified adhesive showed better cohesion, enhanced tensile strength with excellent stability. In conclusion, the modified adhesive showed better physical, mechanical, thermal and adhesive properties. Hence, this study can be potential in the development of starch incorporated wood adhesives. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT","PeriodicalId":13430,"journal":{"name":"Indian Chemical Engineer","volume":"64 1","pages":"197 - 207"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00194506.2021.1887769","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42374107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental and modelling study of industrial phenolic wastewater treatment by packed bed adsorption on coal-based and bagasse-based fly ash","authors":"Deepak M. Jain, Vasdev Singh","doi":"10.1080/00194506.2020.1852976","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00194506.2020.1852976","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT\u0000 Every year nearly 100 million tons of fly ash is being generated in India and its disposing consumes large land volumes. Fly ash can be used as a good adsorbent to clean flue gases as well as wastewater treatment for effluents containing phenolic compounds. In the present work, fly ash from different sources (coal and bagasse based) was evaluated for wastewater treatment. The work involves (i) batch kinetic studies for adsorption of phenols viz. phenol, catechol, resorcinol, hydroquinone, 2-aminophenol and 3-aminophenol, on fly ash; (ii) the effect of initial solute concentration, initial mass of adsorbent, temperature, contact time and pH on removal of phenols from solution; (iii) determination of adsorption isotherm parameters for three isotherm models namely Freundlich, Langmuir and Fritz–Schlunder; and (iv) mathematical model for packed bed adsorption process using fly ash as an adsorbent for industrial-scale capacity (∼10,000 L/day). The results show that bagasse-based fly ash has much more adsorption capacity (∼80% phenol removal) as compared to coal-based fly ash. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT","PeriodicalId":13430,"journal":{"name":"Indian Chemical Engineer","volume":"64 1","pages":"171 - 182"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2020-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00194506.2020.1852976","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42705501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}