IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Effects of Wearable Continuous Normal-Force Tactile Feedback Applied to the Fingertip on Standing Balance in Healthy Young Adults.","authors":"Xingwei Guo, Yaojun He, Kangle Zhang, Haoxiang Chen, Cong Peng, Yanfei Shen","doi":"10.1109/TNSRE.2026.3688831","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNSRE.2026.3688831","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Wearable balance-assistance systems predominantly rely on vibrotactile cues that are well suited for transient event detection but may provide a physiologically mismatched representation for the slow, quasi-static postural sway during quiet standing. To address this gap, this study investigates the effects of wearable continuous normal-force feedback on standing balance. We developed a real-time closed-loop system that maps mediolateral center-of-pressure deviation (ΔCOP_x) to a continuous normal-force cue on fingertip using a dead zone-based piecewise linear algorithm (dead zone: ±3 mm; gain: 0.5; force limited to < 2 N). Twelve healthy young adults completed quiet-standing trials under a 2 × 2 within-subject design (eyes open/closed × feedback on/off). Postural sway was quantified from COP_x trajectories using root mean square (RMS), mean velocity (MV), maximum deviation (MD), and centroid frequency (CF), and analyzed with linear mixed-effects (LME) models. Continuous normal-force feedback significantly reduced sway magnitude (RMS; p < 0.001) and increased control activity (MV: p < 0.001; CF: p < 0.001), whereas no main effect was observed for MD. The absence of significant Vision × Feedback interactions across all behavioral metrics (p > 0.05) suggests that normal-force feedback provided similar benefits across visual conditions in the present study. These findings support the potential of continuous normal-force feedback as a physiologically grounded sensory augmentation strategy that contributes to postural regulation and may inform the development of future wearable balance-assistance devices. However, the physiological mechanisms underlying this visual-tactile integration, as well as its effectiveness in broader populations, remain to be elucidated.</p>","PeriodicalId":13419,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering","volume":"PP ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147770384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial Effects of Electrode Configurations and Source Depth in EEG Source Localization: Implications for Concurrent Noninvasive Brain Stimulation with HD-EEG.","authors":"Xuewei Qin, Shanbao Tong, Junfeng Sun","doi":"10.1109/TNSRE.2026.3688271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNSRE.2026.3688271","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The accuracy of EEG source localization depends on electrode data quality; however, electrode loss is common in brain stimulation paradigms, and its impact on localization accuracy remains unclear. This study evaluated depth-dependent modulation of source localization accuracy and compared electrode processing strategies across multiple inverse methods. The Localize-MI dataset was used, comprising simultaneous stereoelectroencephalography (sEEG) and high-density EEG (256 channels) from seven epilepsy patients, where single-pulse electrical stimulation through implanted electrodes provided ground-truth source locations. Eight inverse methods covering distributed (WMN, dSPM, sLORETA, eLORETA), sparse (MxNE, Champagne), and parametric (dipole fitting (DF), RAP-MUSIC) approaches were compared under five scenarios: baseline, proximal electrode removal or interpolation, and distal electrode removal or interpolation. Peak localization error (PLE) and spatial dispersion (SD) were analyzed using linear mixed-effects models incorporating source depth, electrode-to-source distance, and their interaction. Proximal electrode degradation significantly increased both PLE and SD, whereas distal manipulations had negligible effects. DF and RAP-MUSIC showed significantly lower PLE than WMN and, together with MxNE, demonstrated the strongest resilience to proximal degradation. Among distributed methods, dSPM maintained the lowest and most stable SD across scenarios. Source depth was positively associated with both PLE and SD, and this association was somewhat strengthened when proximal electrode data were compromised. These findings indicate that electrode-to-source proximity is the critical determinant of degradation impact, and that sparse and parametric methods offer superior resilience to localized electrode loss, providing practical implications for electrode management and inverse method selection in NIBS-EEG protocols where near-target sensors are obstructed by stimulation hardware.</p>","PeriodicalId":13419,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering","volume":"PP ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147770367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Autoregressive Time-Series Analysis of Biomechanical Anomalies: Insights into Exercise-Induced Fatigue in Healthy Participants.","authors":"Enze Shao, Jiongxiang Zhao, Wenlong Li, Julien S Baker, Tibor J Goda, Yufei Fang, Xuanzhen Cen, Yaodong Gu","doi":"10.1109/TNSRE.2026.3688534","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNSRE.2026.3688534","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Most fatigue-detection approaches for biomechanics rely on computationally intensive black-box models or apply thresholding without correcting for serial dependence, risking inflated false alarms when signals are autocorrelated. This study proposes an autoregressive integrated moving average with statistical process control (ARIMA-SPC) framework that models temporal dependence and identifies fatigue-related biomechanical anomalies from time-normalized ground reaction force and tibial inertial measurement units waveforms. In 32 participants performing repeated 90° lateral cutting maneuver trials before and after a 5-km variable-speed fatigue protocol. This is evident from their autocorrelation function plots, which oscillate and decay exponentially, forming a characteristic \"tail-off\" pattern. The most compelling finding is that the lag value of the coronal plane with ground reaction force is markedly greater than those of the other two planes (p<0.05). Relative to the long short-term memory model, the ARIMA-SPC model was easier to interpret and delivered stronger anomaly-detection performance, particularly in sensitivity (recall 0.88 vs 0.80; precision 0.92 vs 0.85; F1 score 0.90 vs 0.82). The ARIMA-SPC approach also demonstrated substantially lower inference time (5 s vs 15 s), indicating low computational burden compatible with real-time monitoring constraints. The findings of this study have practical applications in the development of real-time monitoring systems to detect exercise-induced fatigue. And prewhitened residual monitoring provides an interpretable and computationally efficient route for fatigue-related biomechanical anomaly detection.</p>","PeriodicalId":13419,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering","volume":"PP ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147770397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hierarchical Decoding of Perceived Speech from Non-Invasive Brain Recordings.","authors":"Bo Wang, Xiran Xu, Boda Xiao, Linze Zheng, Xihong Wu, Heping Cheng, Jing Chen","doi":"10.1109/TNSRE.2026.3688564","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNSRE.2026.3688564","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Non-invasive speech perception decoding aims to identify speech segments using magneto/electro-encephalography (M/EEG) signals recorded while subjects listen to speech. Although speech perception is widely recognized as a hierarchical process from the auditory periphery to the auditory cortex, and to the whole brain, this hierarchy is rarely considered in existing decoding methods. In this study, we propose a novel hierarchical decoding framework that leverages three distinct speech representations: mel-spectrogram, Wav2vec 2.0, and GPT-2. These representations encompass a wide range of speech features, spanning from low-level acoustic properties to high-level linguistic information. Our proposed decoder, ConvConcatNet, utilizes iterative convolution and concatenation to extract and integrate patterns of the hierarchical neural responses. These neural features are subsequently aligned with the speech representations through contrastive learning. The decoding performance was evaluated on a Chinese MEG dataset (SMN4Lang) and a Dutch EEG dataset (SparrKULee). Our results show that while the Wav2vec 2.0 representation achieved the highest decoding performance among the three, the integration of all three representations led to a substantial improvement, highlighting the critical role of combining them for enhanced performance. Notably, the GPT-2 representation enhanced decoding accuracy particularly for words with greater contextual dependencies. Moreover, our ConvConcatNet decoder outperformed existing methods, showcasing superior capabilities in neural feature extraction and integration. Our method achieves a Top-1 accuracy of 35.6% on the MEG dataset and 20.0% on the EEG dataset, significantly outperforming the previous state-of-the-art method under the same experimental settings. The source code is available at https://github.com/bobwangPKU/HDPS.</p>","PeriodicalId":13419,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering","volume":"PP ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147770451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Lightweight Multi-articular Passive Exoskeleton Using a Single Elastic Band to Improve Crouch Gait Pattern: A Pilot Study.","authors":"Jisang Kang, Jae-Ryeong Choi, Sukyung Kang, Juyeon Park, Moon Seok Park, Kyu-Jin Cho","doi":"10.1109/TNSRE.2026.3687896","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNSRE.2026.3687896","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Crouch gait, characterized by excessive flexion of the lower-limb joints, is a common gait disorder among children with cerebral palsy (CP) that compromises mobility and increases energy expenditure. Although surgical and orthotic interventions can improve alignment, maintaining these benefits requires continued postural support and gait practice. While powered exoskeletons have been developed to support upright and coordinated movement, they are often too heavy and complex for practical use. To address this, we developed a lightweight passive exoskeleton that assists the hip, knee, and ankle simultaneously using a single elastic band. The device is designed to provide self-adjusting torque dependent on posture without the need for sensors or active control. It also features user-centric design components to ensure wearability and lightness through a garment-like waist belt and carbon-fiber knee-ankle exoskeleton. We evaluated the biomechanical effects of the exoskeleton in four children with crouch gait (GMFCS levels I-III) by comparing baseline and exoskeleton conditions during overground walking. The preliminary results showed that the exoskeleton tended to increase the mean hip and knee extension angles during the stance phase by 3.5◦ and 3.3◦, respectively, and increased ankle plantarflexion by 1.4◦, indicating the mechanical feasibility of assisting a more extended gait posture. Furthermore, the range of motion of the joints increased by 1.7◦ in the hip, 4.2◦ in the knee, and 8.5◦ in the ankle, suggesting that the passive assistance does not restrict motion and may allow for dynamic joint movement. These preliminary findings suggest the feasibility of passive, multi-joint assistance strategies to facilitate more upright gait patterns in children with crouch gait.</p>","PeriodicalId":13419,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering","volume":"PP ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147770366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent Advances in Supplementary Haptic Feedback for Human-Machine Interfaces in Upper Limb Assistance and Rehabilitation.","authors":"Cristian Felipe Blanco-Diaz, Eleonora Vendrame, Christian Cipriani, Strahinja Dosen, Leonardo Cappello","doi":"10.1109/TNSRE.2026.3687960","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNSRE.2026.3687960","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite the rapid technological advancements we witnessed in the last few decades, effective regaining or substituting the impaired sensorimotor function of the upper limb is still a dream for many patients and researchers worldwide. While technology-aided motor therapy and advanced human-machine interfaces have significantly evolved, the efforts to integrate supplementary sensory feedback (SSF) to promote sensorimotor restoration after neurological or orthopedic damage became relevant only in recent years. In this review, we examine emerging strategies for encoding and delivering somatosensory information to users of prosthetic, orthotic, and rehabilitation systems, highlighting advances in electrotactile, vibrotactile, mechanotactile, and neurostimulation-based approaches. We synthesize cross-disciplinary findings from neuroscience, haptics, and clinical bioengineering to outline how SSF influences embodiment, motor learning, user acceptance, and real-world performance. Despite rapid technical progress, major gaps persist, including limited long-term evaluation, narrow user representation, and a lack of standardized methods for characterizing sensations and benchmarking device performance. We discuss the scientific and translational barriers that currently constrain widespread adoption of SSF technologies and identify promising directions for future research, including unified assessment frameworks, personalization strategies, and the development of richer haptic vocabularies to enhance the functionality and clinical relevance of next-generation sensorimotor interfaces.</p>","PeriodicalId":13419,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering","volume":"PP ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147770359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interpretable Force Perturbations Promote Gait Variability without Affecting Perceived Exoskeleton Transparency.","authors":"Alex van den Berg, Katherine L Poggensee, David Abbink, Laura Marchal-Crespo","doi":"10.1109/TNSRE.2026.3687639","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNSRE.2026.3687639","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Force perturbations during gait training can increase movement variability, which may support motor exploration and learning. However, when such perturbations are delivered through a robotic exoskeleton, they can also reduce perceived exoskeleton transparency, potentially hindering user acceptance. We tested whether visualizing continuous upper leg-level perturbations in immersive virtual reality (VR) could preserve their variability-enhancing effect while mitigating the cost to perceived transparency in a pelvis-centered walking task. Thirty healthy adults walked on a treadmill while wearing a robotic exoskeleton and performed a ball-in-cup task, requiring continuous mediolateral control of the pelvis. Participants trained under one of three conditions: Control (no perturbations), Perturbation (continuous noise-like multisine forces applied at the thighs), or Perturbation + Visual (same forces with a real-time, body-referenced force-beam visualization). Step-width variability was evaluated during Training. Task performance, intrinsic motivation, and perceived transparency were assessed across Baseline, Training, Retention, and a faster-speed Transfer test (120% of preferred speed). Both perturbation conditions significantly increased step-width variability during Training relative to Control, with no detectable difference between Perturbation and Perturbation + Visual. Task performance improved from Baseline to Retention and Transfer across all conditions, with no significant differences across conditions. Motivation did not differ between conditions either. Critically, perceived transparency decreased only in the non-visualized Perturbation condition and remained stable in both Control and Perturbation + Visual. Our results show that continuous leg-level perturbations reliably enrich lateral gait variability and that simple visual force cues can prevent a perceived transparency cost without compromising the variability manipulation. Future work should test adaptive dosing, multi-session training, and clinical cohorts with impaired lateral stability.</p>","PeriodicalId":13419,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering","volume":"PP ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147770405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulation-Driven Exoskeleton Control: Predicting Soft Pneumatic Gel Muscle Actuator Assistance to Reduce Metabolic Cost at Different Walking Speeds","authors":"Gunarajulu Renganathan;Israel Luis;Elena M. Gutierrez-Farewik;Mitsunori Tada;Yuichi Kurita","doi":"10.1109/TNSRE.2026.3671348","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TNSRE.2026.3671348","url":null,"abstract":"Wearable exoskeletons have emerged as a solution to enhance locomotion in individuals with impairments and/or weakness. Assistive devices with pneumatic gel muscle actuators (PGMs) are promising for daily use due to their high power-to-weight ratio and compliant structure, enabling potentially easy integration into smart garments. The intrinsic properties of PGMs have been studied over the past decade; however, little is known about how to leverage their dynamics to effectively and optimally assist motion. In this study, we modeled hip joint assistance via two PGMs at each user’s leg and employed musculoskeletal simulations to predict optimal assistive strategies that reduce metabolic costs during walking at various speeds. Specifically, we implemented a bilevel optimization framework to identify optimal control parameters: stiffness, onset time, and duration, under two control modes: coupled and independent, at three actuator placements: medial, neutral, and lateral, relative to the user’s hip joint center. Our results showed that, across walking speeds, PGM actuators with coupled control mode reduced estimated metabolic cost by 5.3–16.0% and with independent control mode by 10.5–17.5%. We also identified that PGM assistance with medial placement with coupled control mode offered the best trade-off between control simplicity and potential metabolic savings at slow walking speeds, which might be particularly useful for enhancing mobility in older adults and in rehabilitation settings. Also, our simulation suggested that neutral placement tended to outperform other actuator placements across speeds in terms of metabolic savings. Future experimental studies may benefit from guiding exoskeleton control as per the predicted assistive strategies in this work.","PeriodicalId":13419,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering","volume":"34 ","pages":"1457-1469"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11423896","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147369219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Mechanical Perturbation Magnitude on Human Gait Entrainment","authors":"Omik M. Save;Sidhant Das;Evan Carlson;Anna Kruse;Jooeun Ahn;Hyunglae Lee","doi":"10.1109/TNSRE.2026.3670885","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TNSRE.2026.3670885","url":null,"abstract":"Gait entrainment is a relatively new robot-aided rehabilitation approach, and its underlying mechanisms remain underexplored. Investigating how different periodic perturbation parameters influence entrainment characteristics could help bridge this knowledge gap and improve gait rehabilitation protocol designs. This study examines the effect of varying magnitudes of periodic mechanical perturbations on gait entrainment characteristics in lower extremity joints during walking, such as success rate, phase variability, and onset latency. Two distinct soft robotic devices were utilized to perturb the ankle and hip joints, with perturbation magnitudes controlled by adjusting the actuator pressure. Fifteen healthy participants performed walking tasks in separate studies for each joint, with each device perturbing the respective joint at predetermined magnitudes. In the ankle study, a perturbation magnitude corresponding to 3.4% of the peak ankle torque achieved a consistently high entrainment success rate (75.6%). Similarly, in the hip study, a perturbation magnitude equivalent to 7.8% of the peak hip torque yielded a high entrainment success rate (80.0%). Both studies exhibited plateauing trends in entrainment success rate, phase variability, and onset latency, indicating that increases beyond their respective critical magnitude thresholds did not lead to further improvements. These results may be attributed to the recruitment of somatosensory feedback networks as well as mechanisms for optimizing mechanical assistance, which are not necessarily mutually exclusive. Identifying these magnitude thresholds provides a foundation for developing personalized rehabilitation protocols aimed at enhancing neuromotor learning through consistent gait entrainment.","PeriodicalId":13419,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering","volume":"34 ","pages":"1438-1447"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11422280","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147365175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Haptic Coupling to Negotiate Motion Plans","authors":"C. De Vicariis;E. Ivanova;V. Sanguineti;E. Burdet","doi":"10.1109/TNSRE.2026.3670954","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TNSRE.2026.3670954","url":null,"abstract":"Haptic coupling is integral to everyday life, enabling humans to collaborate on tasks without the need for verbal agreement of every detail. However, collaborative partners often have differing plans and use haptic coupling to negotiate a common strategy. While previous studies have focused on tasks where partners share the same plan, little is known about haptic negotiation when plans diverge. This study investigates how the motion plans of two mechanically connected partners evolve during repeating a via-points arm-reaching task when they start from differing initial plans. In one group, partners had plans requiring similar effort, while in another group, plans were unbalanced, requiring different levels of effort. The analysis of shape and movement metrics shows that all dyads coordinated their plans through practice, influencing subsequent movements even when disconnected. For symmetric plans, partners exhibited slight mutual adaptation toward each other. In contrast, for asymmetric plans, the partner with the simpler plan tended to lead the movement, while the partner with the more complex plan complied and relaxed their plan. These findings suggest that, during collaboration, partners leverage mechanical interaction to simplify tasks and minimize effort.","PeriodicalId":13419,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering","volume":"34 ","pages":"1448-1456"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11421909","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147365121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}