{"title":"4-Bit Factorization Circuit Composed of Multiplier Units With Superconducting Flux Qubits Toward Quantum Annealing","authors":"Daisuke Saida;Mutsuo Hidaka;Yuki Yamanashi","doi":"10.1109/TASC.2024.3486791","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2024.3486791","url":null,"abstract":"Prime factorization (\u0000<italic>P</i>\u0000 = \u0000<italic>M</i>\u0000 × \u0000<italic>N</i>\u0000) is considered to be a promising application in quantum computations. We perform 4-bit factorization in experiments using a superconducting flux qubit toward quantum annealing (QA). Our proposed method uses a superconducting quantum circuit implementing a multiplier Hamiltonian, which provides combinations of \u0000<italic>M</i>\u0000 and \u0000<italic>N</i>\u0000 as a factorization solution after QA when the integer \u0000<italic>P</i>\u0000 is initially set. The circuit comprises multiple multiplier units (MUs) combined with connection qubits. The key points are a native implementation of the multiplier Hamiltonian to the superconducting quantum circuit and its fabrication using a Nb multilayer process with a Josephson junction dedicated to the qubit. The 4-bit factorization circuit comprises 32 superconducting flux qubits. Our method has superior scalability because the Hamiltonian is implemented with fewer qubits than in conventional methods using a chimera graph architecture. We perform experiments at 10 mK to clarify the validity of interconnections of a MU using qubits. We demonstrate experiments at 4.2 K and simulations for the factorization of integers four, six, and nine.","PeriodicalId":13104,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity","volume":"35 1","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10736342","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142636445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yu Hoshika;Shohei Takagi;Tomoyuki Tanaka;Christopher L. Ayala;Nobuyuki Yoshikawa
{"title":"Design and Demonstration of Array and Wallace-Tree Multiplier Families Using Adiabatic Quantum Flux Parametrons","authors":"Yu Hoshika;Shohei Takagi;Tomoyuki Tanaka;Christopher L. Ayala;Nobuyuki Yoshikawa","doi":"10.1109/TASC.2024.3486124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2024.3486124","url":null,"abstract":"Adiabatic quantum-flux-parametron (AQFP) logic is an emerging superconducting circuit technology, which is superior in terms of energy dissipation at reasonable clock frequencies. Although multiplication is important for signal or image processing applications, such as fast Fourier transform processors or GPUs, no multipliers implemented in AQFP logic have been demonstrated yet. In this article, we introduce two types of algorithms to calculate multiplication results: array type and Wallace-tree type. We design 4-bit multipliers based on these algorithms using the AIST 10 kA/cm\u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$^{2}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 high-speed standard process and compare these circuits in terms of the following metrics: number of Josephson junctions, circuit latency, area, and power dissipation. As a result, in all respects, the Wallace-tree type is better than the array type. In addition, we experimentally confirm that the fabricated chips containing both types of multipliers are operating correctly at 100 kHz for all test patterns, including random patterns. This is the first time AQFP multipliers have been experimentally demonstrated completely.","PeriodicalId":13104,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity","volume":"35 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142636533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Experimental Demonstration of 1.2-Gb/s/Channel Readout Operation of Josephson–CMOS Hybrid Memory","authors":"Yuki Hironaka;Nobuyuki Yoshikawa","doi":"10.1109/TASC.2024.3485097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2024.3485097","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we aimed to achieve high-speed readout operations of Josephson–CMOS hybrid memory. We first experimentally evaluated the timing margin in the readout operations of the hybrid memory. In single-channel bit line measurements, we confirmed that the hybrid memory could work at a 1-GHz memory clock frequency with a timing margin as high as 0.63 ns. Subsequently, we designed and measured a Josephson–CMOS hybrid accumulator circuit to demonstrate high-speed read operations of the hybrid memory. The core design of the Josephson–CMOS hybrid memory follows our previous design. We introduced a sequential-access read-only CMOS memory and a single-flux-quantum accumulator into a test circuit, enabling high-speed measurement of Josephson–CMOS hybrid memory with only two high-speed external inputs. We designed and fabricated a test circuit using the Rohm 180-nm CMOS process and the AIST-ADP2 Josephson process. In the measurement, we achieved correct operation of the test circuit, including the readout operation of the 32-b hybrid memory at a memory clock frequency as high as 1.2 GHz, corresponding to a 38.4-Gb/s readout.","PeriodicalId":13104,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity","volume":"35 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142636405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yao Meng;Yanzheng Zhu;Shuhua Fang;Hong Chen;Yuxiang Zhong
{"title":"A New Variable Flux Partitioned-Stator Flux Modulation Machine With Multiple Excitations","authors":"Yao Meng;Yanzheng Zhu;Shuhua Fang;Hong Chen;Yuxiang Zhong","doi":"10.1109/TASC.2024.3484332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2024.3484332","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a new variable flux partitioned-stator flux modulation machine with multiple excitations (VF-PSFMMEM), which places permanent magnets (PMs) on the inner stator and rotor simultaneously to enhance torque production, and employs field windings in the inner stator to realize flux weakening. The configuration and operating principle of machine are described. A multi-objective optimization design of machine is developed for obtaining high average torque (\u0000<italic>T<sub>avg</sub></i>\u0000), good flux weakening capability and low torque ripple (\u0000<italic>T<sub>rip</sub></i>\u0000). The electromagnetic performances of VF-PSFMMEM at different excitation sources are analyzed through finite element method. The results indicate that VF-PSFMMEM can provide large flux linkage, high \u0000<italic>T<sub>avg</sub></i>\u0000, low \u0000<italic>T<sub>rip</sub></i>\u0000, high efficiency and good flux weakening capability.","PeriodicalId":13104,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity","volume":"34 8","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142573607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Meng Xiao;Zhiyuan Zhang;Boxue Du;Bin Wang;Jianmei Cao
{"title":"Enhanced Dielectric Performance of Polypropylene Film by Surfacing Grafting and Crosslinking for Metalized Film Capacitors","authors":"Meng Xiao;Zhiyuan Zhang;Boxue Du;Bin Wang;Jianmei Cao","doi":"10.1109/TASC.2024.3484329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2024.3484329","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, the surface grafting and crosslinking modification method is proposed for enhancing the dielectric properties of polypropylene (PP) films for metalized film capacitors (MFCs). The results indicate that the leakage conductivity of the modified film is 1.05 × 10\u0000<sup>−16</sup>\u0000 S/m, exhibiting better resistance characteristics. The DC breakdown strength could reach 625.2 kV/mm, marking a notable 14.8% increase compared to the pure PP film. The surface grafting could lead to charge concentration at the electrode/film interface, which weakens the interfacial electric field and inhibits charge injection. Furthermore, the crosslinking reaction could enhance the entanglement of macromolecular chains, thereby changing the crystal morphology of PP and decreasing the migration rate of carriers. This method improves the dielectric properties of the capacitor film from the perspective of charge transport.","PeriodicalId":13104,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity","volume":"34 8","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142636497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Meng Xiao;Liangtian Zhang;Xiaodan Du;Duoqing Zhao;Bo Xue Du
{"title":"Study on Partial Discharge Characteristics of Metallized Film Following Self-Healing in Power Capacitors","authors":"Meng Xiao;Liangtian Zhang;Xiaodan Du;Duoqing Zhao;Bo Xue Du","doi":"10.1109/TASC.2024.3484334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2024.3484334","url":null,"abstract":"Metallized film capacitors (MFCs) is the essential components of the superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) system. In this paper, a polymer insulation film partial discharge(PD) experimental system is established to explore the PD characteristics of biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) and metallized films based on the simulation of insulation defects formed after the self-healing in MFCs. As the size and quantity of defects increase, the distortion of the electric field intensifies, thereby facilitating the occurrence of PD. However, the PD amplitude of the metallized film decreased by about 10%. The PD of BOPP films is mainly internal discharge. The metallized film initially occurs surface discharge. With the applied voltage increasing, the intensity of internal discharge amplifies. Self-healing and PD will cause the loss of electrodes, leading to the degradation in capacitor performance. The difference in PD characteristics between BOPP and metallized films is attributed to the excellent conductivity of the metallized film surface. This property promotes diffusion and combination of the space charge, while reducing the accumulation of charges in the defects. Thus the electric field distortion is reduced, which makes PD more difficult to occur and less intensive.","PeriodicalId":13104,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity","volume":"34 8","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142573634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Design and Investigation of a New Torque-Enhanced Flux Modulated Permanent Magnet Arc Motor With Flux-Concentrated Stator PMs","authors":"Nan Chen;Shuhua Fang","doi":"10.1109/TASC.2024.3484333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2024.3484333","url":null,"abstract":"This article proposes an innovative flux modulated permanent magnet (PM) arc motor enhanced with flux-concentrated stator PMs (FCS-FMPMAM). With the primary goal of increasing the average torque output, the FCS-FMPMAM incorporates a set of flux-focused stator PMs. This article initially introduces the configuration and performance of the FCS-FMPMAM. The combination of the flux-switching PMs, consequent-pole PMs and PMs in the stator yoke is beneficial to generate abundant harmonics and bolster the triple flux-modulation effect. Then, the optimal rotor pole number of the proposed machine is analyzed and selected. The sensitivity analysis is performed on the design parameters of FCS-FMPMAM for the consequent optimization of the torque performance of FCS-FMPMAM. This facilitates the subsequent torque performance optimization of FSC-FMPMAM. Based on the multi-objective evolutionary algorithm, the torque capabilities of FCS-FMPMAM are optimized to obtain the maximized average torque output and the minimized torque ripple. The optimized machine is analyzed under different PM excitation conditions to reveal the superiority of the proposed PM arrangement. Finally, the proposed machine is compared with an existing flux-modulated stator-PM arc motor in electromagnetic performances with finite element analysis method to exhibit the superiority of FCS-FMPMAM.","PeriodicalId":13104,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity","volume":"34 8","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142587557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sadia Afrin;Shuvra Prokash Biswas;Sudipto Mondal;Md. Rabiul Islam;Rakibuzzaman Shah
{"title":"Improved PWM Switching Scheme to Mitigate Power Loss and Switch Temperature of CHB Inverters","authors":"Sadia Afrin;Shuvra Prokash Biswas;Sudipto Mondal;Md. Rabiul Islam;Rakibuzzaman Shah","doi":"10.1109/TASC.2024.3469848","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2024.3469848","url":null,"abstract":"Pulsewidth modulation (PWM) techniques play a crucial role in determining the power quality of multilevel-inverter-based grid-tied solar photovoltaic (PV) fed systems. However, the existing PWM techniques suffer from the heat dissipation of the switches and power loss issues. In view of this concern, a new PWM technique is proposed to mitigate the junction temperature as well as the power loss of a cascaded H-bridge (CHB) inverter employed in a grid-tied solar PV system. Apart from the junction temperature of the power switch and power loss, different steady-state and dynamic responses of the CHB inverter are investigated using MATLAB/Simulink and PLECS software environments. Experimental results are also provided to support the simulation analysis.","PeriodicalId":13104,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity","volume":"34 8","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142434610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Design of an Electromagnetic Suspension System Based on a New Type of High-Temperature Superconducting and Normal Conducting Hybrid Electromagnet","authors":"Deming Huang;Chaoqun Jiao;Jin Fang","doi":"10.1109/TASC.2024.3480034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2024.3480034","url":null,"abstract":"To address the issues of high energy consumption, coil heating, and narrow suspension gap in traditional electromagnetic suspension (EMS) systems, a novel electromagnetic core structure—inverted E-shaped—is introduced. The second-generation high-temperature superconducting tape is employed to provide the primary suspension force, while normal conductance aluminum coils are utilized for regulating force. Based on finite-element simulation, a comparison is made between the suspension force and the suspension gap of hybrid and traditional suspension systems. An equivalent magnetic circuit model for the hybrid system is established, along with its corresponding solution flow. The proportional–integral–derivative control parameters of the suspension system are designed and simulated to verify their accuracy. This novel suspension structure exhibits less energy consumption and a large suspension gap and reduces wireless coil heating issues, thereby providing valuable guidance for the development of high-speed EMS maglev trains.","PeriodicalId":13104,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity","volume":"35 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142636446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}