Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology最新文献

{"title":"Hydrogen as Sustainable and Green Energy Resource","authors":"S. Dutta","doi":"10.1002/0471238961.0825041802091212.A01.PUB3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/0471238961.0825041802091212.A01.PUB3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":131749,"journal":{"name":"Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121661184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polypropylene","authors":"Caroline Cathelin, M. Dorini, Gabriele Mei, Jochem T. M. Pater, Riccardo Rinaldi","doi":"10.1002/0471238961.1615122512090502.a01.pub3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/0471238961.1615122512090502.a01.pub3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":131749,"journal":{"name":"Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126206757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sol-Gel Technology","authors":"B. Ben-Nissan","doi":"10.1002/0471238961.19151208051403.A01.PUB3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/0471238961.19151208051403.A01.PUB3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":131749,"journal":{"name":"Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133178480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hazardous Materials Transportation","authors":"J. Moreno, Jason D. Tutrone","doi":"10.1002/0471238961.2018011408150606.a01.pub3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/0471238961.2018011408150606.a01.pub3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":131749,"journal":{"name":"Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129874207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pilot Plants","authors":"D. Gertenbach","doi":"10.1002/0471238961.1609121516011212.a01.pub3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/0471238961.1609121516011212.a01.pub3","url":null,"abstract":"While advances in modeling and predictive methods have greatly expanded the range and utility of theoretical research, there still can remain a significant degree of uncertainty in the final results before a major investment is justified. Small-scale laboratory tests help minimize this uncertainty but are fraught with risk due to the small scale and manual batch simulation of most of the process steps. Hence, the concept of piloting the process in a miniature unit is a way which more closely simulates the actual process plant. Pilot plants have evolved from multistory semi-works units, designed for one-tenth of final process scale, to microunits, which fit in larger laboratory hoods. Their cost and complexity often belie their small size and great utility. The piloting process often occurs several times during the life of a research program. Table 1 shows a sequence of this piloting that might be part of a research program. Depending on the complexity of the process, the results of subsequent steps, and the organization’s experience and comfort with the process and results, some of these steps may be eliminated. Recycle and feedback between each step is also possible when problems or concerns arise. As each step along this path involves an exponential increase in resources, time, and money required, there is a strong incentive to progress to the next stage as soon as it is practical. Conversely, there is a need to minimize the amount of recycling as the project progresses through the various steps to the commercial unit. While this rapid progress is desirable, the consequences of skipping a necessary preliminary stage or failing to fully understand the results of the previous stage can be devastating. Significant time and resources can be wasted at the next stage if it is focused along an incorrect or at least nonoptimum path. A substantial amount of time and money has progressively been invested, and any desire to change the process to make minor improvements must be resisted. At some point the decision must be made that the remaining unanswered process questions are acceptable risks. In today’s climate of rapid change, timeliness can be as important as or more important than minimizing the risks associated with a new product or process. Examples include securing a new market with a totally novel product or attempting to secure a patent position before a competitor. In this situation, the decision may be made to proceed to commercialization earlier than desirable, prior to satisfactorily resolving all design concerns. This often usually requires a more conservative (and more expensive) design approach, results in a significantly longer start-up, or produces a first unit plagued with operational difficulties. Resolving significant problems during start-up or in an operating unit, while feasible, is risky, expensive, and time-consuming. Rarely is it more effective than additional research. A pilot plant is a collection of equipment designed and co","PeriodicalId":131749,"journal":{"name":"Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131458561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flash Vacuum Pyrolysis","authors":"C. Wentrup","doi":"10.1002/0471238961.FLASMCNA.A01.PUB2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/0471238961.FLASMCNA.A01.PUB2","url":null,"abstract":"Flash vacuum pyrolysis (FVP) allows the generation, direct observation, and in many cases isolation of reactive intermediates and unusual molecules such as carbenes, nitrenes, free radicals, and cumulenes. Detailed characterization of unstable species is achieved in conjunction with matrix isolation or gas‐phase spectroscopic techniques. In addition, FVP has many important applications in organic synthesis, where reactions are often initiated by extrusion of small molecules (eg, N2, CO, CO2, or SO2), or by elimination (eg, HCl, CH3COOH, HNCO, or isobutene), or by (retro)pericyclic reaction. These reactions are chemoselective, stereospecific, and usually proceed via the lowest activation energy paths to the products, which are often formed in high yields. Photochemistry is often complementary to pyrolysis, and the two methods in combination are powerful tools in investigations of chemical reactions.","PeriodicalId":131749,"journal":{"name":"Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122307793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Safety Instrumented Systems","authors":"A. Summers","doi":"10.1002/0471238961.SAFESUMM.A01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/0471238961.SAFESUMM.A01","url":null,"abstract":"One of the most common engineered safeguards in the process industry is a safety instrumented system (SIS). It uses instrumentation to detect process excursions and takes action on the process to prevent further propagation. Over the years, many terms have been used to describe types of SISs. Often, terms are used which facilitate more rapid understanding of the system's specific purpose, such as safety critical systems, high integrity protective systems, emergency shutdown systems and safety interlocks. Because they have a wide variety of functions and applications, SISs are generally designed to address specific process hazards. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Keywords: \u0000 \u0000safety instrumented system; \u0000process safety; \u0000hazards analysis; \u0000safety integrity level","PeriodicalId":131749,"journal":{"name":"Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130577095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Petroleum Refinery Processes","authors":"J. Speight","doi":"10.1002/0471238961.1805060919160509.A01.PUB2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/0471238961.1805060919160509.A01.PUB2","url":null,"abstract":"Petroleum refining or petroleum processing is the recovery and/or generation of usable or salable fractions and products from crude oil, either by distillation or by chemical reaction of the crude oil constituents under the effects of heat and pressure. Petroleum refining also involves treating the raw products by a variety of finishing processes to yield marketable products. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000A refinery is an integrated group of manufacturing plants that vary in number according to the variety of products produced; it must be flexible and able to change operations as needed. Refinery processes must be selected to produce products according to demand. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000This article deals with the processes used to refine petroleum, from the initial pretreating of the well fluids to the finishing processes for products as well as the gas treating processes for reducing emissions to the environment. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Keywords: \u0000 \u0000Distillation fractions; \u0000Desalting; \u0000Dewatering; \u0000Feedstock; \u0000Refining; \u0000Catalytic cracking; \u0000Hydroprocessing; \u0000Reforming; \u0000Gas processing; \u0000Polymerization; \u0000Treatment; \u0000Alkylation; \u0000Liquefied petroleum gas; \u0000Solvents; \u0000Kerosene; \u0000Fuel oil; \u0000Wax; \u0000Lubricating oil; \u0000Asphalt; \u0000Coke; \u0000Petrochemicals","PeriodicalId":131749,"journal":{"name":"Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology","volume":"78 5 Pt 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130625882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Explosives and Propellants","authors":"J. Akhavan","doi":"10.1002/0471238961.0524161212091404.A01.PUB2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/0471238961.0524161212091404.A01.PUB2","url":null,"abstract":"Explosives and propellants are chemical compounds that undergo chemical decomposition reactions at very fast speeds, producing gaseous products, and a great deal of heat. In some circumstances a blast wave can be produced. The information provided here gives an introduction to this process covering the theory of detonation and deflagration. Explosives can be divided into three classes, (1) primary explosives, (2) secondary explosives, and (3) propellants. The behavior and performance of these three classes of explosives is discussed. Physical and chemical data on primary and secondary explosives is given together with details of new high temperature explosives. Lastly future developments in explosives technology are presented with regards to enhancing the performance, insensitive munitions and demilitarization. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Keywords: \u0000 \u0000explosives; \u0000propellants; \u0000detonation; \u0000deflagration; \u0000explosive materials; \u0000insensitive munitions; \u0000pollution prevention; \u0000energetic polymers; \u0000energetic plasticizers","PeriodicalId":131749,"journal":{"name":"Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126030819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transport Phenomena for Chemical Reactor Design","authors":"L. Belfiore","doi":"10.1002/0471238961.tranbelf.a01.pub2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/0471238961.tranbelf.a01.pub2","url":null,"abstract":"Preface.PART I: ELEMENTARY TOPICS IN CHEMICAL REACTOR DESIGN.Multiple Chemical Reactions in Plug Flow Tubular Reactors and Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors.Start Up Behaviour of a Series Configuration of Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors.Adiabatic Plug-Flow Tubular Reactor That Produces Methanol Reversibly in the Gas Phase from Carbon Monoxide and Hydrogen.Coupled Heat and Mass Transfer in Nonisothermal Liquid-Phase Tubular Reactors with Strongly Exothermic Chemical Reactions.Multiple Stationary States in Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors.Coupled Heat and Mass Transfer with Chemical Reaction in Batch Reactors.Total Pressure Method of Reaction-Rate Data Analysis.PART II: TRANSPORT PHENOMENA: FUNDAMENTALS AND APPLICATIONS.Applications of the Equations of Change in Fluid Dynamics.Derivation of the Mass Transfer Equation.Dimensional Analysis of the Mass Transfer Equation.Laminar Boundary Layer Mass Transfer around Solid Spheres, Gas Bubbles, and Other Submerged Objects.Dimensional Analysis of the Equations of Change for Fluid Dynamic s Within the Mass Transfer Boundary Layer.Diffusion and Chemical Reaction Across Spherical Gas-Liquid Interfaces.PART III: KINETICS AND ELEMENTARY SURFACE SCIENCE.Kinetic Mechanisms and Rate Expressions for Heterogeneous Surface-Catalyzed Chemical Reactions.PART IV: MASS TRANSFER AND CHEMICAL REACTION IN ISOTHERMAL CATALYTIC PELLETS.Diffusion and Heterogeneous Chemical Reaction in Isothermal Catalytic Pellets.Complete Analytical Solutions for Diffusion and Zeroth-Order Chemical Reactions in Isothermal Catalytic Pellets.Complete Analytical Solutions for Diffusion and First-Order Chemical Reactions in Isothermal Catalytic Pellets.Numerical Solutions for Diffusion and nth-Order Chemical Reactions in Isothermal Catalytic Pellets.Numerical Solutions for Diffusion and Hougen-Watson Chemical Kinetics in Isothermal Catalytic Pellets.Internal Mass Transfer Limitations in Isothermal Catalytic Pellets.Diffusion Coefficients and Damkohler Numbers Within the Internal Pores of Catalytic Pellets.PART V: ISOTHERMAL CHEMICAL REACTOR DESIGN.Isothermal Design of Heterogeneous Packed Catalytic Reactors.Heterogeneous Catalytic Reactors with Metal Catalyst Coated on the Inner Walls of the Flow Channels.Designing a Multicomponent Isothermal Gas-Liquid CSTR for the Chlorination of Benzene to Produce Monochlorobenzene.PART VI: THERMODYNAMICS AND NONISOTHERMAL REACTOR DESIGN.Classical Irreversible Therodynamics of Multicomponent Mixtures.Molecular Flux of Thermal Energy in Binary and Multicomponent Mixtures Via the Formalism of Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics.Thermal Energy Balance in Multicomponent Mixtures and Nonisothermal Effectiveness Factors Via Coupled Heat and Mass Transfer in Porous Catalysts.Statistical Thermodynamics of Ideal Gases.Thermodynamic Stability Criteria for Single-Phase Homogeneous Mixtures.Coupled Heat and Mass Transfer in Packed Catalytic Tubular Reactors That Account for External Transport Limitations.References.Index.","PeriodicalId":131749,"journal":{"name":"Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125888807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}