Dalia M Mostafa, Asmaa A Hassan, Ahmad R Aboghadeer, Somaya Z Mansour, Gehan R Abdel-Hamid
{"title":"Cannabidiol and low-dose γ-radiation regulate alterations consequences of hepatic-encephalopathy induced by thioacetamide: neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory role.","authors":"Dalia M Mostafa, Asmaa A Hassan, Ahmad R Aboghadeer, Somaya Z Mansour, Gehan R Abdel-Hamid","doi":"10.1080/08923973.2025.2542131","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08923973.2025.2542131","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Cannabidiol (CBD), the primary component of Cannabis sativa, has a neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties. Due to its modulation of multiple molecular targets within the central nervous system, CBD holds therapeutic promise for various neurological and psychiatric disorders.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study aimed to evaluate the potential protective effects of CBD and/or low-dose ionizing radiation (LDR) in a rat model of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) induced by thioacetamide (TAA). Male Wistar rats received two (i.p.) injections of thioacetamide (TAA) at a dose of 200 mg/kg b.w. with a one-day interval between doses. Cannabidiol was administered i.p. at a dose of 20 mg/kg b.w. for seven consecutive days. Two LDR doses were applied (0.2 Gy each) with a one-day interval between exposures. The experimental design included assessment of oxidative stress and inflammatory markers, as well as neurobehavioral and histopathological evaluations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Treatment with CBD and/or LDR significantly reduced oxidative stress and inflammation, as evidenced by modulation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Additionally, notable improvements were observed in levels of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), and liver function enzymes. Behavioral performance, assessed using the Morris water maze, revealed cognitive enhancement, which was further confirmed by histological examination of brain and liver tissues.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Both CBD and LDR exhibited promising protective effects against TAA-induced hepatic encephalopathy, mitigating brain and liver damage through anti-inflammatory and antioxidant mechanisms. Thus, this supporting their potential as adjunct therapies in managing HE and related neuroinflammation.</p>","PeriodicalId":13420,"journal":{"name":"Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":"631-644"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144952514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Manuel Iván Girón-Pérez, Guadalupe Herminia Ventura-Ramón, Carlos Eduardo Covantes-Rosales, Alma Betsaida Benitez-Trinidad, Francisco Fabian Razura-Carmona, Leticia Gabriela Marmolejo-Murillo, Carlos Efren Pérez-Arenivas, Jorge Morales-Montor, Karina Janice Guadalupe Díaz-Resendiz
{"title":"Effect of bisphenol-A and bisphenol-S on functional parameters of human leukocytes.","authors":"Manuel Iván Girón-Pérez, Guadalupe Herminia Ventura-Ramón, Carlos Eduardo Covantes-Rosales, Alma Betsaida Benitez-Trinidad, Francisco Fabian Razura-Carmona, Leticia Gabriela Marmolejo-Murillo, Carlos Efren Pérez-Arenivas, Jorge Morales-Montor, Karina Janice Guadalupe Díaz-Resendiz","doi":"10.1080/08923973.2025.2542133","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08923973.2025.2542133","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Bisphenol A (BPA) and bisphenol S (BPS) are commonly used in the food industry to manufacture epoxy resins in food packaging. Both compounds are characterized as potent carcinogens and xenoestrogens. However, little is known about their effects on the immune response.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study evaluated the immunotoxic effects of BPA and BPS (0.1 ng/mL) on human peripheral blood leukocytes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Leukocytes isolated from human peripheral blood were exposed <i>in vitro</i> to 0.1 ng/mL (0.4 nM) of BPA and 0.1 ng/mL (0.4 nM) of BPS for 0.5, 4, and 24 hours. Apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), senescence, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> flux were subsequently assessed through flow cytometry.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Data suggest that <i>in vitro</i> exposure to BPA or BPS does not cause leukocyte death; however, it induces loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), senescence, as well as ROS production and intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> flux.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings demonstrate that even low concentrations (0.1 ng/ml) of BPA or BPS, levels that have been reported in human blood, can cause alterations in leukocyte function.</p>","PeriodicalId":13420,"journal":{"name":"Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":"621-630"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144753224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sally E Abu-Risha, Nageh A El-Mahdy, Fatma T El-Hosiny, Mayada E Elhusseiny, Aya H El-Kadem
{"title":"Anticolitis effect of febuxostat. The imperative role of NLRP-3/Caspase-1/IL-1β pathway via histopathological, immunohistochemical and biochemical approach.","authors":"Sally E Abu-Risha, Nageh A El-Mahdy, Fatma T El-Hosiny, Mayada E Elhusseiny, Aya H El-Kadem","doi":"10.1080/08923973.2025.2542136","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08923973.2025.2542136","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a persistent inflammation of the mucous membrane of the large intestine, mostly impacting the colon and rectum. Lack of secure and efficient medical treatments motivates the search for new therapeutic agents to efficiently manage UC and its associated outcomes. The objective of this study was to investigate the preventive effect of febuxostat in rats with UC caused by acetic acid (AA).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>AA (2 ml, 3% v/v) was administered intrarectally to induce UC. Preceding the administration of AA, febuxostat (10 mg/kg/day) was orally administered for two weeks.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Febuxostat suppressed AA-induced UC by ameliorating colonic histological alterations, including inflammation, glandular hyperplasia, goblet cell loss, and mucosal ulcerations, while simultaneously reducing colon weight, malondialdhyde, and interleukin-18 contents. Febuxostat successfully rectified the metabolic imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants induced by AA. Furthermore, febuxostat decreased the levels of caspase-1 and NOD-LRR and pyrin domain containing protein 3 and increased colon length, catalase activity, and zonula occludens-1 expression.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Febuxostat mitigated AA-induced UC in rats by influencing the NLRP3/caspase-1/IL-1β signaling pathway, controlling the equilibrium between oxidants and antioxidants, and improving the integrity of the barrier of the colon.</p>","PeriodicalId":13420,"journal":{"name":"Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":"611-620"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144775318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Inhibition of long-lived plasma cells, a critical role for Telitacicept treatment to systemic lupus erythematosus.","authors":"En Zhang, Chenggang Zhao, Fengzhu Wang, Ling Wang, Shenjun Li, Jing Jiang","doi":"10.1080/08923973.2025.2511761","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08923973.2025.2511761","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Telitacicept (RC18, RemeGen, Ltd) is a novel human TACI-Fc fusion protein that combines B cell activating factor (BAFF) and a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL). RC18 has recently been approved in China for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), demonstrating its safety and efficacy in the majority of the target population. However, the unique pharmacological mechanism of RC18 has not yet been fully elucidated.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, we tested MRL-/lpr mice (a classic SLE animal model) and in vitro LLPCs induced models after RC18 treatment to evaluate the factors contributing to treatment benefits.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found that RC18 delayed the progression of SLE mice by specifically targeting APRIL and long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs). In the SLE animal model, RC18 blocked proteinuria and splenic involvement. RC18 specifically downregulated LLPCs in the bone marrow (BM) compared to other immune cell types. Moreover, the deposition of immune complexes in the kidneys of the RC18 group was also reversed. <i>In vitro</i>, we constructed an LLPCs induction model and verified the direct regulatory ability of RC18 on LLPCs.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study reveals the crucial role of LLPCs in the SLE treatment with RC18, providing a new explanation for the excellent efficacy in clinical practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":13420,"journal":{"name":"Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":"579-589"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144742062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pan Huang, Yi Pan, Meijunzi Luo, Rong Zhou, Chang Wang, Haizhen Wang
{"title":"Matrine alleviates the immune imbalance of atopic dermatitis by up-regulating FOXO4 to inactivate circTNFRSF21-mediated JAK/STAT3 axis.","authors":"Pan Huang, Yi Pan, Meijunzi Luo, Rong Zhou, Chang Wang, Haizhen Wang","doi":"10.1080/08923973.2025.2554662","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08923973.2025.2554662","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common chronic inflammatory skin problem. Herein, we aimed to demonstrate the efficacy of matrine (MT) on AD and to reveal its mechanism.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>An AD model was induced <i>via</i> topical administration of 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitorobenzene (DNFB). H&E staining was performed to observe the histological alterations of epidermal tissue, and the expression of inflammatory cytokines were measured using ELISA assay. Cell viability was determined using MTT assay. The T cell differentiation was monitored by flow cytometry. The target interactions were detected by ChIP, dual luciferase reporter assays, RIP, and RNA pull down assays.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>LDH, IgE, circTNFRSF21, and STAT3 levels in the serum of AD patients were elevated, while FOXO4 was decreased. Treatment with MT improved epidermal thickness in AD models, suppressed inflammatory cell and macrophage infiltration, and reduced the dermatitis score. Additionally, MT regulated the immune imbalance of T cells to mitigate the inflammatory damage on keratinocytes induced by TNF-α/IFN-γ. FOXO4 inhibited TNFRSF21 transcription to suppress circTNFRSF21 expression. Moreover, circTNFRSF21 was found to bind to ELAVL1, thereby enhancing STAT3 mRNA stability. In addition, overexpression of circTNFRSF21 reversed the effect of MT on TNF-α/IFN-γ induced HaCat injury. WP1066 (JAK/STAT3 inhibitor) eliminated the role of circTNFRASF21 overexpression in MT treated HaCat cells.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>MT alleviates the inflammatory response of atopic dermatitis by suppressing circTNFRSF21 expression to decrease the activity of STAT3 signaling pathway.</p>","PeriodicalId":13420,"journal":{"name":"Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":"702-715"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145029741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cemre Nur Balci, Ezgi Golal, Mutay Aydın Aslan, Nuray Acar
{"title":"NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition by MCC950 reduces embryo implantation during early pregnancy in mice.","authors":"Cemre Nur Balci, Ezgi Golal, Mutay Aydın Aslan, Nuray Acar","doi":"10.1080/08923973.2025.2563246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08923973.2025.2563246","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Successful pregnancy relies on the healthy completion of implantation, decidualization, and placentation. Additionally, the balance of the inflammatory response is crucial in processes such as trophoblast invasion, tissue, and vascular remodeling.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>Our study aimed to assess the involvement of the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway during the peri-implantation period in mice treated with and without the NLRP3 inhibitor MCC950.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Uteri during the estrous phase and uteri and implantation sites on days 1, 4, 5, 6, and 8 of pregnancy from mice with/without MCC950 treatment were collected. Serum was obtained from blood samples. The localization and expression of NLRP3 inflammasome pathway members NLRP3 and Gasdermin D were determined using immunohistochemistry. Additionally, protein levels of NLRP3, Caspase-1, Gasdermin D, IL-1β, and IL-18 were assessed using Western blot, while serum levels of IL-1β and IL-18 were measured using ELISA.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The number of implantation sites in the MCC950-treated mice was lower than in untreated mice. The members of NLRP3 inflammasome pathway were observed to be intensely expressed at the implantation sites. NLRP3 was observed predominantly cytoplasmic on days 5, 6, and 8, while in the MCC950-treated mice, NLRP3 was translocated to the nucleus. Gasdermin D expression in subepithelial stroma cells during embryo implantation and invasion was decreased in the MCC950-treated mice. Serum IL-1β and IL-18 levels were high when embryo implantation began in peri-implantation period.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our findings suggest that NLRP3 inflammasome pathway and inflammasome-dependent programmed cell death pyroptosis may play role during embryo implantation and decidualization.</p>","PeriodicalId":13420,"journal":{"name":"Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145206499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Correction.","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/08923973.2025.2556590","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08923973.2025.2556590","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13420,"journal":{"name":"Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":"736-737"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145023179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Employing cancer driver genes for the identification of immunological features in two esophageal cancer subtypes to facilitate immunotherapy.","authors":"Jizhao Liu, Shaokang Feng, Chongming Hu, Donghong Fu, Zhiqiang Tian, Junpeng Wu, Xiaobing Li","doi":"10.1080/08923973.2025.2558772","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08923973.2025.2558772","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Esophageal cancer (ESCA) is a pervasive health threat, and cancer driver genes (CDGs) are under investigation as potential biomarkers for its treatment.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study applied univariate regression to identify CDGs affecting survival and performed clustering analysis in TCGA-ESCA samples based on CDG expression. It explored differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and immune landscapes between the subtypes, analyzed tumor mutations, and further predicted the potential small-molecule drugs. In addition, we collected ESCA-related cell lines and investigated the expression levels of CDGs that were most significantly differentially expressed and related to survival.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our research pinpointed 18 survival-associated CDGs and split TCGA-ESCA patients into cluster 1 and cluster 2 <i>via</i> consensus clustering. The subtypes exhibited different levels of immune cell infiltration, with lower Tumor Immune Dysfunction and Exclusion scores in cluster 1. Enrichment analysis revealed that DEGs between the two subtypes were primarily linked to the humoral immune response, receptor ligand activity, and neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction. Mutation analysis did not find significant differences in mutation rates between the subtypes. Additionally, potential small-molecule drugs targeting DEGs in ESCA were investigated, such as 3,3'-diindolylmethane, SJ-172550, aminoglutethimide, nitrazepam, actarit, and epigallocatechin. The results of qRT-PCR showed that RUNX1, NONO, and TSC2 were not only significantly associated with the survival of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) but also significantly overexpressed in the ESCC cell lines (KYSE150 and KYSE450).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study is valuable for elucidating CDG functions in ESCA and for biomarker identification.</p>","PeriodicalId":13420,"journal":{"name":"Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":"727-735"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145075248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Haixia Zhao, Yang Luo, Qiang Li, Xiaofeng Wei, Xun Li
{"title":"All-<i>trans</i> retinoic acid ameliorates S100-induced experimental autoimmune hepatitis by regulating the Treg/Th17 balance.","authors":"Haixia Zhao, Yang Luo, Qiang Li, Xiaofeng Wei, Xun Li","doi":"10.1080/08923973.2025.2554663","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08923973.2025.2554663","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic autoimmune liver disease whose pathogenesis is closely related to the imbalance between regulatory T (Treg) and T helper 17 (Th17) cells. Rebuilding the Treg/Th17 balance provides a potential therapeutic approach for AIH patients. All-<i>trans</i> retinoic acid (atRA) sustains Treg cell function while inhibiting pathogenic Th17 cell differentiation. This study explored the potential of atRA for treating experimental AIH (EAH).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>S100-induced EAH was established in mice, which were intraperitoneally injected with 25 mg/kg atRA every other day. Biochemical and histomorphological parameters were measured and liver histopathological changes were assessed. Hepatic CD4⁺ T cells were detected using immunofluorescence staining, and the ratios of splenic Tregs and Th17 cells were evaluated using flow cytometry. The expression levels of <i>Rorγt</i> and <i>Foxp3</i> in the liver were assessed using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and immunoblotting. Changes in IL-6/STAT3 signaling were detected <i>via</i> enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), RT-qPCR, and immunoblotting.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>atRA attenuated liver inflammation in S100-induced EAH mice. Additionally, atRA decreased the infiltration of CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells in the liver, increased the proportion of splenic Tregs, decreased the proportion of splenic Th17 cells, and restored the Treg/Th17 ratio. atRA also significantly reduced serum IL-6 levels and inhibited the activation of STAT3.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our findings suggest that atRA ameliorated S100-induced EAH likely by suppressing the IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway to restore the Treg/Th17 balance. Therefore, atRA may be a promising therapeutic drug for treating AIH.</p>","PeriodicalId":13420,"journal":{"name":"Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":"716-726"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145039673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K Sailaja, Ch Umamaheswara Rao, V S Reddy, P Purnachandra Rao, S Sahariah
{"title":"To evaluate the short and long term outcomes of renal transplant recipients with low dose everolimus, tacrolimus-based minimal quadruple immunosuppressive regimen.","authors":"K Sailaja, Ch Umamaheswara Rao, V S Reddy, P Purnachandra Rao, S Sahariah","doi":"10.1080/08923973.2025.2542130","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08923973.2025.2542130","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The primary goal of the post-transplant maintenance therapy is to keep equilibrium between minimizing the drug side effects and managing the long-term graft survival. In this prospective (10 years follow-up) study, we compared the short term and long-term outcomes of two different immunosuppression regimens.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of the study is to evaluate the long term outcome following renal transplantation with a combination of low dose quadruple immunosuppression.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Group I (<i>n</i> = 25) comprised of low dose everolimus (0.5 mg/bd) (EVR), low dose Tacrolimus (1 mg/bd), low dose mycophenolate sodium (360 mg/bd) and prednisolone. Group II (<i>n</i> = 29) consisted of standard triple drug regimen of tacrolimus (3 mg/bd), mycophenolate sodium (720 mg/bd) and prednisolone. Renal function, rejection episodes, adverse events, graft and patient survival were analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results and discussion: </strong>There was an improvement in the renal function from 1-year post transplant to the end of the study period in Group I. The mean serum creatinine at 10 years was 1.54 ± 0.44 and in Group II it was 2.1 ± 0.7 mg/dl with a statistical significance of <i>p</i> = 0.005. Mean eGFR at 10 years in Group I was 57.8 and in Group II it was 46.7 ml/mt/1.73m<sup>2</sup> (<i>p</i> = < 0.05). There was no statistical difference between the two groups in rejection rates (Group I-12% Group II -17.24% (<i>p</i> = 0.65), graft loss (Group I-12% vs Group II-27%(<i>p</i> = 0.26) and the patient loss was (Group I -12% vs Group II 24%(<i>p</i> = 0.36). Drug related adverse events were insignificant. Proteinuria and hyperlipidemia were comparable between the groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The low dose quadruple immunosuppression protocol was a better option for long-term graft survival with fewer complications.</p>","PeriodicalId":13420,"journal":{"name":"Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":"590-598"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144775319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}